汶川灾区泥石流峰值流量的非线性雨洪修正法
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摘要
由于汶川地震灾区泥石流固体物质补给方式和成因的复杂性,很多泥石流流域在产流、汇流和运动阶段都存在导致流量放大的过程,用现有的泥石流峰值流量计算方法得到的结果都偏小。具体的分析表明,震后泥石流的产汇流过程并不是线性等同于清水的产汇流过程,泥石流流量的放大系数与清水峰值流量不是线性正比的关系。通过拟合北川极重灾区苏宝河和魏家沟等流域泥石流沟的现场调查数据,得到了泥石流放大系数与流域清水峰值流量之间的幂函数经验关系。并由此建立了泥石流峰值流量的非线性雨洪修正计算方法。该方法可用于计算震后崩滑体较多的流域的泥石流峰值流量。
Mitigating debris-flow hazards is a great challenge in a period after Wenchuan Earthquake.Because of the complexity of debris supply and formation,the debris-flow discharge with respect to flood discharge was amplified in runoff,converging and moving stages of debris flows,and previous methods of calculating debris-flow peak discharge were not available for the debris-flow ravines in the earthquake-affected region.The investigation of the formation of post-quake debris flows indicated that debris-flow hydrologic process is not linearly equivalent with flood hydrologic one,and debris-flow amplification coefficient is not linearly proportional to flood peak discharge.An empirical relationship of power function between the amplification coefficient and the flood peak discharge was built by analyzing the field data of seven debris-flow ravines in Subaohe,Weijiagou and Dubahe basins of the earthquake region.Combined the classical modified flood discharge method with the empirical formula,a nonlinear flood method was developed for calculating debris-flow peak discharge,which can be applicable to post-earthquake region.
Mitigating debris-flow hazards is a great challenge in a period after Wenchuan Earthquake.Because of the complexity of debris supply and formation,the debris-flow discharge with respect to flood discharge was amplified in runoff,converging and moving stages of debris flows,and previous methods of calculating debris-flow peak discharge were not available for the debris-flow ravines in the earthquake-affected region.The investigation of the formation of post-quake debris flows indicated that debris-flow hydrologic process is not linearly equivalent with flood hydrologic one,and debris-flow amplification coefficient is not linearly proportional to flood peak discharge.An empirical relationship of power function between the amplification coefficient and the flood peak discharge was built by analyzing the field data of seven debris-flow ravines in Subaohe,Weijiagou and Dubahe basins of the earthquake region.Combined the classical modified flood discharge method with the empirical formula,a nonlinear flood method was developed for calculating debris-flow peak discharge,which can be applicable to post-earthquake region.
引文
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[22]You Yong,Liu Jinfeng,Chen Xingchang.Debris flow and its characteristics of Subao River in Beichuan county after“5.12”Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2010,28(3):358-366.[游勇,柳金峰,陈兴长.“5.12”汶川地震后北川苏保河流域泥石流危害及特征[J].山地学报,2010,28(3):358-366.]
[23]Yang Kaisu.Discussions on calculating peak discharge of debris flows triggered by rainfall[R]//Southwestern Institute of China Academy of Railway Sciences,1981.[杨开俗.暴雨泥石流洪峰流量计算方法若干问题的探讨[R]//铁道部科学院西南研究所,1981.]
[2]Cui Peng,Wei Fangqiang,Chen Xiaoqing,et al.Geo-hazards in Wenchuan Earthquake Area and Countermeasures for Disaster Reduction[J].Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,2008,23(4):317-323.[崔鹏,韦方强,陈晓清,等.汶川地震次生山地灾害及其减灾对策[J].中国科学院院刊,2008,23(4):317-323.]
[3]Huang Runqiu,Li Weile.Research on development and distribution rules of geohazards induced by Wenchuan earthquake on12th May,2008[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(12):2585-2592.[黄润秋,李为乐.“5.12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育分布规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(12):2585-2592.]
[4]Hu Kaiheng,You Yong,Zhuang Jianqi,et al.Characteristics and countermeasures of debris flows in Beichuan’s meizoseismal area[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2010,30(4):566-570.[胡凯衡,游勇,庄建琦,等.北川地震重灾区泥石流特征与减灾对策[J].地理科学,2010,30(4):566-570.]
