库车坳陷盐相关构造与有利油气勘探领域
摘要
野外露头、钻井和地震资料证实,库车坳陷古近系库姆格列木组(西部)和新近系吉迪克组(东部)沉积有较厚的膏盐层。在浮力、重力、沉积差异负载和挤压应力等因素综合作用下,盐体发生明显的塑性流动,围绕拜城凹陷呈环带状分布,并在克拉苏构造带和秋里塔格构造带聚集增厚,最厚可达4000m以上。盐体的塑性变形影响了含盐层系和上覆层的构造变形过程,形成了数量众多、类型丰富的盐相关构造,主要包括盐枕、盐墙、盐推覆、鱼尾、盐焊接(断层焊接)、盐垛、突发构造和盐撤凹陷等。库车坳陷盐相关构造变形影响了油气运移、聚集和成藏过程。盐构造运动形成的丰富圈闭可为油气聚集提供良好的空间,断裂可为油气运移提供良好通道,巨厚的膏盐层还可作为封闭性能良好的盖层。受盐相关构造变形影响,库车坳陷盐下、盐间和盐上存在三种不同的成藏模式。综合分析表明,库车坳陷较为有利的油气勘探领域主要包括有盐下的背斜圈闭、断层遮挡下盘圈闭、地层-岩性圈闭、盐间的构造-地层圈闭和盐上的背斜圈闭等。
Comprehensive data from field observations, drilling wells and seismic profiles have demonstrated that the Paleogene Kumugeliemu Fm. and Neogene Jidike Fm. attain thick halite layers in the Kuqa depression of the northern Tarim basin, NW China. Driven by the buoyancy, gravity spreading, differential loading and compressional stresses, the salt bodies experienced viscous flowage, resulting in spatial distribution features for the circum-Baicheng sag and thickening in the Kelasu and Qiulitage structural belts with the maximum thickness of 4000m. The viscous flow of salt sequences influenced the structural distortion of the halite layers and overburden. Consequently, many salt-related structures, such as salt pillows, salt walls, salt nappes, fish-tails, salt welds (fault welds), salt stacks, pop-ups and salt-withdrawal sags, have developed well in the Kuqa depression. The salt-related structures had exerted important influence on the hydrocarbon migration and accumulations. The structural and subtle traps induced by the salt structures offered abundant favorable space for hydrocarbon accumulation, the faults acted as the favorable pathways for hydrocarbon migration and the thick halite layers served as good regional seals for hydrocarbon preservation. The forming models of hydrocarbon accumulation are different in the sub-salt, salt and supra-salt in the Kuqa depression. The integrated analysis shows that the favorable exploration objectives include the sub-salt anticlinal traps, footwall fault traps sealed by reverse faults, stratigraphic-lithologic traps, mid-salt structural-stratigraphic traps and supra-salt anticlinal traps.
Comprehensive data from field observations, drilling wells and seismic profiles have demonstrated that the Paleogene Kumugeliemu Fm. and Neogene Jidike Fm. attain thick halite layers in the Kuqa depression of the northern Tarim basin, NW China. Driven by the buoyancy, gravity spreading, differential loading and compressional stresses, the salt bodies experienced viscous flowage, resulting in spatial distribution features for the circum-Baicheng sag and thickening in the Kelasu and Qiulitage structural belts with the maximum thickness of 4000m. The viscous flow of salt sequences influenced the structural distortion of the halite layers and overburden. Consequently, many salt-related structures, such as salt pillows, salt walls, salt nappes, fish-tails, salt welds (fault welds), salt stacks, pop-ups and salt-withdrawal sags, have developed well in the Kuqa depression. The salt-related structures had exerted important influence on the hydrocarbon migration and accumulations. The structural and subtle traps induced by the salt structures offered abundant favorable space for hydrocarbon accumulation, the faults acted as the favorable pathways for hydrocarbon migration and the thick halite layers served as good regional seals for hydrocarbon preservation. The forming models of hydrocarbon accumulation are different in the sub-salt, salt and supra-salt in the Kuqa depression. The integrated analysis shows that the favorable exploration objectives include the sub-salt anticlinal traps, footwall fault traps sealed by reverse faults, stratigraphic-lithologic traps, mid-salt structural-stratigraphic traps and supra-salt anticlinal traps.
