东太平洋CC区多金属结核物质来源和分布规律
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摘要
对东太平洋CC区(Clarion-Clipperton Zone)多金属结核丰度、品位、多波束地形测量、深拖光学覆盖率探测、地震勘探等一系列调查资料综合研究表明:①东区和西区结核在其化学成分和形态上有差异,但是聚类分析结果表明不能按区域断然分开;②因子分析得出东、西两区结核4种主因子是Mn组元素Mn、Cu、Ni、Zn,Fe组元素Fe、Co、Ti、Sr,岩源组元素Si、Al、K,生物元素Ca、P;③西区结核成矿物质主要来源于上覆海水中金属元素的化学沉淀,火山成矿作用使结核富集和丰度增加,趋势面和人工神经网络分析表明结核主要分布在海底坡度≤5°地区,该地区的结核量占总结核量的89.62％,坡度>5°地区结核量占10.38％;④东区结核丰度、覆盖率、地形三者变化一致,重大相变距离为10～15km,来自地幔成矿物质通过玄武质洋壳裂隙和断层,为多金属结核的形成和生长提供了丰富的物质来源,地球深部地质作用过程如基底岩浆房活动可能对结核分布产生重要影响;⑤东太平洋CC区多金属结核矿带的形成应归于海底板块扩张活动的一种资源效应和经后期表生地质作用改造的结果。
The study areas are located in the western part of the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCZ) in the eastern Pacific. A series of geological and geophysical investigations, including measurement of abundance and grade of Polymetallic nodules and Seabeam topography, photography and coverage by the deep-tow television camera as well as seismic reflection, have been carried out during the past years. The integrated study revealed the following points. (1) There is a difference between the east district and the west district in chemical components and shapes of nodules, but the difference is not obvious based on the cluster analysis. (2) The factor analysis shows that the four element assemblages of polymetallic nodules are Mn, Cu, Ni; Zn, Fe, Co, Ti and Sr; Si, Al and K; and Ca and P. (3) In the west district, the material sources of nodules are mainly from chemical deposits of metal elements in the overlying water. Submarine volcanism increase the enrichment and abundance of the nodules. The nodules are mainly distributed in areas with slopes ≤5° (about 89. 62% of the total) and sesondarily in the areas with slopes >5°(about 10. 38%) according to the results of the trend analysis and artificial neural network analysis. (4)In the east district, the abundance, coverage and seafloor feature of the nodules are varied similarly with the significant distance of faicies change being 10-15 km. Metallic materials of the nodules are mainly derived from deep-seated mantle through openings of the basaltic oceanic crust and fault-s, which provide abundant materials for the formation and growth of the nodules. Gological processes such as activities of magma chambers should affect the distribution of nodules. (5)The formation of the polymetallic nodule belt in the CCZ is attributed to the effect of resources of plate tectonics and seafloor spreading, and the reworking of the late-stage supergene geological processes.
The study areas are located in the western part of the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCZ) in the eastern Pacific. A series of geological and geophysical investigations, including measurement of abundance and grade of Polymetallic nodules and Seabeam topography, photography and coverage by the deep-tow television camera as well as seismic reflection, have been carried out during the past years. The integrated study revealed the following points. (1) There is a difference between the east district and the west district in chemical components and shapes of nodules, but the difference is not obvious based on the cluster analysis. (2) The factor analysis shows that the four element assemblages of polymetallic nodules are Mn, Cu, Ni; Zn, Fe, Co, Ti and Sr; Si, Al and K; and Ca and P. (3) In the west district, the material sources of nodules are mainly from chemical deposits of metal elements in the overlying water. Submarine volcanism increase the enrichment and abundance of the nodules. The nodules are mainly distributed in areas with slopes ≤5° (about 89. 62% of the total) and sesondarily in the areas with slopes >5°(about 10. 38%) according to the results of the trend analysis and artificial neural network analysis. (4)In the east district, the abundance, coverage and seafloor feature of the nodules are varied similarly with the significant distance of faicies change being 10-15 km. Metallic materials of the nodules are mainly derived from deep-seated mantle through openings of the basaltic oceanic crust and fault-s, which provide abundant materials for the formation and growth of the nodules. Gological processes such as activities of magma chambers should affect the distribution of nodules. (5)The formation of the polymetallic nodule belt in the CCZ is attributed to the effect of resources of plate tectonics and seafloor spreading, and the reworking of the late-stage supergene geological processes.
