论震积作用和震积岩
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摘要
地震是一种灾害性的地质事件。地震及其引发的海啸、重力流可以形成震积岩、海啸岩和震浊积岩。在地震过程中 ,震积作用可以形成特殊的构造标志 (地震断裂层、地裂缝、微同沉积断裂、微褶皱纹理、重力断层等 )、沉积和成岩标志 (砂岩脉、泥岩脉、泥晶脉 ,即磨牙 ( molar tooth)构造、枕状层、砂火山、泥火山、同沉积变形构造、丘状层理等 )。地震沉积组合包括原地震积岩 ( A,包括震裂岩、震褶岩、自碎屑角砾岩、内碎屑副角砾岩等 )、海啸岩 ( B,由具丘状层理、平行层理的碎屑岩或内碎屑灰岩组成 )、震浊积岩 ( C,由具块状层理、递变层理或玻马序列的粗碎屑岩或碎屑灰岩组成 )及背景沉积 ( D) 4个单元 ,它们组合成 A- B- C- D、A- B- D、A- C- D、A- D、B- D、C- D等 6种类型的沉积序列。
Earthquake is a disaster event in Earth crust. Earthquake, tsunami and turbidity flow induced by earthquake can form seismites, tsunamites and seismoturbidites. During earthquake, some especial deformation structures (fracture grading bed, fracture uniform bed, syn sedimentary microfracture, micro corrugated lamination, gravity fault etc.) and sedimentary and diagenitic structure (sandstone vein, mudstone vein, micritic vein, i.e. molar tooth structure, pillow bed, sandy volcano, muddy volcano, penecontemporneous deformation structures and hummocky bedding) are formed. Seism deposits consist of 3 types of sedimentary units. Unit A is autochthonous seismites, which consists of seismic corrugated rock, shattering rock, and autoclastic breccia and intraclast parabreccia. Unit B is tsunamite, which is composed of pebble sandstone, sandstone and intraclastic limestone with hummocky bedding or swaley bedding and parallel bedding. Unit C is seismoturbidites or megaturbidite, which is composed of coarse clastics and intraclastic limestone with massive bedding, graded bedding or Bouma sequence. Aforesaid units and background deposits (Unit 4) constitute 6 types of sedimentary sequences: A B C D、A B D、A C D、A D、B D、C D.
Earthquake is a disaster event in Earth crust. Earthquake, tsunami and turbidity flow induced by earthquake can form seismites, tsunamites and seismoturbidites. During earthquake, some especial deformation structures (fracture grading bed, fracture uniform bed, syn sedimentary microfracture, micro corrugated lamination, gravity fault etc.) and sedimentary and diagenitic structure (sandstone vein, mudstone vein, micritic vein, i.e. molar tooth structure, pillow bed, sandy volcano, muddy volcano, penecontemporneous deformation structures and hummocky bedding) are formed. Seism deposits consist of 3 types of sedimentary units. Unit A is autochthonous seismites, which consists of seismic corrugated rock, shattering rock, and autoclastic breccia and intraclast parabreccia. Unit B is tsunamite, which is composed of pebble sandstone, sandstone and intraclastic limestone with hummocky bedding or swaley bedding and parallel bedding. Unit C is seismoturbidites or megaturbidite, which is composed of coarse clastics and intraclastic limestone with massive bedding, graded bedding or Bouma sequence. Aforesaid units and background deposits (Unit 4) constitute 6 types of sedimentary sequences: A B C D、A B D、A C D、A D、B D、C D.
引文
[1] Heezen B C,Ewing M.Turbidity currents and submarineslumps and 192 9Grand bank earthquake[J] .Am JSci,195 2 ,2 5 0 ( 12 ) :849～ 873 .
[2 ] Heezen B C,Dyke C L .Grand bank Slump[J] .Bull Am AssPetrol Geol,1964 ,48( 2 ) :2 2 1～ 2 2 5 .
[3 ] Seilacher A.Fault-graded bed interpreted as seismites[J] .Sedimentoloy,1969,13 ( 1～ 2 ) :15 5～ 15 9.
[4] 宋天锐 .北京十三陵前寒武纪碳酸盐岩地层中的一套可能的地震—海啸序列 [J] .科学通报 ,1988,( 8) :60 9～ 611.
[5 ] 乔秀夫 ,宋天锐 ,高林志 ,等 .碳酸盐岩振动液化地震序列 [J] .地质学报 ,1994,68( 1) :16～ 3 2 .