引文
陈书平,汤良杰,贾承造,皮学军,谢会文.2004.库车坳陷西段盐构造及其与油气的关系.石油学报,25(1):30-34.
戈红星,Jackson M P A.1996.盐构造与油气圈闭及其综合利用.南京大学学报(自然科学版),32(4):640-649.
胡剑风,刘玉魁,杨明慧,郑多明,刘虎,雷刚林,周厉.2004.塔里木盆地库车坳陷盐构造特征及其与油气的关系.地质科学,39(4):580-588.
贾东,卢华复,蔡东升,陈楚铭.1997.塔里木盆地北缘库车前陆褶皱-冲断构造分析.大地构造与成矿学,21(1):1-8.
马新华,华爱刚,李景明,姚建军.2000.含盐油气盆地.北京:石油工业出版社,1-111.
汤良杰,贾承造,金之钧,皮学军,陈书平,谢会文.2003a.库车前陆褶皱带中段第三系盐枕构造.地质科学,38(3):281-290.
汤良杰,贾承造,皮学军,陈书平,王子煜,谢会文.2003b.库车前陆褶皱带盐相关构造样式.中国科学(D辑),33(1):38-46.
汤良杰,金之钧,贾承造,皮学军,陈书平,谢会文,王子煜.2004.库车前陆褶皱-冲断带前缘大型盐推覆构造.地质学报,78(1):17-25.
唐祥华.1990.世界含盐油气盆地中的油气资源.中国地质,24(7):27-28.
余一欣,汤良杰,王清华,杨文静,彭更新,雷刚林.2005a.受盐层影响的前陆褶皱-冲断带构造特征分析———以库车秋立塔克构造带为例.石油学报,26(4):1-4.
余一欣,汤良杰,王清华,杨文静,彭更新,雷刚林.2005b.库车坳陷盐构造与相关成藏模式.煤田地质与勘探,33(6):5-10.
张朝军,田在艺.1998.塔里木盆地库车坳陷第三系盐构造与油气.石油学报,19(1):6-10.
张敏强,钟志洪,夏斌,李绪宣,孙珍,王良书,王振峰.2004.莺歌海盆地泥-流体底辟构造成因机制与天然气运聚.大地构造与成矿学,28(2):118-125.
张仲培,林伟,王清晨.2003.库车坳陷克拉苏-依奇克里克构造带的构造演化.大地构造与成矿学,27(4):327-336.
Alsop G I,Blundell D G and Davison I.1996.Salt tectonics:some aspects of deformation mechanics.In:Alsop G I,Blundell D G and Davison I(eds).Salt tectonics.Geolog-ical Society Special Publication No.100,1-10.
Coward Mand Stewart S.1995.Salt-influenced structures in theMesozoic-Tertiary cover of the southern North Sea,U.K.In:Jackson M P A,Roberts D G and Snelson S(eds).Salt Tectonics:A global perspective.AAPG Memoir65,229-250.
Demaison G and Huizinga B J.1991.Genetic classification ofpetroleum system.AAPG Bulletin,75(10):1626-1643.
Edgell HS.1996.Salt tectonics in the Persian Gulf Basins.In:Alsop GI,Blundell D Gand Davison I(eds).Salt tectonics.Geological Society Special Publication No.100,129-151.
Grunau HR.1981.Worldwide review of seals for major accu-mulations of natural gas(abs).AAPG Bulletin,65:933.
Halbouty MT.1980.Methods used,and experience gained,inexploration for new oil and gas fields in highly explored(mature)areas.AAPG Bulletin,64(8):1210-1222.
