断层崖演化与古地震研究
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摘要
从断层崖演化模型及其理论分析入手 ,给出了模型的数学分析解 ,导出了一次突发事件和蠕动成因断层崖演化的等时地形 (地层 )线、最大坡度和崖下堆积体截面积的精确表达式 ,据此分析了可能造成的几何与沉积构造特征。根据野外观察、实验分析及理论研究 ,探讨了断层崖演化及其古地震学研究的一些重要问题 ,提出了与断层崖相关的古地震几何形态、沉积结构和实验分析的综合标志 ,并具体研究和确定了与红果子贺兰山东麓断层崖和孟家湾F2 0 1断层崖相关的 8次古地震事件及其近地表特征和复发周期 ,前者为 2 .0～ 3.0ka,平均 2 .4ka ,后者为 3.3～ 4 .0ka ,平均 3.6ka。
This paper deals with the degradation of fault scarp and the identification of paleo-earthquake in the light of theoretical and mathematical analysis of scarp development processes. We propose some models for fault scarp degradation in unstable and diffusion stages, and give out their mathematical solutions. From these solutions, the quantitative relation between geometrical features and/or sedimentary structures of fault scarp is analyzed. Furthermore, the precise expressions of the isochronous form-line of the scarp profile, the maximum gradient of scarp, and the sectional area of scarp deposits are established quantitatively for the use of paleo-earthquake research. Based on the field investigation, as well as experimental and mathematical analysis, the comprehensive indicators for identifying paleo-earthquakes associated with fault scarp, including geometrical, sedimentary, structural and experimental features, are summarized. Case studies on the fault scarp of the eastern Helanshan Fault at Hongguozi and fault scarp of the F 201 Fault at Mengjiawan were carried out. The results of these two studies reveal 2 series of 4 paleo-earthquake events that had occurred on the two faults respectively. The characteristics and recurrence intervals of these events have been studied in details. It is determined that the recurrence interval of paleo-earthquke events on the eastern Helashan Fault is 2.2～2.6ka, and that on the F 201 Fault is 3.3～4.0ka.
This paper deals with the degradation of fault scarp and the identification of paleo-earthquake in the light of theoretical and mathematical analysis of scarp development processes. We propose some models for fault scarp degradation in unstable and diffusion stages, and give out their mathematical solutions. From these solutions, the quantitative relation between geometrical features and/or sedimentary structures of fault scarp is analyzed. Furthermore, the precise expressions of the isochronous form-line of the scarp profile, the maximum gradient of scarp, and the sectional area of scarp deposits are established quantitatively for the use of paleo-earthquake research. Based on the field investigation, as well as experimental and mathematical analysis, the comprehensive indicators for identifying paleo-earthquakes associated with fault scarp, including geometrical, sedimentary, structural and experimental features, are summarized. Case studies on the fault scarp of the eastern Helanshan Fault at Hongguozi and fault scarp of the F 201 Fault at Mengjiawan were carried out. The results of these two studies reveal 2 series of 4 paleo-earthquake events that had occurred on the two faults respectively. The characteristics and recurrence intervals of these events have been studied in details. It is determined that the recurrence interval of paleo-earthquke events on the eastern Helashan Fault is 2.2～2.6ka, and that on the F 201 Fault is 3.3～4.0ka.
引文
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邓起东,张培震.2000.逆断层崩积楔〔J〕.科学通报,45:650—655.DENGQi dong,ZHANGPei zhen.2001.Colluvialwedgesofreversefaultscarp〔J〕.ChineseScienceBulletin,45:650—655(inChinese).
陈国星,高维明.1987.阿尔金断裂东段第四纪活动的时空特征〔J〕.中国地震,3(增):35—51.CHENGuo xing,GAOWei ming.1987.ThetimeandspacefeaturesoftheQuaternaryactivityontheeasternAltunFault〔J〕.EarthquakeResearchinChina,3(suppl):35—51(inChinese).
程绍平,杨桂枝,杨.1994.延庆盆地北缘断裂带蚕房营段晚更新世晚期断层作用.地震地质,16(4):346—355.CHENGShao ping,YANGGui zhi,YANGZhe.1994.ThelatestPleistocenefaultingalongtheCanfangyinseg mentofthefaultzonealongthenorthernmarginofYanqingBasin〔J〕.SeismologyandGeology,16(4):346—355(inChinese).
黄昭.1987.贺兰山东麓断层崖的形态与年代测定方法〔A〕.见:国家地震局地质研究所编.现代地壳运动研究(3).地震出版社.63—82.HUANGZhao.1987.MorphologyanddatingmethodoffaultscarpsontheeasternfrontoftheHelanShanMoun tains〔A〕.In:InstituteofGeology,StateSeismologicalBureau(ed).ResearchonRecentCrustalMovement(3).SeismologicalPress,Beijing.63—82(inChinese).
冉勇康,李志义,尤惠川,等.1988.河西走廊黑河口断层的古地震及年代研究〔J〕.地震地质,10(4):118—126.RANYong kang,LIZhi yi,YOUHui chuan,etal.1988.ThestudyanddatingofpaleoearthquakealongtheHei hekouFaultinHexiCorridor〔J〕.SeismologyandGeology,10(4):118—126(inChinese).
