南海及其周缘中新生代火山活动时空特征与南海的形成模式
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摘要
根据南海海区、华南和中南半岛的地面露头、钻井、拖网及地球物理资料,分析了南海地区火山活动的时空分布特点。在南海陆缘和周边陆区中生代末期花岗岩分布非常广泛。新生代火山岩活动规模较小,主要是海底扩张之后在洋盆扩张脊、北部陆缘的陆洋边界附近、雷琼地区和中南半岛南部的玄武岩。在南海北部陆缘的深部地震调查中发现,在地壳下部存在小规模的高速异常体,结合浅部的晚第三纪—第四纪火山活动,认为该高速体形成于南海扩张之后。这些特征表明,在南海的拉张过程中岩浆供应不丰富,在陆缘未形成大规模的侵入和喷出岩。南海陆缘属于岩浆匮乏型被动大陆边缘。南海海区残留多个刚性断裂陆块,反映了裂谷拉张过程中脆性破裂。根据这些特征,南海形成难以用印藏碰撞引起的软流圈物质上涌导致岩石圈破裂这样的模式来解释。
The temporal and spatial distributions of Mesozoic and Cenozoic magmatism were reviewed with outcrops, drilling, dredge and seismic data. Late Mesozoic granite was widespread over the South China to Indochina; whereas the Cenozoic magmatism was not so vigorous, late basalts occurred mainly in the extinguished spreading ridge, continental-oceanic transitional zone in the northern margin, Leizhou Peninsular-northern Hainan Island and south Indochina after the cessation of sea floor spreading. Small-scale high velocity layer was revealed by deep seismic survey. It was inferred to be a magma intrusion, and most possibly formed after the spreading of the South China Sea considering the presence of late Neogene-Quaternary volcanoes nearby. These features indicated that the margins of the South China Sea were non-volcanic passive continental margins. Remains of large rigid faulted continental blocks reflected fragile fracture through rifting and separation. The paucity of magma supply and the presence of rigid faulted blocks are unfavorable to the mantle flow model previously proposed to interpret the opening of the South China Sea which was supposed to be linked to the escape of Indochina induced by Indo-Eurasia collision.
The temporal and spatial distributions of Mesozoic and Cenozoic magmatism were reviewed with outcrops, drilling, dredge and seismic data. Late Mesozoic granite was widespread over the South China to Indochina; whereas the Cenozoic magmatism was not so vigorous, late basalts occurred mainly in the extinguished spreading ridge, continental-oceanic transitional zone in the northern margin, Leizhou Peninsular-northern Hainan Island and south Indochina after the cessation of sea floor spreading. Small-scale high velocity layer was revealed by deep seismic survey. It was inferred to be a magma intrusion, and most possibly formed after the spreading of the South China Sea considering the presence of late Neogene-Quaternary volcanoes nearby. These features indicated that the margins of the South China Sea were non-volcanic passive continental margins. Remains of large rigid faulted continental blocks reflected fragile fracture through rifting and separation. The paucity of magma supply and the presence of rigid faulted blocks are unfavorable to the mantle flow model previously proposed to interpret the opening of the South China Sea which was supposed to be linked to the escape of Indochina induced by Indo-Eurasia collision.
引文
1)庞雄,1988,对白云地区早中新世岩隆的讨论。珠江口盆地(东部)石油地质科技报告集第二集(下册),581—597。
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[23]PautotG,RanginC,BriaisA, et al.The axial ridge of theSouthChinaSea:A seabeam and geophysical survey[J].OceanologicaActa,1990,13(2):129—143.
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[29]NissenS S,HayesD E,BuhlP P , et al.Deep penetration seismic soundings across the northern margin ofSCS[J].Journal ofGeophysicalResearch,1995,100:22407—22433.
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[31]QiuX,YeS,WuS, et al.Crustal structure across theXishaTrough ofSouthChinaSea[J].Tectonophysics,2001,341:179—193.
