四川省8·13特大泥石流灾害特点、成因与启示
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摘要
2010年8月12～14日,四川省部分地区普降大到暴雨,在5.12汶川地震极重灾区的绵竹市清平乡、汶川县映秀镇和都江堰龙池镇诱发了极为严重的泥石流灾害。本次泥石流灾害表明:地震区和非地震区、震前和震后的泥石流在发育分布规律、启动条件、暴发规模、活动形式及其成灾方式和危害性等方面都具有显著的差别。通过对8.13清平乡泥石流、映秀红椿沟泥石流以及龙池泥石流的基本分析,表明8.13泥石流具有群发性、突发性、破坏性、灾害链效应等特点,同时还具有沿发震断裂呈带状分布、物源主要来自于汶川地震触发的崩滑堆积物、活动形式主要表现为"拉槽"侵蚀等显著特征。震区异常丰富的松散固体物源和极端气候所造成的局地短时强降雨是泥石流暴发的根本原因。针对汶川地震区泥石流暴发的新特点,应进一步加强对震区泥石流的防治,尤其是针对具有重大泥石流隐患的沟谷,一方面应提高设防标准,强化工程治理和专业监测预警,另一方面更应引入风险管理和控制的理念,注重"防""治"结合;"软""硬"结合;工程措施与非工程措施结合;"治理"与"管理"结合,调动全社会力量,共同防范地质灾害。
From 12 to 14 of August 2010,heavy rain even rainstorms dropped in part area of Sichuan province,and catastrophic debris flows were induced in Qingping town of Mianzhu city,Yingxiu town of Wenchuan county and Longchi town of Dujiangyan city.These towns are belonged to the worst-hit areas of the 5·12 Wenchuan Earthquake.The disasters were referred by the government as the 13 August 2010 catastrophic debris flows in Sichuan province.The debris flow disasters demonstrated that the debris flows in seismic zone or in none-seismic zone,pre-earthquake or post-earthquake have significant differences in distribution,forming conditions,scales,moving styles as well as other disaster modes and harmfulness.In this paper,firstly,a brief introduction is given to the 8·13 Qingping,Hongchungou of Yingxiu and Longchi debris flows.The characteristics and formation reasons of the 8·13 catastrophic debris flows,in Wenchuan earthquake region,are analyzed and summarized and several revelations and suggestions to the prevention of the debris flows in the disaster areas are put forward.The research results show that the 8·13 debris flows not only had the characteristics of group properties,sudden occurring features,destructiveness and hazard chain effect,but also had the significant characteristics of zonal distribution along the seismic faults.The materials mainly came from rock slide deposits which triggered by the Wenchuan Earthquake.Down-cutting was the mainly moving mode.Extraordinary abundant loose solid materials and local short-time heavy rainfall by the extreme climate in the earthquake region were the basic reasons of the debris flow occurrence.With regard to these new characteristics of the debris flow in Wenchuan earthquake region,the prevention measures to the debris flows should be strengthened,especially those valleys of great debris flow hidden trouble.On the one hand,the standard of the garrison should be improved and the engineering management as well as specialty monitor should be intensified.On the other hand,risk management and control ideal should be brought in.The combination of prevention and administration,the combination of soft and hard measures,the combination of engineering measures and non-engineering measures,and the combination of administration and management are supposed to be focused on.What else,mobilizing the whole society to prevent geological disasters all together.
From 12 to 14 of August 2010,heavy rain even rainstorms dropped in part area of Sichuan province,and catastrophic debris flows were induced in Qingping town of Mianzhu city,Yingxiu town of Wenchuan county and Longchi town of Dujiangyan city.These towns are belonged to the worst-hit areas of the 5·12 Wenchuan Earthquake.The disasters were referred by the government as the 13 August 2010 catastrophic debris flows in Sichuan province.The debris flow disasters demonstrated that the debris flows in seismic zone or in none-seismic zone,pre-earthquake or post-earthquake have significant differences in distribution,forming conditions,scales,moving styles as well as other disaster modes and harmfulness.In this paper,firstly,a brief introduction is given to the 8·13 Qingping,Hongchungou of Yingxiu and Longchi debris flows.The characteristics and formation reasons of the 8·13 catastrophic debris flows,in Wenchuan earthquake region,are analyzed and summarized and several revelations and suggestions to the prevention of the debris flows in the disaster areas are put forward.The research results show that the 8·13 debris flows not only had the characteristics of group properties,sudden occurring features,destructiveness and hazard chain effect,but also had the significant characteristics of zonal distribution along the seismic faults.The materials mainly came from rock slide deposits which triggered by the Wenchuan Earthquake.Down-cutting was the mainly moving mode.Extraordinary abundant loose solid materials and local short-time heavy rainfall by the extreme climate in the earthquake region were the basic reasons of the debris flow occurrence.With regard to these new characteristics of the debris flow in Wenchuan earthquake region,the prevention measures to the debris flows should be strengthened,especially those valleys of great debris flow hidden trouble.On the one hand,the standard of the garrison should be improved and the engineering management as well as specialty monitor should be intensified.On the other hand,risk management and control ideal should be brought in.The combination of prevention and administration,the combination of soft and hard measures,the combination of engineering measures and non-engineering measures,and the combination of administration and management are supposed to be focused on.What else,mobilizing the whole society to prevent geological disasters all together.