[6] 乔秀夫 ,李海兵 ,高林志 .华北地台震旦纪—早古生代地震节律 [J] .地学前缘 ,1997,4( 3～ 4) :15 5～ 160 .
[7] 乔秀夫 ,高林志 .华北中新元古代及早古生代地震灾变事件及与 Rodinia的关系 [J] .科学通报 ,1999,44( 16) :175 3～ 175 8.
[8] Mutti E,Ricci Lucchi F,Seguret M,etal.Seism oturbidites:a new group of resedimented deposits[J] .Mar Geol,1984,5 5( 1～ 2 ) :10 3～ 116.
[9] 梁定益 ,聂泽同 ,宋志敏 .再论震积岩及震积不整合——以川西、滇西地区为例 [J] .地球科学 ,1994,19( 6) :845～ 85 0 .
[10 ] 孙晓猛 ,梁定益 ,聂泽同 .大陆边缘震积岩序列——以金沙江中段震积岩为例 [J] .现代地质 ,1995 ,9( 3 ) :1～ 2 7.
[11] 吴贤涛 ,尹国勋 .四川峨眉晚侏罗世湖泊沉积中震积岩的发现及其意义 [J] .沉积学报 ,1992 ,10 ( 3 ) :19～ 2 4.
[12 ] 杜远生 ,张传恒 ,韩欣 .滇中地区中元古代大龙口组震积岩的新发现 [J] .地球科学 ,1999,2 4(增刊 ) :2 8,97.
[13 ] 南凌 ,崔之久 .地震混杂岩 (震积岩 )的沉积特征和识别 [J] .地震地质译丛 ,1996,18( 6) :1～ 9.
[14 ] 杨景春 ,闻学泽 .史前地震及其鉴别标志的几个问题 [A] .见 :中国第四纪研究委员会全新世分会和陕西省地震局编 .史前地震与第四纪地质文集 [C] .西安 :陕西科学技术出版社 ,1982 .8～ 15 .
[15 ] 朱海之 .古地震活动若干标志的研究 [A] .见 :中国第四纪研究委员会全新世分会 ,陕西省地震局编 .史前地震与第四纪地质文集 [C] .西安 :陕西科学技术出版社 ,1982 .17～ 2 9.
[16] 冯先岳 ,宋和平 .新疆古地震遗迹鉴别标志 [A] .见 :中国第四纪研究委员会全新世分会和陕西省地震局编 .史前地震与第四纪地质文集 [C] .西安 :陕西科学技术出版社 ,1982 .43～5 0 .
[17] Seilacher A.Sedimentary structures tentatively attributed toseismic events[J] .Mar Geol,1984,5 5 ( 1) :1～ 12 .
[18] 梁定益 ,聂泽同 ,万晓樵 .试论震积岩及震积不整合——以川西、滇西地区为例 [J] .现代地质 ,1991,5 ( 2 ) :13 8～ 14 7.
[19] Cita M B,Beghi C,Camerlenghi A,et al.Turbidites andmegaturbidites from the Herodotus abyssal plain ( easternMediterranean) unrelated to seismic events[J] .Mar Geol,1984,5 5 ( 1～ 2 ) :79～ 10 1.
[2 0 ] Fairchild I J,Einsele G,Song T.Possible seismic origin ofmolar tooth structures in Neoproterozoic carbonate ramp de-posits,north China[J] .Sedimentology,1997,44( 4 ) :611～63 0 .
[2 1] F rank T D,Lyons T W.“Molar-tooth” structures,a geochemical perspective on a Proterozoic enigma[J] .Geology,1998,2 6( 8) :683～ 686.
[2 2 ] Spallctta C,Vai G B.U pper Devonian intraclastparabrecciasinterpreted as seismites[J] .Mar Geol,1984,5 5 ( 1～ 2 ) :13 3～ 14 4 .
[2 3 ] Roep T B,Events A J.Pillow-beds:a new type of seism ites?An example from an Oligocene turbidite fan complex,Alicante[J] .Sedimentology,1992 ,3 9:711～ 72 4
[2 ] Heezen B C,Dyke C L .Grand bank Slump[J] .Bull Am AssPetrol Geol,1964 ,48( 2 ) :2 2 1～ 2 2 5 .
[3 ] Seilacher A.Fault-graded bed interpreted as seismites[J] .Sedimentoloy,1969,13 ( 1～ 2 ) :15 5～ 15 9.
