深井井壁稳定技术研究进展与发展趋势
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摘要
正确认识和有效评价地下复杂的围岩环境,深入探索井壁稳定机理,建立预测理论和控制模型,有效控制钻井过程中的井壁失稳问题,是实现优质、安全、高效和低成本钻井的关键。介绍了敏感性页岩地层、裂缝性地层、流变地层和各向异性地层的失稳机理,分析了构造地应力、井眼轨迹、钻井液造壁性、地层强度、垮塌的几何形态及钻柱振动对地层失稳的影响,总结了地层失稳的研究方法,提出了在完善钻前预测的理论基础上,对当前钻头处地层的井壁稳定性进行实时评价,及对钻头下地层的井壁稳定性进行预测,是当前钻井急需解决的理论和工程难题。
Properly identifying and evaluating downhole complex surrounding beds, thoroughly analyzing well-wall stability mechanism, establishing forecast theories and control models, and effectively controlling wall instability during drilling are vital to conduct quality, safe, efficient and low-cost drilling. The paper firstly presents wellbore sloughing mechanisms while drilling sensitive shales, fracture formations, rhemorphic rocks, and nonuniform formations, then analyzes effects of structural earth stress, well path, mud plastering ability, formation strengths, sloughing shapes and drillstring vibrations on formation caving-in, and summarizes research methods for formation sloughing, finally concludes that how to evaluate in real-time the wall stability of the formation being penetrated on the basis of perfecting forecast-before-drilling theory and predict the wall stability of formations to be penetrated is a problem needing urgent solutions in both theory and engineering.
Properly identifying and evaluating downhole complex surrounding beds, thoroughly analyzing well-wall stability mechanism, establishing forecast theories and control models, and effectively controlling wall instability during drilling are vital to conduct quality, safe, efficient and low-cost drilling. The paper firstly presents wellbore sloughing mechanisms while drilling sensitive shales, fracture formations, rhemorphic rocks, and nonuniform formations, then analyzes effects of structural earth stress, well path, mud plastering ability, formation strengths, sloughing shapes and drillstring vibrations on formation caving-in, and summarizes research methods for formation sloughing, finally concludes that how to evaluate in real-time the wall stability of the formation being penetrated on the basis of perfecting forecast-before-drilling theory and predict the wall stability of formations to be penetrated is a problem needing urgent solutions in both theory and engineering.
引文
[1] Tan C P. Integrated rock mechanics and drilling fluid design approach to manage shale, [R]. SPE47259, 1999.
[2] Chen X. A comprehensive practical approach for wellbore instability management [R]. SPE48898, 1999.
[3] Germanovich L N, Roegiers J C, Dyskin A V. A model for borehole breakouts in brittle rocks [A]. Balkema, Netherlands; Eurock'94-SPE\ISRM International Conference, 1994.
[4] 李鹭光．川东高陡构造防塌技术[A]．∥高德利．地下钻掘采 工程不稳定理论与控制技术[C]．北京:中国科学技术出版社, 1999:67-73．
[5] 徐朝仪,董振国．塔北深探井厚膏层蠕动地层钻井技术[J]．钻 采工艺,1997,20(1):1-5．
[6] 邓金根．控制油井盐层段流变缩径的泥浆密度的计算方法[J]． 岩石力学与工程学报,1997,16(6):522-528．
[7] 陈敦辉．荆丘地区膏盐层钻井液技术[J]．钻井液与完井液, 1997,14(2):41-42．
[8] 王合林,薛宥堂．荆丘地区防止膏盐层挤毁套管的钻井完井工艺 [J]．石油钻采工艺,1994,16(6):34-39．
[9] Lapointe P A. Sabkha vs. Salt Basin model for the Arab formation understanding in the Umm Shaif Field, U. A. E. [R]. SPE21398, 1992.
[10] BarkerJ W, Feland K W, Tsao Y H. Drilling long salt sections along the U. S. Gulf Coast [R]. SPE24605, 1992.
[11] Kim C M. Field measurement of borehole closure across salt formation: implementation to well cementing [R]. SPE18030, 1989.