Harding TP and Tuminas A C.1988.Interpretation of footwall(lowside)fault traps sealed by reverse faults and conver-gent wrench faults.AAPG Bulletin,72(6):738-757.
Hossack J R and McGuinness D B.1990.Balanced sectionsand the development of fault and salt structures in the Gulfof Mexico(GOM).GSA Abstract with Programs,22(7):A48.
Jackson M P A,Vendeville B C and Schultz-Ela D D.1994.Salt-related structures in the Gulf of Mexico:A field guidefor geophysicists.The Leading Edge,13(8):837-842.
Jackson MP A.1996.Retrospective salt tectonics.In:JacksonMP A,Roberts D G and Snelson S(eds).Salt Tectonics:A global perspective.AAPG Memoir65,1-28.
Koyi H.1994.Estimation of salt thickness and restoration ofcross-sections with diapiric structures:A few critical com-ments on two powerful methods.Journal ofStructural Geol-ogy,16(8):1121-1128.
McBride B C,Rowan M.G and Weimer P.1998.The evolu-tion of allochthonous salt systems,Western Green Canyonand Ewing Bank(offshore Louisiana),Northern Gulf ofMexico.AAPG Bulletin,82(5):1013-1036.
McIntyre J F.1988.Presence and control of evaporite top sealson occurrence and distribution of hydrcarbon traps:Mainfairway,central overthust belt.Wyoming and Utah(abs).AAPG Bulletin,72:221.
Petersen K and Lerche I.1996.Temperature dependence ofthermal anomalies near evolving salt structures:Importancefor reducing exploration risk.In:Alsop G I,Blundell D Gand Davison I(eds).Salt tectonics.Geological SocietySpecial Publication No.100,275-290.
Seni S J and Jackson M P A.1983a.Evolution of salt struc-tures,east Texas diapir province,part2:Patterns andrates of halokinesis.AAPG Bulletin,67(8):1245-1274.
Seni S J and Jackson M P A.1983b.Evolution of salt struc-tures,east Texas diapir province,part1:Sedimentary re-cord of halokinesis.AAPG Bulletin,67(8):1219-1244.
Volozh V,Talbot C and Zadeh A I.2003.Salt structures andhydrocarbons in the Pricaspian basin.AAPG Bulletin,87(2):313-334.
戈红星,Jackson M P A.1996.盐构造与油气圈闭及其综合利用.南京大学学报(自然科学版),32(4):640-649.
胡剑风,刘玉魁,杨明慧,郑多明,刘虎,雷刚林,周厉.2004.塔里木盆地库车坳陷盐构造特征及其与油气的关系.地质科学,39(4):580-588.
贾东,卢华复,蔡东升,陈楚铭.1997.塔里木盆地北缘库车前陆褶皱-冲断构造分析.大地构造与成矿学,21(1):1-8.
马新华,华爱刚,李景明,姚建军.2000.含盐油气盆地.北京:石油工业出版社,1-111.
汤良杰,贾承造,金之钧,皮学军,陈书平,谢会文.2003a.库车前陆褶皱带中段第三系盐枕构造.地质科学,38(3):281-290.
汤良杰,贾承造,皮学军,陈书平,王子煜,谢会文.2003b.库车前陆褶皱带盐相关构造样式.中国科学(D辑),33(1):38-46.
汤良杰,金之钧,贾承造,皮学军,陈书平,谢会文,王子煜.2004.库车前陆褶皱-冲断带前缘大型盐推覆构造.地质学报,78(1):17-25.
唐祥华.1990.世界含盐油气盆地中的油气资源.中国地质,24(7):27-28.
余一欣,汤良杰,王清华,杨文静,彭更新,雷刚林.2005a.受盐层影响的前陆褶皱-冲断带构造特征分析———以库车秋立塔克构造带为例.石油学报,26(4):1-4.
余一欣,汤良杰,王清华,杨文静,彭更新,雷刚林.2005b.库车坳陷盐构造与相关成藏模式.煤田地质与勘探,33(6):5-10.