引文
① 周怀阳等.2001． 太平洋中国开辟区沉积物中热水活动迹象的发现.中国大洋矿产资源研究开发学术研讨会论文集.
② 孟宪伟等.2001． 太平洋CC区多金属结核Ce同位素组成-幔源Ce证据.中国大洋矿产资源研究开发学术研讨会论文集.
陈建林,张富生,林承毅,史君贤,沈华悌,王基庆,马维林.2001． 太平洋中国开辟区锰结核生物成因研究.地质学报,75(2) :228～233．
金建才译.1989． 锰结核矿址的圈定与评价.联合国海洋经济与技术处编.北京:海洋出版社.
李志昌,崔汝勇,刘文贵.2001． 太平洋中国开辟区铁锰结核稀土元素和铈钕同位素特征.地质论评,47(3) :309～316．
梁德华.1992． 太平洋中部多金属结核研究文集.北京:地质出版社.
王成厚.1986． 锰铁的分离、聚集和锰结核的形成.中国科学,10:1100～1108．
王英、金翔龙.1998． 人工神经网络在多金属结核研究中的应用.海洋学报,20(5) :83～89．
萧绪琦,郭世勤.1992． 太平洋中部多金属结核中锰矿物的电镜研究.地质学报,66(3) :219～226．
阎葆瑞,张胜,胡大春.1992． 太平洋中部微生物与多金属结核的生成关系.地质学报,66(2) :122～134．
阎葆瑞,张锡根,梁德华,许东禹,刘怡芬,张伟.1998． 海底多金属结核微生物成矿的机制和模式.地质学报(英文版),72(3) :282～290．
於崇文等.1980． 数学地质的方法与应用.北京:冶金工业出版社.149～199．
张富元.1991． 南海中部表层沉积物的元素地球化学.海洋与湖沼,22(3) :253～263．
张富元.1993． 南海表层沉积物中Ba/Cu比值与海底扩张关系.海洋学报,15(5) :98～103．
朱而勤.1991． 近代海洋地质学.青岛:青岛海洋大学出版社.127～135．
朱裕生.1984． 矿产资源评价方法学导论.北京:地质出版社.185～238．
Amakawa H, Ingri J, Masuda A, et al. 1991． Isotopic compositions of Ce, Nd and Sr in ferromanganese nodules from the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, the Baltic and Barents Seas, and the gulf of Bothnia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 105: 554～565．
Arrhenius G, Mero J, Korkisch J. 1964． Origin of oceanic manganese minerals. Science, 144(3615) : 170～171．
Arrhenius G, Bonatti E. 1965． Neptunism and volcanism in the ocean,7～22． In: Mary Sears ed., Progress in Oceanography, Vol. 3,Pergamon Press, Oxford, London.
Ballard R D, et al. 1981． East Pacific Rise at 21°N: The volcanic and hydrothermal process of the central axis, Earth and Planet Science Letters, 55(1) : 1～10．
Bonatti E, Nayudu Y R. 1965． The origin of manganese nodules on the ocean floor. Amer. J. Sci. 263, 17～39．
Bonatti E. 1983． Hydrothermal metal deposits from the oceanic rifts: A classification. In: Hydrothermal processes of sea floor spreading centers. ed. by Rona P A. New York.
Bonatti E. 1986． Metal deposits in the oceanic lithosphere. In: The Oceanic Lithosphere. The Sea Vol. 7． ed by Emiliam C. 639～686．
Cao Ruiji, Xue Yaoshong. 1985． Biological and lithological features of modern stromatolites in Bahamas. Acta Geologica Sinica, 3, 203～212．
Chen Jianlin. 2001． Biogenesis Study of Manganese Nodules from the Chinese Pioneer Area in the Pacific Ocean. Acta Geologica Sinica. 75(2) : 228～233． (in Chinese)
Li Zhichang, Cui Ruyong, Liu Wengui. 2001． REE and Ce, Nd Isotopic Characteristics of the Ferromanganese Nodules from the Chinese Pioneer Area in Eastern Pacific Ocean. Geological Review. 47(3) : 309～316． (in Chinese)
Macdonald K C et al. 1983． Overlapping Spreading Centres: New Accretion Geometry on the East Pacific Rise. Nature, 302(5903) :55～58．
Macdonald K C et al. 1988． A New of the Mid-ocean Ridge from the Behaviour of Ridge-Axis Discontinuities. Nature, 335(6187) : 17～223．
Shimizu H, Tachikawa K, Masuda A, et al. 1994． Cerum and neodymium isotopes ratios and REE patterns in seawater from the North Pacific Ocean. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta. 58:323～333．
Wilson J T. 1965． A new class of faults and their bearing on continental drift. Nature, 207: 343～347．
Jin J C. 1989． Delineation of Mine Sites and Potential in Different Sea Areas. Beijing: Ocean Press China. Translated from Seabed Mineral Series Volume 4, United Nations Ocean Economics and Technology Branch. 1987． Published in co-oper-ation with the United Nations by Graham & Trotmam Limited.