[12] Infante E F, Chenevert M E. Stability of boreholes drilled through salt formations displaying plastic behavior [R]. SPE15513, 1989.
[13] Aadnoy B S, Chenevert M E. Stability of highly inclined boreholes [J]. SPE Drilling Engineering, 1987, (12): 364-374.
[14] 金衍．井壁稳定力学研究[D]．北京:石油大学(北京)石油 天然气工程学院,1998．
[15] Zheng Z. Integrated borehole stability analysis-against tradition [R]. SPE47282, 1999.
[16] Helio Santos. Consequences and relevance of drilling vibration on wellbore stability [R]．SPE52820,2001．
[17] 张利．软泥岩地层中的井眼弹塑性变形研究[D]．北京:石油 大学(北京)石油天然气工程学院,1997．
[18] 陈勉,陈治喜,黄荣樽．大斜度油井的井壁坍塌与破裂[A]． ∥中国岩石力学与工程学会．中国岩石力学与工程学会第三 次大会论文集[C]．北京:中国科学技术出版社,1994:425- 429．
[19] Kristiansen T G. Minimizing drilling risk in extented-reach wells at valhall using geomechanics, geoscience and 3D visual technology [R]. SPE52863, 2001.
[20] Santos H,da Fontoura SAB. Concepts and misconceptions of mud selection criteria; how to minimize borehole stability problems? [R]. SPE38664, 1997.
[21] Santarelli F J, Zaho S, Burrafato G, etal. Wellbore stability analysis made easy and practical [R]. IADC/SPE35105, 1996.
[22] Lin P,Ray T G. A new method to determine in-situ stress directions and in-situ formation rock properties during a microfrac test [R]. SPE26600, 1993.
[23] Didier Gazaniol. Wellbore failure mechanisms in shales: prediction and prevention [J]. JPT, 1995, (7).
[24] Ray P L. Application of rock mechanics to HPHT and horizontal well drilling and completion: a case study [R]. SPE48878, 1999.
[25] 陈勉,陈治喜,金衍,等．定向井的井眼系统稳定技术[A]． ∥中国岩石力学与工程学会．第三届全国青年岩石力学与工 程学术研讨会论文集[C]．四川成都:西南交通大学出版社, 1995:233-237．
[26] Nubuo Morita. Uncertainty analysis of borehole stability problems [R]. SPE30502, 1995.
[27] Ottesen S. Borehole stability assessment using qualitative risk analysis [R]. SPE52864, 2001.
[28] Yew C H, Chenevert M E, Wang C L. Wellbore stress distribution produced by moisture adsorption [R]. SPE19536, 1990.
[29] Chen Mian,Chen Zhixi, Huang Rongzun. Hydration Stress On Wellbore Stability [A]. Reno, U. S. , Rock Mechanics, Proceedings of the 35th U. S. Symposium, 1995-6.
[30] Hale A H, Mody F K, Salisbury D P . The influence of chemical potential on wellbore stability [R]. SPE23885.
[31] Ballard T J , Lawless T A. Fundamentals of shale stabilization: water transport through shales [R]. SPE24974, 1992.
[32] Van Oort E, Hale A H, Mody F K. Critical parameters in modeling the chemical aspects of borehole stability in Shales and in designing improved water-based share drilling fluid [R]. SPE28309 , 1994.
[33] 孟英峰．泥页岩水化反应系统的仿真模型研究[A]．∥高德 利．地下钻掘采工程不稳定理论与控制技术[C]．北京:中 国科学技术出版社,1999:50-60．
[34] Earon B A. The equation for geopressure prediction from well logs [R]. SPE5544, 1975.
[35] Eberhart-Phillips D, Han D H. Empirical relationships ampng seismic velocity, effective pressure, porosity, and clay content in sandstone [J]. Geophysics, 1989, 54 (1): 82-88.
[36] Holbrook P W A. Real-time pore pressure and fracture gradient evaluation in all sedimentary lithologies [R]. SPE16666, 1991.