张朝军,田在艺.1998.塔里木盆地库车坳陷第三系盐构造与油气.石油学报,19(1):6-10.
张敏强,钟志洪,夏斌,李绪宣,孙珍,王良书,王振峰.2004.莺歌海盆地泥-流体底辟构造成因机制与天然气运聚.大地构造与成矿学,28(2):118-125.
张仲培,林伟,王清晨.2003.库车坳陷克拉苏-依奇克里克构造带的构造演化.大地构造与成矿学,27(4):327-336.
Alsop G I,Blundell D G and Davison I.1996.Salt tectonics:some aspects of deformation mechanics.In:Alsop G I,Blundell D G and Davison I(eds).Salt tectonics.Geolog-ical Society Special Publication No.100,1-10.
Coward Mand Stewart S.1995.Salt-influenced structures in theMesozoic-Tertiary cover of the southern North Sea,U.K.In:Jackson M P A,Roberts D G and Snelson S(eds).Salt Tectonics:A global perspective.AAPG Memoir65,229-250.
Demaison G and Huizinga B J.1991.Genetic classification ofpetroleum system.AAPG Bulletin,75(10):1626-1643.
Edgell HS.1996.Salt tectonics in the Persian Gulf Basins.In:Alsop GI,Blundell D Gand Davison I(eds).Salt tectonics.Geological Society Special Publication No.100,129-151.
Grunau HR.1981.Worldwide review of seals for major accu-mulations of natural gas(abs).AAPG Bulletin,65:933.
Halbouty MT.1980.Methods used,and experience gained,inexploration for new oil and gas fields in highly explored(mature)areas.AAPG Bulletin,64(8):1210-1222.
Harding TP and Tuminas A C.1988.Interpretation of footwall(lowside)fault traps sealed by reverse faults and conver-gent wrench faults.AAPG Bulletin,72(6):738-757.
Hossack J R and McGuinness D B.1990.Balanced sectionsand the development of fault and salt structures in the Gulfof Mexico(GOM).GSA Abstract with Programs,22(7):A48.
Jackson M P A,Vendeville B C and Schultz-Ela D D.1994.Salt-related structures in the Gulf of Mexico:A field guidefor geophysicists.The Leading Edge,13(8):837-842.
Jackson MP A.1996.Retrospective salt tectonics.In:JacksonMP A,Roberts D G and Snelson S(eds).Salt Tectonics:A global perspective.AAPG Memoir65,1-28.
Koyi H.1994.Estimation of salt thickness and restoration ofcross-sections with diapiric structures:A few critical com-ments on two powerful methods.Journal ofStructural Geol-ogy,16(8):1121-1128.
McBride B C,Rowan M.G and Weimer P.1998.The evolu-tion of allochthonous salt systems,Western Green Canyonand Ewing Bank(offshore Louisiana),Northern Gulf ofMexico.AAPG Bulletin,82(5):1013-1036.
McIntyre J F.1988.Presence and control of evaporite top sealson occurrence and distribution of hydrcarbon traps:Mainfairway,central overthust belt.Wyoming and Utah(abs).AAPG Bulletin,72:221.
Petersen K and Lerche I.1996.Temperature dependence ofthermal anomalies near evolving salt structures:Importancefor reducing exploration risk.In:Alsop G I,Blundell D Gand Davison I(eds).Salt tectonics.Geological SocietySpecial Publication No.100,275-290.
Seni S J and Jackson M P A.1983a.Evolution of salt struc-tures,east Texas diapir province,part2:Patterns andrates of halokinesis.AAPG Bulletin,67(8):1245-1274.
Seni S J and Jackson M P A.1983b.Evolution of salt struc-tures,east Texas diapir province,part1:Sedimentary re-cord of halokinesis.AAPG Bulletin,67(8):1219-1244.
Volozh V,Talbot C and Zadeh A I.2003.Salt structures andhydrocarbons in the Pricaspian basin.AAPG Bulletin,87(2):313-334.
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