Liang D H(Chief Editor). 1995． Collected papers on polymetallic nodules in the central Pacific ocean. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.(in Chinese)
Tian Youping, He Fusheng. 2000． Present freshwater stromatolites and algal mats in surface calcareous Tufa in the Sichuan and Guizhou areas. Geological Review, 46(5) : 549～555．
Wang C H. 1982． Ocean Manganese Nodules. Beijing: Ocean Press China. (in Chinese)
Wang Y, Jin X L. 1998． Application of artificial neural network in study of polymetallic nodules. Acta Oceanologia Sinica, 20(5) :83～89．
Xiao Xuqi, Guo Shiqin. 1992． Electron microscopic investigation on mangaese minerals in the multi-metallic nodules from the middle pacific ocean. Acta Geologica Sinica, 66(3) : 219～226．
Yan Baorui, Zhang Sheng, Hu Dachun. 1992． Genetic relation between microbial activity and the formation of polymetallic concretions in the central Pacific Ocean. Acta Geologica Sinica, 66(2) :122～134． (in Chinese)
Yu C W. 1980． Methods and applications of Geomathematics. Beijing:Publishing House of Metallurgical industry. 149～199． (in Chinese)
Zhang F Y. 1991． Geochemistry of elements in surface sediments from the central South China Sea. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,22(3) : 253～263． (in Chinese)
Zhang F Y. 1993． Relationship between Ba/Cu ratio of surface sediments and seafloor spreading in the South China Sea. Acta Oceanologia Sinica, 15(5) : 98～103． (in Chinese)
Zhu E Q. 1991． An introduction to marine geology. Qingdao: Publishing House of Qingdao Ocean University. 127～135． (in Chinese)
Zhu Y S. 1984． An introduction to methodology of mineral resource evaluation. Beijing: Geological Publishing House. 185～238． (in Chinese)
② 孟宪伟等.2001． 太平洋CC区多金属结核Ce同位素组成-幔源Ce证据.中国大洋矿产资源研究开发学术研讨会论文集.
陈建林,张富生,林承毅,史君贤,沈华悌,王基庆,马维林.2001． 太平洋中国开辟区锰结核生物成因研究.地质学报,75(2) :228～233．
金建才译.1989． 锰结核矿址的圈定与评价.联合国海洋经济与技术处编.北京:海洋出版社.
李志昌,崔汝勇,刘文贵.2001． 太平洋中国开辟区铁锰结核稀土元素和铈钕同位素特征.地质论评,47(3) :309～316．
梁德华.1992． 太平洋中部多金属结核研究文集.北京:地质出版社.
王成厚.1986． 锰铁的分离、聚集和锰结核的形成.中国科学,10:1100～1108．
王英、金翔龙.1998． 人工神经网络在多金属结核研究中的应用.海洋学报,20(5) :83～89．
萧绪琦,郭世勤.1992． 太平洋中部多金属结核中锰矿物的电镜研究.地质学报,66(3) :219～226．
阎葆瑞,张胜,胡大春.1992． 太平洋中部微生物与多金属结核的生成关系.地质学报,66(2) :122～134．
阎葆瑞,张锡根,梁德华,许东禹,刘怡芬,张伟.1998． 海底多金属结核微生物成矿的机制和模式.地质学报(英文版),72(3) :282～290．
於崇文等.1980． 数学地质的方法与应用.北京:冶金工业出版社.149～199．
张富元.1991． 南海中部表层沉积物的元素地球化学.海洋与湖沼,22(3) :253～263．
张富元.1993． 南海表层沉积物中Ba/Cu比值与海底扩张关系.海洋学报,15(5) :98～103．
朱而勤.1991． 近代海洋地质学.青岛:青岛海洋大学出版社.127～135．
朱裕生.1984． 矿产资源评价方法学导论.北京:地质出版社.185～238．
Amakawa H, Ingri J, Masuda A, et al. 1991． Isotopic compositions of Ce, Nd and Sr in ferromanganese nodules from the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, the Baltic and Barents Seas, and the gulf of Bothnia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 105: 554～565．
Arrhenius G, Mero J, Korkisch J. 1964． Origin of oceanic manganese minerals. Science, 144(3615) : 170～171．
Arrhenius G, Bonatti E. 1965． Neptunism and volcanism in the ocean,7～22． In: Mary Sears ed., Progress in Oceanography, Vol. 3,Pergamon Press, Oxford, London.