[37] Scott D. Algorithm for pore pressure prediction [R]. SPE25674, 1993.
[38] 樊洪海．地层孔隙压力预测监测新方法研究与应用[D]．北 京:石油大学(北京)石油天然气工程学院,2001．
[39] 金衍,陈勉．钻前井壁稳定预测方法的研究[J]．石油学报, 2001,22(3):96-99．
[40] Jin Yan,Chen Mian. Neural network application to prediction for borehole stability before drilling [A]. ∥Heping Xie. Computer Applications in the Minerals Industries [C]. Lisse: Swets &. Zeitinger, 2001: 701-705.
[41] 郭凯俊,陈勉,梁红军,等．利用地震记录钻前预测却勒1井 的安全钻井液密度窗口[J]．石油钻探技术。2004,32(4): 26-28．
[42] 金衍,陈勉．利用地震记录钻前预测井壁稳定研究[J]．石油 学报,2004,25(1):36-40．
[43] 张召平,李根生,翁行芳．钻井岩屑适时测试技术及其可行性 研究[J]．石油钻探技术,2004,32(6):4-6．
[44] 王桂华,程远方,梁何生．岩屑显微硬度法确定地层力学参数 [J]．石油钻探技术,2003,31(5):7-9．
[2] Chen X. A comprehensive practical approach for wellbore instability management [R]. SPE48898, 1999.
[3] Germanovich L N, Roegiers J C, Dyskin A V. A model for borehole breakouts in brittle rocks [A]. Balkema, Netherlands; Eurock'94-SPE\ISRM International Conference, 1994.
[4] 李鹭光．川东高陡构造防塌技术[A]．∥高德利．地下钻掘采 工程不稳定理论与控制技术[C]．北京:中国科学技术出版社, 1999:67-73．
[5] 徐朝仪,董振国．塔北深探井厚膏层蠕动地层钻井技术[J]．钻 采工艺,1997,20(1):1-5．
[6] 邓金根．控制油井盐层段流变缩径的泥浆密度的计算方法[J]． 岩石力学与工程学报,1997,16(6):522-528．
[7] 陈敦辉．荆丘地区膏盐层钻井液技术[J]．钻井液与完井液, 1997,14(2):41-42．
[8] 王合林,薛宥堂．荆丘地区防止膏盐层挤毁套管的钻井完井工艺 [J]．石油钻采工艺,1994,16(6):34-39．
[9] Lapointe P A. Sabkha vs. Salt Basin model for the Arab formation understanding in the Umm Shaif Field, U. A. E. [R]. SPE21398, 1992.
[10] BarkerJ W, Feland K W, Tsao Y H. Drilling long salt sections along the U. S. Gulf Coast [R]. SPE24605, 1992.
[11] Kim C M. Field measurement of borehole closure across salt formation: implementation to well cementing [R]. SPE18030, 1989.
[12] Infante E F, Chenevert M E. Stability of boreholes drilled through salt formations displaying plastic behavior [R]. SPE15513, 1989.
[13] Aadnoy B S, Chenevert M E. Stability of highly inclined boreholes [J]. SPE Drilling Engineering, 1987, (12): 364-374.
[14] 金衍．井壁稳定力学研究[D]．北京:石油大学(北京)石油 天然气工程学院,1998．
[15] Zheng Z. Integrated borehole stability analysis-against tradition [R]. SPE47282, 1999.
[16] Helio Santos. Consequences and relevance of drilling vibration on wellbore stability [R]．SPE52820,2001．
[17] 张利．软泥岩地层中的井眼弹塑性变形研究[D]．北京:石油 大学(北京)石油天然气工程学院,1997．
[18] 陈勉,陈治喜,黄荣樽．大斜度油井的井壁坍塌与破裂[A]． ∥中国岩石力学与工程学会．中国岩石力学与工程学会第三 次大会论文集[C]．北京:中国科学技术出版社,1994:425- 429．
[19] Kristiansen T G. Minimizing drilling risk in extented-reach wells at valhall using geomechanics, geoscience and 3D visual technology [R]. SPE52863, 2001.
