大陆边缘深水区海底滑坡及其不稳定性风险评估
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摘要
海底滑坡是大陆坡一种常见的沉积作用过程。这种沉积作用包括滑塌和碎屑流等重力流作用过程,它能将沉积物运移数百公里,严重危害深水油气开发平台、油气管线、海底电缆等设施;同时,还可能导致巨大破坏性的海啸。虽然导致海底滑坡的因素很多,但近年来发现海底滑坡的触发机制可能与地震作用和海底天然气水合物的分解关系密切。随着深水油田的开发和深海工程的日益增多,这种地质作用越来越引起学术界和工业界的重视。在介绍大陆边缘深水区海底滑坡的构成、识别和触发机制的基础上,提出海底滑坡的地质风险评估方法。
Submarine landslide is usually a kind of sedimentary process,which includes landslide and debris flow,and can transport sediment over several hundred kilometers.Therefore it leads to large scale slope instability,and makes great threats to deepwater oil platform,pipeline and seafloor cable and so on.Moreover,slope instability can probably cause destructive tsunami.Although various factors can trigger submarine slide,but earthquake and dissolution of gas hydrate have close relationship with formation of submarine slide.With the exploitation of deepwater oil field and the increasing development of abysmal sea project,more and more emphases are laid on the geologic process by people of the academia and industry circles.In this paper,we introduce the slide structure,identification criteria,triggering mechanism of landslide in the deepwater continental margin,and put forward the risk evaluation methods of submarine landslide.
Submarine landslide is usually a kind of sedimentary process,which includes landslide and debris flow,and can transport sediment over several hundred kilometers.Therefore it leads to large scale slope instability,and makes great threats to deepwater oil platform,pipeline and seafloor cable and so on.Moreover,slope instability can probably cause destructive tsunami.Although various factors can trigger submarine slide,but earthquake and dissolution of gas hydrate have close relationship with formation of submarine slide.With the exploitation of deepwater oil field and the increasing development of abysmal sea project,more and more emphases are laid on the geologic process by people of the academia and industry circles.In this paper,we introduce the slide structure,identification criteria,triggering mechanism of landslide in the deepwater continental margin,and put forward the risk evaluation methods of submarine landslide.
引文
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[14]Lastras G,Canals M,Hughes-Clarge J E,et al.Seafloor imageryfrom the BIGV95 debris flow[J].Western MediterraneanGeology,2002,30(10):871-874.
[15]Masson D G,Huggett Q J,Brundsen D.The surface texture ofthe Saharan debris flow deposit and some speculations on subma-rine debris flow processes[J].Sedimentology,1993,40(33):583-598.
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[17]Haflidason H,Sejrup H P,Nygard A,et al.The Storegga slidearchitecture,geometry and slide development[J].MarineGeology,2004,213(1-4):201-234.
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[22]Leynaud D,Mienert J,Nadim F.Slope stability assessment ofthe Helland Hansen area offshore the mid-Norwegian margin[J].Marine Geology,2004,213(1-4):457-480.
[23]宋海斌.天然气水合物体系动态演化研究(Ⅱ):海底滑坡[J].地球物理学进展,2003,18(3):503-511.
[24]Kayen R E,Lee H.Pleistocene slope instability of gas hydrateladen sediment on the Beaufort Sea Margin[J].Marine Geotech,1991,10(1):125-141.
[25]甘华阳,王家生,胡高伟.海洋沉积物中的天然气水合物与海底滑坡[J].防灾减灾工程学报,2004,24(2):177-181.
[26]颜文涛,陈建文,范德江.海底滑坡与天然气水合物之间的相互关系[J].海洋地质动态,2006,22(12):38-40.
[27]王宏斌,黄永样,梁劲,等.南海北部陆坡坳隆断裂带中水合物赋存的温压场环境[J].现代地质,2006,20(1):103-108.
[28]Rothwell R G,Thomson J,Kahler G.Low-sea-level emplacementof a very large Late Pleistocene megaturbidite in the western Medi-terranean Sea[J].Nature,1998,393(66-74):377-380.
[29]Dillon W P,Danforth W W,Hutchinson D R,et al.Evidencefor faulting related to dissociation of gas hydrate and release ofmethane off the southeastern United States[M]//Henriet J P,Mienert P.Gas Hydrates:Relevance to World Margin Stabilityand Climate Change.London:Geological Society Special Publica-tion,1998,137:275-291.
[30]Von Huene R,Pecher I.Vertical tectonics and the origins ofBSRs along the Peru margin[J].Earth and Planetary ScienceLetters,1999,166(1-2):47-55.
[31]Bryn P,Berg K,Lien R,et al.The Storegga geomodel and itsuse in slide risk evaluation:Geological and geotechnical site in-vestigations in the Storegga Slide area[M].London:The Soci-ety of Underwater Technology,2002:219-232.
[2]Locat J,Lee HJ.Submarine landslides:advances and challenges[J].Canada Geotechnology Journal,2002,39(2):193-212.
[3]Sultan N,Voisset M,Marsset B,et al.Potential role of compres-sional structures in generating submarine slope failures in the Ni-ger delta[J].Marine Geology,2007,237(3-4):169-190.
[4]Henry S,Pettingill,Paul Weimer.Worldwide deepwater explora-tion and production:Past,present and future[J].The LeadingEdge,2002,21(4):371-376.
[5]张功成,米立军,吴时国,等.深水区——南海北部大陆边缘盆地油气勘探新领域[J].石油学报,2007,28(2):15-21.
