对地动仪传统模型的置疑
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摘要
王振铎1951年设计的地动仪展览模型存在偏谬和失误:直立杆工作原理不正确,其科学性与可行性被严格的理论计算、实验检验和地震观测所否定。把地动仪复原成报警器而非验震器是致命性失误;外部基形不合理,与史料记载和出土汉代酒尊的形制不符合,并使仪器整体不稳定;龙和蟾蜍的艺术造型不符合史料,特别是日本人服部一三首创的那种离散的蟾蜍摆设不符合中国传统。因此,这个模型被否定。把它作为惟一的复原模型进行宣传,已出现负面社会影响,国内外学术界长期的批评和否定意见中肯而严肃,应予重视。
With the enrichment of materials and progress of research, the exhibition model reconstructed by Mr. Wang Zhenduo in 1951 has displayed serious deviations and faults in three main aspects. Firstly, the working principle of upright rod is not correct, and its scientific nature and feasibility are denied by a series of strict theoretical calculation, experiment and earthquake observation. The essential fault in the model is that Zhang Heng's invention was not reconstructed into a seismoscope but an alarm. Secondly, the external form of the model is not reasonable, it accords with neither the historical records nor the form of the excavated wine containers of Han Dynasty, and eventually the basic stability of the instrument can not keep. Thirdly, the modeling of dragons and toads don't accord with historical record. Especially the placement of the discrete toads facing toward instrument designed initially by I. Fukube doesn't accord with the tradition of Chinese culture. Therefore, the traditional reconstruction model is denied. Taken the model as an exclusive reconstructed one and propagandized it widely has led to some negative social effects. The critique and negation to this model from academe are honest and serious, and should be paid much attention on.
With the enrichment of materials and progress of research, the exhibition model reconstructed by Mr. Wang Zhenduo in 1951 has displayed serious deviations and faults in three main aspects. Firstly, the working principle of upright rod is not correct, and its scientific nature and feasibility are denied by a series of strict theoretical calculation, experiment and earthquake observation. The essential fault in the model is that Zhang Heng's invention was not reconstructed into a seismoscope but an alarm. Secondly, the external form of the model is not reasonable, it accords with neither the historical records nor the form of the excavated wine containers of Han Dynasty, and eventually the basic stability of the instrument can not keep. Thirdly, the modeling of dragons and toads don't accord with historical record. Especially the placement of the discrete toads facing toward instrument designed initially by I. Fukube doesn't accord with the tradition of Chinese culture. Therefore, the traditional reconstruction model is denied. Taken the model as an exclusive reconstructed one and propagandized it widely has led to some negative social effects. The critique and negation to this model from academe are honest and serious, and should be paid much attention on.
引文
[1]黄浩华:《张衡候风地动仪原理分析》,1999年。
[1]河南东汉地动仪工程有限公司:《东汉张衡青铜候风地动仪研制报告》,1998年。
1冯锐.张衡地动仪的否定之否定[J].防灾博览,2003,(1):5—9.
2冯锐,武玉霞.张衡候风地动仪的原理复原研究[J].中国地震,2003,19(4):358—376.
3王振铎.张衡候风地动仪的复原研究[J].文物,1963,(2):1—8;(4):1—20;(5):12—24.
4王振铎.张衡地动仪补说[J].文物,1976,(10):67—70.
5李志超.再议候风地动仪[A].天人古义——中国科学史论纲[C].郑州:大象出版社,1998.298—309.
6冯时.中国天文考古学[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2001.
7梁思成.中国建筑史[M].北京:百花文艺出版社,2005.
8楼庆西.中国小品建筑十讲[M].北京:生活.读书.新知三联书店,2004.
9楼庆西.中国古代建筑二十讲[M].北京:生活.读书.新知三联书店,2003.
10孙机.汉代物质文化资料图说[M].北京,文物出版社,1991.
11Bolt B A.Earthquakes APrimer[M].New York:W.H.Freeman and Co.,1978.
12博尔特.地震九讲[M].马杏垣,等译.石耀霖校.北京:地震出版社,2000.
13今村明恒.千八百年前の地震計[A].除村一學編.支那文化談業[C].1942.17—22.
14Imamura A.Tyoko and His Seismoscope[J].Japanese J.Astro.Geophys.,1939,(1):231.
15王振铎.科技考古论丛[C].北京:文物出版社,1989.
16關野雄.?衡の候風地動儀にぉけゐ都柱の原[A].東方學論集.東方學創立二十五周年紀念[C].財團法人東方學,1972.433—449.
17(英)李约瑟.中国科学技术史[M].第5卷地学,第2分册.北京:科学出版社,1976.
18萩原尊礼.地震学百年[M].东京:东京大学出版会,1982.
19力武常次.地震予知研究こぼれ話[J].地震ジヤ?ナル,2000,30:4—7.
20王鹏飞.张衡候风地动仪功能测试和感震原理的探讨[J].自然科学史研究,2005,24(4):291—318.
21李善邦.中国地震[M].北京:地震出版社,1981.
22Dewey J,Byerly P.The Early History of Seismometry(to1900)[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1969,59(1):183—227.