[20] Santos H,da Fontoura SAB. Concepts and misconceptions of mud selection criteria; how to minimize borehole stability problems? [R]. SPE38664, 1997.
[21] Santarelli F J, Zaho S, Burrafato G, etal. Wellbore stability analysis made easy and practical [R]. IADC/SPE35105, 1996.
[22] Lin P,Ray T G. A new method to determine in-situ stress directions and in-situ formation rock properties during a microfrac test [R]. SPE26600, 1993.
[23] Didier Gazaniol. Wellbore failure mechanisms in shales: prediction and prevention [J]. JPT, 1995, (7).
[24] Ray P L. Application of rock mechanics to HPHT and horizontal well drilling and completion: a case study [R]. SPE48878, 1999.
[25] 陈勉,陈治喜,金衍,等．定向井的井眼系统稳定技术[A]． ∥中国岩石力学与工程学会．第三届全国青年岩石力学与工 程学术研讨会论文集[C]．四川成都:西南交通大学出版社, 1995:233-237．
[26] Nubuo Morita. Uncertainty analysis of borehole stability problems [R]. SPE30502, 1995.
[27] Ottesen S. Borehole stability assessment using qualitative risk analysis [R]. SPE52864, 2001.
[28] Yew C H, Chenevert M E, Wang C L. Wellbore stress distribution produced by moisture adsorption [R]. SPE19536, 1990.
[29] Chen Mian,Chen Zhixi, Huang Rongzun. Hydration Stress On Wellbore Stability [A]. Reno, U. S. , Rock Mechanics, Proceedings of the 35th U. S. Symposium, 1995-6.
[30] Hale A H, Mody F K, Salisbury D P . The influence of chemical potential on wellbore stability [R]. SPE23885.
[31] Ballard T J , Lawless T A. Fundamentals of shale stabilization: water transport through shales [R]. SPE24974, 1992.
[32] Van Oort E, Hale A H, Mody F K. Critical parameters in modeling the chemical aspects of borehole stability in Shales and in designing improved water-based share drilling fluid [R]. SPE28309 , 1994.
[33] 孟英峰．泥页岩水化反应系统的仿真模型研究[A]．∥高德 利．地下钻掘采工程不稳定理论与控制技术[C]．北京:中 国科学技术出版社,1999:50-60．
[34] Earon B A. The equation for geopressure prediction from well logs [R]. SPE5544, 1975.
[35] Eberhart-Phillips D, Han D H. Empirical relationships ampng seismic velocity, effective pressure, porosity, and clay content in sandstone [J]. Geophysics, 1989, 54 (1): 82-88.
[36] Holbrook P W A. Real-time pore pressure and fracture gradient evaluation in all sedimentary lithologies [R]. SPE16666, 1991.
[37] Scott D. Algorithm for pore pressure prediction [R]. SPE25674, 1993.
[38] 樊洪海．地层孔隙压力预测监测新方法研究与应用[D]．北 京:石油大学(北京)石油天然气工程学院,2001．
[39] 金衍,陈勉．钻前井壁稳定预测方法的研究[J]．石油学报, 2001,22(3):96-99．
[40] Jin Yan,Chen Mian. Neural network application to prediction for borehole stability before drilling [A]. ∥Heping Xie. Computer Applications in the Minerals Industries [C]. Lisse: Swets &. Zeitinger, 2001: 701-705.
[41] 郭凯俊,陈勉,梁红军,等．利用地震记录钻前预测却勒1井 的安全钻井液密度窗口[J]．石油钻探技术。2004,32(4): 26-28．
[42] 金衍,陈勉．利用地震记录钻前预测井壁稳定研究[J]．石油 学报,2004,25(1):36-40．
[43] 张召平,李根生,翁行芳．钻井岩屑适时测试技术及其可行性 研究[J]．石油钻探技术,2004,32(6):4-6．
[44] 王桂华,程远方,梁何生．岩屑显微硬度法确定地层力学参数 [J]．石油钻探技术,2003,31(5):7-9．
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