[32]ChenA T,NakamuraY.Velocity structure beneath eastern offshore of southernTaiwan based onOBS data and itstectonic significance[J].Terrestrial,Atmospheric andOceanicSciences,1998,9:409—424.
[33]NissenS S,HayesD E,YaoB, et al.Gravity, heat flow, and seismic constraints on the processes of crustal exten sion:Northern margin of theSouthChinaSea[J].Journal ofGeophysicalResearch,1995,100(B11):22447—22483.
[34]LüdmannT,WongH K.Neotectonic regime on the passive continental margin of the northernSouthChinaSea[J].Tectonophysics,1999,311:113—138.
[35]曾维军,李振五,吴能友,等.南海区域的上地幔活动特性及印支地幔柱[J].南海地质研究,1997,9:1—19.
2)曹大雄、刘黔龙,1988,27/24区块石油地质条件评价。珠江口盆地(东部)石油地质科技报告集第二集(下册),479—509。
[1]WhiteR,McKenzieD.Magmatism at rift zones:The generation of volcanic continental margins and flood basalts[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1989,94(B6):7685—7729.
[2]WhitmarshR B,WhiteR S,HorsefieldS J, et al.The ocean continent boundary off the western continent margin ofIberia:Crustal structure west ofGaliciaBank[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1996,101:28291—28314.
[3]TaylorB,HayesD E.The tectonic evolution of theSouthChinaSeaBasin[A].In:HayesD E (ed.).TheTectonicandGeologicEvolution ofSoutheastAsianSeas andIslands[C].Geophys.Monogr.Ser.,Vol.23.Washington,D.C.:AGU,1980.
[4]TaylorB,HayesD E.Origin and history of theSouthChinaSeaBasin[A].In:HayesD E (ed.).TheTectonic andGeologicEvolution ofSoutheastAsianSeas andIslands[C].Geophys.Monogr.Ser.,Vol.27.WashingtonD.C.:AGU,1983.
[5]TapponierP,PeltzerG,LeDainY, et al.Propagating extrusion tectonics inAsia:New insights from simple experi ments with plasticine[J].Geology,1982,10:611—616.
[6]刘昭蜀主编.南海地质构造与陆缘扩张[M].北京:科学出版社,1988.13—14.
[7]WangJ,YinA,HarrisonT M, et al.A tectonic model forCenozoic igneous activities in the easternIndoAsian colli sion zone[J].Earth andPlanetaryScienceLetters,2001,188:13—133.
[8]LeloupP H,LacassinR,TapponierP, et al.TheAilaoshanRedRiver shear zone(YunnanChina):Tertiary trans form boundary ofIndochina[J].Tectonophyscics,1995,251:3—84.
[9]RanginC,KleinM,RoquesD, et al.TheRedRiver fault system in theTonkinGulf,Vietnam[J].Tectonophysics,1995,243:209—222.
[10]MorleyC K.A tectonic model for theTeriary evolution of strike slip faults and rift basins inSE China[J].Tectono physics,2002,347:189—215.
[11]阎贫,刘海龄.南海北部地壳结构的走向变化分析[J].热带海洋学报,2001,21(2):1—11.
[12]WarrenL P ,WangP X,PeterB, et al.OceanDrillingProgram,Leg184PreliminaryReport:SouthChinaSea,1999[R].
[13]ChungS L,ChengH,JahnB M, et al.Major and trace element, andSrNd isotope constraints on the origin ofPa leogene volcanism inSouthChina prior to theSouthChinaSea opening[J].Lithos.,1997,40:203—220.
[14]HoangN,FlowerM,CarlsonR W.Major, trace element, and isotopic compositions ofVietnamese basalts:Interac tion of hydrousEMl rich asthenosphere with thinnedEurasian lithosphere[J].Geochimica etCosmochimicaActa,1996,60(22):4329—4351.