23Howell B F.An Introduction to Seismological Research:History and Development[M].Cambridge:Cambridge Univ.Press,1990.
24郭勇.山西省右玉县出土的西汉铜器[J].文物,1963,(11):4—12.
25中国青铜器全集编辑委员会.中国青铜器全集12.秦汉卷[M].北京:文物出版社,1998.
26国家文物局,中国文物精华大辞典.青铜卷[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,香港:商务印书馆,2002.
27北京天文馆.中国古代天文学成就[M].北京:北京科学技术出版社,1987.
28中国社科院考古研究所洛阳工作队.汉魏洛阳南郊的灵台遗址[J].考古,1978,(1),54—57.
29马承源.中国青铜器[M].修订本.上海:上海古籍出版社,2003.
30刘利民.青铜古器[M].海口:海南文宣阁出版社,2004.
31王培良.秦汉瓦当图论[M].西安:三秦出版社,2004.
32科尔主编.世界建筑经典图鉴[M].上海:上海人民美术出版社,2003.
33Stevenson N.Architecture[M].London:Dorling Kindersley,1997.
34陈志华.外国古建筑二十讲[M].北京:生活.读书.新知三联书店,2004.
35李志超.候风地动仪新说[J].寻根,1994,(1):28—31.
36孙机.简论“司南”兼及“司南佩”[J].中国历史文物,2005,(4):4—11.
[1]河南东汉地动仪工程有限公司:《东汉张衡青铜候风地动仪研制报告》,1998年。
1冯锐.张衡地动仪的否定之否定[J].防灾博览,2003,(1):5—9.
2冯锐,武玉霞.张衡候风地动仪的原理复原研究[J].中国地震,2003,19(4):358—376.
3王振铎.张衡候风地动仪的复原研究[J].文物,1963,(2):1—8;(4):1—20;(5):12—24.
4王振铎.张衡地动仪补说[J].文物,1976,(10):67—70.
5李志超.再议候风地动仪[A].天人古义——中国科学史论纲[C].郑州:大象出版社,1998.298—309.
6冯时.中国天文考古学[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2001.
7梁思成.中国建筑史[M].北京:百花文艺出版社,2005.
8楼庆西.中国小品建筑十讲[M].北京:生活.读书.新知三联书店,2004.
9楼庆西.中国古代建筑二十讲[M].北京:生活.读书.新知三联书店,2003.
10孙机.汉代物质文化资料图说[M].北京,文物出版社,1991.
11Bolt B A.Earthquakes APrimer[M].New York:W.H.Freeman and Co.,1978.
12博尔特.地震九讲[M].马杏垣,等译.石耀霖校.北京:地震出版社,2000.
13今村明恒.千八百年前の地震計[A].除村一學編.支那文化談業[C].1942.17—22.
14Imamura A.Tyoko and His Seismoscope[J].Japanese J.Astro.Geophys.,1939,(1):231.
15王振铎.科技考古论丛[C].北京:文物出版社,1989.
16關野雄.?衡の候風地動儀にぉけゐ都柱の原[A].東方學論集.東方學創立二十五周年紀念[C].財團法人東方學,1972.433—449.
17(英)李约瑟.中国科学技术史[M].第5卷地学,第2分册.北京:科学出版社,1976.
18萩原尊礼.地震学百年[M].东京:东京大学出版会,1982.
19力武常次.地震予知研究こぼれ話[J].地震ジヤ?ナル,2000,30:4—7.
20王鹏飞.张衡候风地动仪功能测试和感震原理的探讨[J].自然科学史研究,2005,24(4):291—318.
21李善邦.中国地震[M].北京:地震出版社,1981.
22Dewey J,Byerly P.The Early History of Seismometry(to1900)[J].Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,1969,59(1):183—227.
23Howell B F.An Introduction to Seismological Research:History and Development[M].Cambridge:Cambridge Univ.Press,1990.
24郭勇.山西省右玉县出土的西汉铜器[J].文物,1963,(11):4—12.
25中国青铜器全集编辑委员会.中国青铜器全集12.秦汉卷[M].北京:文物出版社,1998.
26国家文物局,中国文物精华大辞典.青铜卷[M].上海:上海辞书出版社,香港:商务印书馆,2002.
27北京天文馆.中国古代天文学成就[M].北京:北京科学技术出版社,1987.
28中国社科院考古研究所洛阳工作队.汉魏洛阳南郊的灵台遗址[J].考古,1978,(1),54—57.
29马承源.中国青铜器[M].修订本.上海:上海古籍出版社,2003.
30刘利民.青铜古器[M].海口:海南文宣阁出版社,2004.
31王培良.秦汉瓦当图论[M].西安:三秦出版社,2004.
32科尔主编.世界建筑经典图鉴[M].上海:上海人民美术出版社,2003.
33Stevenson N.Architecture[M].London:Dorling Kindersley,1997.
34陈志华.外国古建筑二十讲[M].北京:生活.读书.新知三联书店,2004.
35李志超.候风地动仪新说[J].寻根,1994,(1):28—31.
36孙机.简论“司南”兼及“司南佩”[J].中国历史文物,2005,(4):4—11.
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