[5]Chen Xiaoqing,Cui Peng,Zhao Wanyu.Optimal timing for the control of debris flow in Wenchuan earthquake area[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science Edition,2009,41(3):125-130.[陈晓清,崔鹏,赵万玉.汶川地震区泥石流灾害工程防治时机的研究[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2009,41(3):125-130.]
[6]You Yong,Liu Jinfeng.The influence on debris flow prevention in the upriver of Minjiang after Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science Edition,2009,41(Supp):16-22.[游勇,柳金峰.汶川8级地震对岷江上游泥石流灾害防治的影响[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2009,41(增刊):16-22.]
[7]陈晓清,崔鹏,游勇,等.关于汶川地震灾区泥石流灾害工程防治标准的讨论[M]//汶川大地震工程震害调查分析与研究.北京:科学出版社,2009:297-303.
[8]Kang Zhicheng.An analysis of maximum discharge of viscous debris flow at Jiangjia Gully of Dongchuan in Yunnan[M]//Memoirs of Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Cryopedology of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.4).Beijing:Science Press,1985:119-123.[康志成.云南东川蒋家沟粘性泥石流最大流量分析[M]//中国科学院兰州冰川冻土研究所集刊(第4号).北京:科学出版社,1985:119-123.]
[9]弗莱施曼C M.泥石流[M].姚德基,译.北京:科学出版社,1986:218-231.
[10]Kang Zhicheng,Zhang Jun.Study and calculation of debris-flow peak discharge[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,1991(2):15-18.[康志成,张军.泥石流洪峰流量的研究与计算[J].中国水土保持,1991(2):15-18.]
[11]Shen Shouchang,Xie Xiuqi,Xiang Xingpu,et al.On estimation of debris flow discharges[J].China Railway Science,1993,14:80-89.[沈寿长,谢修齐,项行浦,等.暴雨泥石流流量计算方法研究[J].中国铁道科学,1993,14:80-89.]
[12]Rickenmann D.Empirical relationships for debris flows[J].Natural Hazards,1999,19(1):47-77.
[13]Chen N S,Yue Z Q,Cui P,et al.A rational method for estimating maximum discharge of a landslide-induced debris flow:A case study from southwestern China[J].Geomorphology,2007,84(1-2):44-58.
[14]Jakob M,Friele P.Frequency and magnitude of debris flows on Cheekye River,British Columbia[J].Geomor-phology,2010,114(3):382-395.
[15]Mizuyama T,Kobashi S,Ou G.Prediction of debris flow peak discharge[C]//Interpraevent,1992.Berne,Switzer-land,1992:99-108.
[16]Hurlimann M,Rickenmann D,Medina V.Evaluation of approaches to calculate debris-flow parameters for hazard assessment[J].Engineering Geology,2008,102(3/4):152-163.
[17]Cannon S H,Gartner J E.Wildfire-related debris flow from a hazards perspective[M].Debris flow hazards and related phenomena,Springer,Berlin,Heidelberg,2005:363-385.
[18]Gartner J E,Cannon S H,Santi P M,et al.Empirical models to predict the volumes of debris flows generated by recently burned basins in the western U.S.[J].Geomorphology,2008,96(3-4):339-354.
[19]Chen X Q,Cui P,Chen N S,et al.Calculation of discharge of debris flows caused by morainedam failure at Midui Gully,Tibet,China[J].Iranian Journal of Science&Technology,Transaction B,2007,31(B2):195-207.
[20]Wang Lixian.On classification of torrents[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,1982,4(3):28-35.[王礼先.关于荒溪分类[J].北京林学院学报,1982,4(3):28-35.]
[21]吴积善,田连权,康志成,等.泥石流及其综合治理[M].北京:科学出版社,1993:164-170.
[22]You Yong,Liu Jinfeng,Chen Xingchang.Debris flow and its characteristics of Subao River in Beichuan county after“5.12”Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2010,28(3):358-366.[游勇,柳金峰,陈兴长.“5.12”汶川地震后北川苏保河流域泥石流危害及特征[J].山地学报,2010,28(3):358-366.]
[23]Yang Kaisu.Discussions on calculating peak discharge of debris flows triggered by rainfall[R]//Southwestern Institute of China Academy of Railway Sciences,1981.[杨开俗.暴雨泥石流洪峰流量计算方法若干问题的探讨[R]//铁道部科学院西南研究所,1981.]
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