地震触发崩塌滑坡自组织临界性研究
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摘要
汶川地震触发了大量崩塌滑坡灾害。这些规模差异巨大的现象之间,能量及空间是否存在着确定的分布规律?巨型崩滑和小规模坍塌是否遵从不同的形成机理?这些都是亟待解决的基本科学问题。作者在自组织临界状态(SOC)的概念框架下,通过震区典型路段考察,发现位于地震Ⅸ度区的崩滑工点,崩滑方量及崩滑体深度,与崩滑工点数目之间存在着良好的负幂律关系,地震Ⅹ度区也体现出有类似特征;拟静力模拟地震的沙堆离心模型实验表明,模型底板倾斜1.5°时,崩塌的动力学特性可以用幂律描述,底板倾斜达到3°时服从正态分布;元胞自动机模型数值模拟表明,随扰动强度增加沙堆模型动力学特性的演变是渐进的。从而从整体理论上对上述问题提出新的解释:处于青壮年期的山地斜坡系统具有SOC的内禀基本属性;存在一个地震强度阈值,在此之下地震触发的崩滑规模与出现频率之间的分布规律可用幂律描述,巨型崩滑灾害和小规模坍塌现象遵从同一形成机理。全新的认识可望为地震触发崩塌滑坡灾势评估提供普适性的概型并建立应用框架。
In the conceptual framework of self-organized criticality(SOC),and by investigating the typical slopes in Ⅸ seismic zone of Wenchuan earthquake,the negative power-law relationship of landslides between volume and number,as well as between depth and number was found.Furthermore,landslides also demonstrated the similar characteristics in Ⅹ seismic zone of Wenchuan earthquake.Based on the principle of quasi-static theory,the sandpile model centrifugation tests repeated the dynamic behavior of slope under seismic disturbances,and the dynamical characteristics of landslips can be showed with negative power distribution law when the model box floor tilted 1.5°,but showed normal distribution when 3.0°,and the cellular automaton models revealed the dynamical mechanism of the evolution of sand-pile model with the changes of disturbance intensity by numerical simulation.It was suggested that the slope system in younger or maturity age has the basic properties of intrinsic SOC.There is a seismic intensity threshold,the distribution law between size and frequency of landslides triggered by earthquake can be described under the threshold,and both the huge-scale and small-scale landslides disasters comply with the same formation mechanism.
In the conceptual framework of self-organized criticality(SOC),and by investigating the typical slopes in Ⅸ seismic zone of Wenchuan earthquake,the negative power-law relationship of landslides between volume and number,as well as between depth and number was found.Furthermore,landslides also demonstrated the similar characteristics in Ⅹ seismic zone of Wenchuan earthquake.Based on the principle of quasi-static theory,the sandpile model centrifugation tests repeated the dynamic behavior of slope under seismic disturbances,and the dynamical characteristics of landslips can be showed with negative power distribution law when the model box floor tilted 1.5°,but showed normal distribution when 3.0°,and the cellular automaton models revealed the dynamical mechanism of the evolution of sand-pile model with the changes of disturbance intensity by numerical simulation.It was suggested that the slope system in younger or maturity age has the basic properties of intrinsic SOC.There is a seismic intensity threshold,the distribution law between size and frequency of landslides triggered by earthquake can be described under the threshold,and both the huge-scale and small-scale landslides disasters comply with the same formation mechanism.
引文
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[17]Li Yong,Huang Runqiu,Densmore A L,et al.Basic fetures and research progresses of Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science Edition,2009,41(3):7-25.[李勇,黄润秋,Densmore A L,等.汶川8.0级地震的基本特征及其研究进展[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2009,41(3):7-25.]
[2]Huang Runqiu.Mechanism and geomechanical modes of landslide hazards triggered by Wenchuan 8.0 earthquakes[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(6):1239-1249.[黄润秋.汶川8.0级地震触发崩滑灾害机制及其地质力学模式[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(6):1239-1249.]
[3]Huang Runqiu,Li Weile.Research on development and distribution rules of geohazards induced by Wenchuan earthquake on 12th May,2008[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(12):2585-2592.[黄润秋,李为乐.“5.12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育分布规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(12):2585-2592.]
[4]Per Bak,Chao Tang,Kurt Wiesenfeld.Self-organized Criticality,Physical Review A[J].1988,1(1):364-374.
[5]Glenn A Held.Experimental study of critical mass fluctuations in an evolving sand-pile[J].Physical Review Letters,1990,65(9):1120-1123.
[6]Per Bak,Chao Tang,Earthquakes as a self-organized criticality phenomenon,geophysical research[J].1989,97(B11):15635-15637.
[7]胡定,张利民.土工抗震试验与分析[M].成都:成都科技大学出版社,1991:169-180.
[8]Su Fenghuan,Yao Lingkan,Li Hongbo.Parallel computation of sand pile model based on cellular automata[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science Edition,2007,39(4):40-43.[苏凤环,姚令侃,李洪波.基于元胞自动机的沙堆模型并行计算[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2007,39(4):40-43.]
[9]Gao Longchang.A Generalization for concept of dynamic system and chaos[J].Chinese Journal of Engineering Mathematics,1991,8(1):105-110.[高隆昌.动力体系和浑沌概念的一种推广[J].工程数学学报,1991,8(1):105-110.]
[10]於崇文.地质系统的复杂性[M].北京:地质出版社,2003:93-140.
[11]Yao Lingkan,Li Shixiong,Jiang Liangwei.Self-organized criticality and its application in granular mixtures[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science Edition,2003,35(1):8-14.[姚令侃,李仕雄,蒋良潍.自组织临界性及其在散粒体研究中的应用[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2003,35(1):8-14.]
[12]Yao Lingkan,Fang Duo.Study on the self organized criticality of non-uniform sands and its application[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1997(3):26-32.[姚令侃,方铎.非均匀沙自组织临界性及其应用研究[J].水利学报,1997(3):26-32.]
[13]Scheidegger A E.The principle of antagonism in the Earth’Evolution[J].Tectophys,1979,55:7-10.
[14]Yao Lingkan,Huang Yuan,Lu Yang.Self-organized criticality and its application in the slope disasters under gravity[J].Science in China:Ser E Technological Sciences,2003,46(Supp):20-30.
[15]Yao Lingkan,Qi Ying.Fractal characteristics of gravity landform and its SOC mechanism[J].Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences,2007,12(4):577-768.
[16]Yao Lingkan,Fang Duo.On the Self-organized Criticality of Non-uniform Sands[J].International Journal of Sediment Research,1998,13(3):19-24.
[17]Li Yong,Huang Runqiu,Densmore A L,et al.Basic fetures and research progresses of Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake[J].Journal of Sichuan University:Engineering Science Edition,2009,41(3):7-25.[李勇,黄润秋,Densmore A L,等.汶川8.0级地震的基本特征及其研究进展[J].四川大学学报:工程科学版,2009,41(3):7-25.]
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