Ballard R D, et al. 1981． East Pacific Rise at 21°N: The volcanic and hydrothermal process of the central axis, Earth and Planet Science Letters, 55(1) : 1～10．
Bonatti E, Nayudu Y R. 1965． The origin of manganese nodules on the ocean floor. Amer. J. Sci. 263, 17～39．
Bonatti E. 1983． Hydrothermal metal deposits from the oceanic rifts: A classification. In: Hydrothermal processes of sea floor spreading centers. ed. by Rona P A. New York.
Bonatti E. 1986． Metal deposits in the oceanic lithosphere. In: The Oceanic Lithosphere. The Sea Vol. 7． ed by Emiliam C. 639～686．
Cao Ruiji, Xue Yaoshong. 1985． Biological and lithological features of modern stromatolites in Bahamas. Acta Geologica Sinica, 3, 203～212．
Chen Jianlin. 2001． Biogenesis Study of Manganese Nodules from the Chinese Pioneer Area in the Pacific Ocean. Acta Geologica Sinica. 75(2) : 228～233． (in Chinese)
Li Zhichang, Cui Ruyong, Liu Wengui. 2001． REE and Ce, Nd Isotopic Characteristics of the Ferromanganese Nodules from the Chinese Pioneer Area in Eastern Pacific Ocean. Geological Review. 47(3) : 309～316． (in Chinese)
Macdonald K C et al. 1983． Overlapping Spreading Centres: New Accretion Geometry on the East Pacific Rise. Nature, 302(5903) :55～58．
Macdonald K C et al. 1988． A New of the Mid-ocean Ridge from the Behaviour of Ridge-Axis Discontinuities. Nature, 335(6187) : 17～223．
Shimizu H, Tachikawa K, Masuda A, et al. 1994． Cerum and neodymium isotopes ratios and REE patterns in seawater from the North Pacific Ocean. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta. 58:323～333．
Wilson J T. 1965． A new class of faults and their bearing on continental drift. Nature, 207: 343～347．
Jin J C. 1989． Delineation of Mine Sites and Potential in Different Sea Areas. Beijing: Ocean Press China. Translated from Seabed Mineral Series Volume 4, United Nations Ocean Economics and Technology Branch. 1987． Published in co-oper-ation with the United Nations by Graham & Trotmam Limited.
Liang D H(Chief Editor). 1995． Collected papers on polymetallic nodules in the central Pacific ocean. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.(in Chinese)
Tian Youping, He Fusheng. 2000． Present freshwater stromatolites and algal mats in surface calcareous Tufa in the Sichuan and Guizhou areas. Geological Review, 46(5) : 549～555．
Wang C H. 1982． Ocean Manganese Nodules. Beijing: Ocean Press China. (in Chinese)
Wang Y, Jin X L. 1998． Application of artificial neural network in study of polymetallic nodules. Acta Oceanologia Sinica, 20(5) :83～89．
Xiao Xuqi, Guo Shiqin. 1992． Electron microscopic investigation on mangaese minerals in the multi-metallic nodules from the middle pacific ocean. Acta Geologica Sinica, 66(3) : 219～226．
Yan Baorui, Zhang Sheng, Hu Dachun. 1992． Genetic relation between microbial activity and the formation of polymetallic concretions in the central Pacific Ocean. Acta Geologica Sinica, 66(2) :122～134． (in Chinese)
Yu C W. 1980． Methods and applications of Geomathematics. Beijing:Publishing House of Metallurgical industry. 149～199． (in Chinese)
Zhang F Y. 1991． Geochemistry of elements in surface sediments from the central South China Sea. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,22(3) : 253～263． (in Chinese)
Zhang F Y. 1993． Relationship between Ba/Cu ratio of surface sediments and seafloor spreading in the South China Sea. Acta Oceanologia Sinica, 15(5) : 98～103． (in Chinese)
Zhu E Q. 1991． An introduction to marine geology. Qingdao: Publishing House of Qingdao Ocean University. 127～135． (in Chinese)
Zhu Y S. 1984． An introduction to methodology of mineral resource evaluation. Beijing: Geological Publishing House. 185～238． (in Chinese)
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