[6]冯志强,冯文科,薛万俊.南海北部地质灾害及海底工程地质条件评价[M].南京:河海大学出版社,1996:1-178.
[7]Canals M,Lastras G,Urgeles R,et al.Slope failure dynamicsand impacts fromseafloor and shallowsub-seafloor geophysical da-ta:case studies from the COSTA project[J].Marine Geology,2004,213(1-4):9-72.
[8]Maslin M,Naja M,Bilal H,et al.Sea-level and gas hydratecontrolled catastrophic sediment failures of the Amazon Fan[J].Geology,1998,26(12):1107-1110.
[9]Mienert J,Posewang J,Baumann M.Gas hydrates along thenortheastern Atlantic margin:possible hydrate-bound margininstabilities and possible release of methane[M]//Henriet J P,Mienert J.Gas Hydrates:Relevance to World Margin Stabilityand Climate Change.London:Geological Society Special Publica-tion,1998:275-291.
[10]Mienert J,Vanneste M,B櫣nt S et al.Ocean warming and gashydrate stability on the mid-Norwegian margin at the StoreggaSlide[J].Marine&Petroleum Geology,2005,22(1-2):233-244.
[11]Wu S,Wong HK,L櫣dmann T.Gravity driven sedimentation onthe northwest continental slope of the South China Sea:Resultsfrom high-resolution seismic data and piston cores[J].ChineseJournal of Oceanology and Limnology,1999,17(2):155-169.
[12]Kvenvolden K A.Gas hydrate-geological perspective and globalchange[J].Review of Geophysics,1993,31(2):173-187.
[13]MacDonald G J.Role of methane clathrates in past and futureclimates[J].Climate Change,1990,16(2):247-281.
[14]Lastras G,Canals M,Hughes-Clarge J E,et al.Seafloor imageryfrom the BIGV95 debris flow[J].Western MediterraneanGeology,2002,30(10):871-874.
[15]Masson D G,Huggett Q J,Brundsen D.The surface texture ofthe Saharan debris flow deposit and some speculations on subma-rine debris flow processes[J].Sedimentology,1993,40(33):583-598.
[16]Gravdal A,Haflidason H,Evans D.Seabed and subsurface fea-tures on the southern Vbring plateau and Northern Storegga Slideescarpment[M]//Mienert J,Weaver P.European MarginSediment Dynamics:Side-Scan Sonar and Seismic Images.Ber-lin:Springer-Verlag,2003:111-117.
[17]Haflidason H,Sejrup H P,Nygard A,et al.The Storegga slidearchitecture,geometry and slide development[J].MarineGeology,2004,213(1-4):201-234.
[18]Haflidason H,Sejrup H P,Berstad I M,et al.A weak layerfeatures on the Northern Storegga slide escarpment[M]//Mie-nert J,Weaver P.European Margin Sediment Dynamics:Side-Scan Sonar and Seismic Images.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,2003:55-62.
[19]Middleton G V.Sediment deposition from turbidite currents[J].Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,1993,21(1):89-114.
[20]Shanmugam G.50 years of turbidite paradigm(1950s-1990s)deep-water processes and facies model a critical perspective[J].Marine&Petroleum Geology,2000,17(10):285-342.
[21]Solheim K,Berg K.The Storegga Slide complex:repetitive largescale sliding with similar cause and development[J].Marine Ge-ology,2005,22(9-10):97-107.
[22]Leynaud D,Mienert J,Nadim F.Slope stability assessment ofthe Helland Hansen area offshore the mid-Norwegian margin[J].Marine Geology,2004,213(1-4):457-480.
[23]宋海斌.天然气水合物体系动态演化研究(Ⅱ):海底滑坡[J].地球物理学进展,2003,18(3):503-511.
[24]Kayen R E,Lee H.Pleistocene slope instability of gas hydrateladen sediment on the Beaufort Sea Margin[J].Marine Geotech,1991,10(1):125-141.
[25]甘华阳,王家生,胡高伟.海洋沉积物中的天然气水合物与海底滑坡[J].防灾减灾工程学报,2004,24(2):177-181.
[26]颜文涛,陈建文,范德江.海底滑坡与天然气水合物之间的相互关系[J].海洋地质动态,2006,22(12):38-40.
[27]王宏斌,黄永样,梁劲,等.南海北部陆坡坳隆断裂带中水合物赋存的温压场环境[J].现代地质,2006,20(1):103-108.
[28]Rothwell R G,Thomson J,Kahler G.Low-sea-level emplacementof a very large Late Pleistocene megaturbidite in the western Medi-terranean Sea[J].Nature,1998,393(66-74):377-380.
[29]Dillon W P,Danforth W W,Hutchinson D R,et al.Evidencefor faulting related to dissociation of gas hydrate and release ofmethane off the southeastern United States[M]//Henriet J P,Mienert P.Gas Hydrates:Relevance to World Margin Stabilityand Climate Change.London:Geological Society Special Publica-tion,1998,137:275-291.
[30]Von Huene R,Pecher I.Vertical tectonics and the origins ofBSRs along the Peru margin[J].Earth and Planetary ScienceLetters,1999,166(1-2):47-55.
[31]Bryn P,Berg K,Lien R,et al.The Storegga geomodel and itsuse in slide risk evaluation:Geological and geotechnical site in-vestigations in the Storegga Slide area[M].London:The Soci-ety of Underwater Technology,2002:219-232.
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