[4] 宋天锐 .北京十三陵前寒武纪碳酸盐岩地层中的一套可能的地震—海啸序列 [J] .科学通报 ,1988,( 8) :60 9～ 611.
[5 ] 乔秀夫 ,宋天锐 ,高林志 ,等 .碳酸盐岩振动液化地震序列 [J] .地质学报 ,1994,68( 1) :16～ 3 2 .
[6] 乔秀夫 ,李海兵 ,高林志 .华北地台震旦纪—早古生代地震节律 [J] .地学前缘 ,1997,4( 3～ 4) :15 5～ 160 .
[7] 乔秀夫 ,高林志 .华北中新元古代及早古生代地震灾变事件及与 Rodinia的关系 [J] .科学通报 ,1999,44( 16) :175 3～ 175 8.
[8] Mutti E,Ricci Lucchi F,Seguret M,etal.Seism oturbidites:a new group of resedimented deposits[J] .Mar Geol,1984,5 5( 1～ 2 ) :10 3～ 116.
[9] 梁定益 ,聂泽同 ,宋志敏 .再论震积岩及震积不整合——以川西、滇西地区为例 [J] .地球科学 ,1994,19( 6) :845～ 85 0 .
[10 ] 孙晓猛 ,梁定益 ,聂泽同 .大陆边缘震积岩序列——以金沙江中段震积岩为例 [J] .现代地质 ,1995 ,9( 3 ) :1～ 2 7.
[11] 吴贤涛 ,尹国勋 .四川峨眉晚侏罗世湖泊沉积中震积岩的发现及其意义 [J] .沉积学报 ,1992 ,10 ( 3 ) :19～ 2 4.
[12 ] 杜远生 ,张传恒 ,韩欣 .滇中地区中元古代大龙口组震积岩的新发现 [J] .地球科学 ,1999,2 4(增刊 ) :2 8,97.
[13 ] 南凌 ,崔之久 .地震混杂岩 (震积岩 )的沉积特征和识别 [J] .地震地质译丛 ,1996,18( 6) :1～ 9.
[14 ] 杨景春 ,闻学泽 .史前地震及其鉴别标志的几个问题 [A] .见 :中国第四纪研究委员会全新世分会和陕西省地震局编 .史前地震与第四纪地质文集 [C] .西安 :陕西科学技术出版社 ,1982 .8～ 15 .
[15 ] 朱海之 .古地震活动若干标志的研究 [A] .见 :中国第四纪研究委员会全新世分会 ,陕西省地震局编 .史前地震与第四纪地质文集 [C] .西安 :陕西科学技术出版社 ,1982 .17～ 2 9.
[16] 冯先岳 ,宋和平 .新疆古地震遗迹鉴别标志 [A] .见 :中国第四纪研究委员会全新世分会和陕西省地震局编 .史前地震与第四纪地质文集 [C] .西安 :陕西科学技术出版社 ,1982 .43～5 0 .
[17] Seilacher A.Sedimentary structures tentatively attributed toseismic events[J] .Mar Geol,1984,5 5 ( 1) :1～ 12 .
[18] 梁定益 ,聂泽同 ,万晓樵 .试论震积岩及震积不整合——以川西、滇西地区为例 [J] .现代地质 ,1991,5 ( 2 ) :13 8～ 14 7.
[19] Cita M B,Beghi C,Camerlenghi A,et al.Turbidites andmegaturbidites from the Herodotus abyssal plain ( easternMediterranean) unrelated to seismic events[J] .Mar Geol,1984,5 5 ( 1～ 2 ) :79～ 10 1.
[2 0 ] Fairchild I J,Einsele G,Song T.Possible seismic origin ofmolar tooth structures in Neoproterozoic carbonate ramp de-posits,north China[J] .Sedimentology,1997,44( 4 ) :611～63 0 .
[2 1] F rank T D,Lyons T W.“Molar-tooth” structures,a geochemical perspective on a Proterozoic enigma[J] .Geology,1998,2 6( 8) :683～ 686.
[2 2 ] Spallctta C,Vai G B.U pper Devonian intraclastparabrecciasinterpreted as seismites[J] .Mar Geol,1984,5 5 ( 1～ 2 ) :13 3～ 14 4 .
[2 3 ] Roep T B,Events A J.Pillow-beds:a new type of seism ites?An example from an Oligocene turbidite fan complex,Alicante[J] .Sedimentology,1992 ,3 9:711～ 72 4
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