引文
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[5]许强,裴向军,黄润秋.汶川地震大型滑坡研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.Xu Qiang,Pei Xiangjun,Huang Runqiu.Large-scale LandslidesInduced by the Wenchuan Earthquake.Beijing:Science Express,2009.
[6]黄河清,赵其华.汶川地震诱发文家沟巨型滑坡-碎屑流基本特征及成因机制初步分析[J].工程地质学报.2010,18(2):168～177.Huang Heqing,Zhao Qihua.Basic characteristics and preliminarymechanism analysis of large scale rock slide-sturzstrom at Wenjia-gou triggered by Wenchuan Earthquake.Journal of Engineering Ge-ology.2010,18(2):168～177.
[7]唐川,梁京涛.汶川震区北川9.24暴雨泥石流特征研究[J].工程地质学报.2008,16(6):751～758.Tang Chuan,Liang Jingtao.Characteristics of debris flows in Bei-chuan epicenter of the Wenchuan Earthquake triggered by rainstorm on September24,2008[J].Journal of Engineering Geology.2008,16(6):751～758.
[8]崔鹏.汶川地震次生山地灾害形成机理与风险控制[R].学术会议多媒体,2010.Cui Peng.The Geo-hazards Genetic Mechanism and Risk ControlTriggered by the Wenchuan Earthquake.The Oral Presentation,2010.
[9]黄润秋,李为乐.汶川大地震触发地质灾害的断层效应分析[J].工程地质学报.2009,17(1):19～28.Huang Runqiu,Li Weile.Fault effect analysis of geo-hazard trig-gered by Wenchuan Earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology.2009,17(1):19～28.
[2]唐川.汶川地震区暴雨滑坡泥石流活动趋势预测[J].山地学报.2010,28(13):341～349.Tang chuan.Activity tendency prediction of rainfall induced land-slides and debris flows in the Wenchuan earthquake areas.Journalof mountain science.2010,28(13):341～349.
[3]崔鹏,韦方强,何思明,等.5.12汶川地震诱发的山地灾害及减灾措施[J].山地学报.2010,26(3):280～282.Cui Peng,Wei Fangqiang,He Siming,et al.Mountain disasters in-duced by the Earthquake of May12 in Wenchuan and the disastersmitigation.Journal of mountain science.2010,26(3):280～282.
[4]谢洪,钟敦伦,矫震,等.2008年汶川地震重灾区的泥石流[J].山地学报.2009,27(4):501～509.Xie Hong,Zhong Dunlun,Jiao Zhen,et al.Debris Flow in Wen-chuan Quake hit Area in 2008.Journal of mountain science.2009,27(4):501～509.
[5]许强,裴向军,黄润秋.汶川地震大型滑坡研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.Xu Qiang,Pei Xiangjun,Huang Runqiu.Large-scale LandslidesInduced by the Wenchuan Earthquake.Beijing:Science Express,2009.
[6]黄河清,赵其华.汶川地震诱发文家沟巨型滑坡-碎屑流基本特征及成因机制初步分析[J].工程地质学报.2010,18(2):168～177.Huang Heqing,Zhao Qihua.Basic characteristics and preliminarymechanism analysis of large scale rock slide-sturzstrom at Wenjia-gou triggered by Wenchuan Earthquake.Journal of Engineering Ge-ology.2010,18(2):168～177.
[7]唐川,梁京涛.汶川震区北川9.24暴雨泥石流特征研究[J].工程地质学报.2008,16(6):751～758.Tang Chuan,Liang Jingtao.Characteristics of debris flows in Bei-chuan epicenter of the Wenchuan Earthquake triggered by rainstorm on September24,2008[J].Journal of Engineering Geology.2008,16(6):751～758.
[8]崔鹏.汶川地震次生山地灾害形成机理与风险控制[R].学术会议多媒体,2010.Cui Peng.The Geo-hazards Genetic Mechanism and Risk ControlTriggered by the Wenchuan Earthquake.The Oral Presentation,2010.
[9]黄润秋,李为乐.汶川大地震触发地质灾害的断层效应分析[J].工程地质学报.2009,17(1):19～28.Huang Runqiu,Li Weile.Fault effect analysis of geo-hazard trig-gered by Wenchuan Earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology.2009,17(1):19～28.
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