[15]LiX.Cretaceous magmatism and lithospheric extension inSE China[J].Journal ofAsianEarthScience,2000,18:293—305.
[16]李平鲁,梁惠娴.珠江口盆地新生代岩浆作用及其与盆地演化和油气聚集的关系[J].广东地质,1994,9(2):23—34.
[17]ZhouX M,LiW X.Origin ofLateMesozoic igneous rocks inSE China:Implications for lithosphere subduction andunderplating of mafic magmas[J].Tectonophysics,2000,326:269—287.
[18]HutchisonC S.GeologicalEvolution ofSoutheastAsia[A].OxfordMonographs onGeology&Geophysics,No13[C].Oxford:ClarendonPress,1989.
[19]AreshevE G,TranLeDong,NgoThuongSan, et al.Reservoirs in fractured basement on the continental shelf ofsouthernVietnam[J].J.Petrol.Geol.,1992,15(4):451—464.
[20]KudrassH R,WiedickeM,CepekP, et al.Mesozoic andCenozoic rocks dredged from theSouthChinaSea(ReedBank area) andSuluSea and their significance for plate tectonic reconstructions[J].Marine andPetroleumGeology,1986,3:19—30.
[21]HoK S,ChenJ C,JuangW S.Geochronology and geochemistry of lateCenozoic basalts from theLeiqiong area,southernChina[J].Journal ofAsianEarthScience,2000,18:307—324.
[22]金庆焕主编.南海地质与油气资源[M].北京:地质出版社,1989.
[23]PautotG,RanginC,BriaisA, et al.The axial ridge of theSouthChinaSea:A seabeam and geophysical survey[J].OceanologicaActa,1990,13(2):129—143.
[24]邹和平,李平鲁,饶春涛.珠江口盆地新生代火山岩地球化学及其构造意义[J].地球化学,1995,24(增刊):33—45.
[25]CliftP,LinJ,BarkhausenU.Evidence of low flexural rigidity and low viscosity lower continental crust during continental break up in theSouthChinaSea[J].Marine andPetroleumGeology,2002,19:951—970.
[26]HollowayN H.NorthPalawanBlock,Philippines- its relation toAsian mainland and role in evolution ofSouthChi naSea[J].AAPG,1982,66:1355—1383.
[27]HoangN,FlowerM.Petrogenesis ofCenozoic basalts fromVietnam:Implication for origins of a diffuse igneousprovince[J].Journal ofPetrology,1998,30(3):569—595.
[28]YangT F,LeeT Y,ChenC H, et al.A double island arc betweenTaiwan andLuzon:Consequence of ridge subduc tion[J].Tectonophysics,1996,258(14):85—101.
[29]NissenS S,HayesD E,BuhlP P , et al.Deep penetration seismic soundings across the northern margin ofSCS[J].Journal ofGeophysicalResearch,1995,100:22407—22433.
[30]YanP,ZhouD,LiuZ.A crustal structure profile across the northern continental margin of theSouthChinaSea[J].Tectonophysics,2001,338:1—21.
[31]QiuX,YeS,WuS, et al.Crustal structure across theXishaTrough ofSouthChinaSea[J].Tectonophysics,2001,341:179—193.
[32]ChenA T,NakamuraY.Velocity structure beneath eastern offshore of southernTaiwan based onOBS data and itstectonic significance[J].Terrestrial,Atmospheric andOceanicSciences,1998,9:409—424.
[33]NissenS S,HayesD E,YaoB, et al.Gravity, heat flow, and seismic constraints on the processes of crustal exten sion:Northern margin of theSouthChinaSea[J].Journal ofGeophysicalResearch,1995,100(B11):22447—22483.
[34]LüdmannT,WongH K.Neotectonic regime on the passive continental margin of the northernSouthChinaSea[J].Tectonophysics,1999,311:113—138.
[35]曾维军,李振五,吴能友,等.南海区域的上地幔活动特性及印支地幔柱[J].南海地质研究,1997,9:1—19.
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