冉勇康,段瑞涛,邓起东,等.1997.海原断裂高湾子地点三维探槽的开挖与古地震研究〔J〕.地震地质,19(2):97—108.RANYong kang,DUANRui tao,DENGQi dong,etal.1997.3Dtrenchexcavationandpaleo seismologyatGaowanzioftheHaiyuanFault〔J〕.SeismologyandGeology,19(2):97—108(inChinese).
廖玉华,潘祖寿.1982.宁夏红果子沟长城错动新知〔J〕.地震地质,4(2):77—79.LIAOYu hua,PANZu shou.1982.DislocationoftheGreatWallintheHongguozigou,NingxiaAutonomousRe gion〔J〕.SeismologyandGeology,4(2):77—79(inChinese).
汪一鹏,宋方敏,李志义,等.1990.宁夏香山-天景山断裂带晚第四纪地震重复间隔的研究〔J〕.中国地震,6(2):15—25.WANGYi peng,SONGFang min,LIZhi yi,etal.1990.StudyonrecurrenceintervalsofgreatearthquakeinthelateQuaternaryoftheXiangshanTianjingshanFaultzoneinNingxia〔J〕.EarthquakeResearchinChina,6(2):15—25(inChinese).
AndrewsDJ,HanksTC .1985.Scarpdegradedbylineardiffusion:Inversesolutionforage〔J〕.JourGeophysRes,90(B12):10193—10208.
BucknamRG ,AndersonRE .1979.Agesoffaultscarpfromascarpheight slope anglerelationship〔J〕.Geology,7(1):11—14.
GarsonMA ,KirbyMJ .1972.HillslopeFormandProcess〔M〕.CambridgeUniversityPress.475 pp.
ullingWEH .1960.Analyticaltheoryoferosion〔J〕.JourGeol,68:336—344.
CullingWEH .1965.Theoryoferosiononsoil coveredslopes〔J〕.JourGeol,73:230—254.
anksTC ,BucknamRC ,LajoieKR ,etal.1984.Modificationofwave outandfaulting controlledlandforms〔J〕.JourGeophysRes,89(B7):5771—5791.
SchwartzDP .1982.Implicationstofaultbehaviorofpaleo seismologicalinvestigationsalongtheSouthernWasatchFaultzone,Utah〔J〕.AGU .63(18)
WallaceRE .1977.Profilesandagesofyoungfaultscarps,north centralNevada〔J〕.BullGeolSocAm,88:1267—1278.
WallaceRE .1978.Geometryandratesofchangeoffault generatedrangefronts,north centralNevada〔J〕.USGeolSurvJourofRes,6:637—649.
WallaceRE .1980.DegradationoftheHebgenlakefaultscarpsof1959〔J〕.Geology,8(5):225—229.
ZhangBuchun,LiaoYuhua,GuoShunmin,etal.1986.Faultscarprelatedtothe1739earthquakeandseismicityofYinchuangraben,NinxiaHuizuZiziqu,China〔J〕.BullSeisSocAm,76(5):1253—1284.
邓起东,尤惠川.1985.断层崖研究与地震危险性估计:以贺兰山东麓断层崖为例〔J〕.西北地震学报,7(1):30—37.DENGQi dong,YOUHui chuan.1985.Faultscarpresearchandearthquakeriskestimation:exampleineasternHelanshanfaultscarp〔J〕.NorthwesternSeismologicalJournal,7(1):30—37(inChinese).
邓起东,张培震.2000.逆断层崩积楔〔J〕.科学通报,45:650—655.DENGQi dong,ZHANGPei zhen.2001.Colluvialwedgesofreversefaultscarp〔J〕.ChineseScienceBulletin,45:650—655(inChinese).
陈国星,高维明.1987.阿尔金断裂东段第四纪活动的时空特征〔J〕.中国地震,3(增):35—51.CHENGuo xing,GAOWei ming.1987.ThetimeandspacefeaturesoftheQuaternaryactivityontheeasternAltunFault〔J〕.EarthquakeResearchinChina,3(suppl):35—51(inChinese).
程绍平,杨桂枝,杨.1994.延庆盆地北缘断裂带蚕房营段晚更新世晚期断层作用.地震地质,16(4):346—355.CHENGShao ping,YANGGui zhi,YANGZhe.1994.ThelatestPleistocenefaultingalongtheCanfangyinseg mentofthefaultzonealongthenorthernmarginofYanqingBasin〔J〕.SeismologyandGeology,16(4):346—355(inChinese).
黄昭.1987.贺兰山东麓断层崖的形态与年代测定方法〔A〕.见:国家地震局地质研究所编.现代地壳运动研究(3).地震出版社.63—82.HUANGZhao.1987.MorphologyanddatingmethodoffaultscarpsontheeasternfrontoftheHelanShanMoun tains〔A〕.In:InstituteofGeology,StateSeismologicalBureau(ed).ResearchonRecentCrustalMovement(3).SeismologicalPress,Beijing.63—82(inChinese).
冉勇康,李志义,尤惠川,等.1988.河西走廊黑河口断层的古地震及年代研究〔J〕.地震地质,10(4):118—126.RANYong kang,LIZhi yi,YOUHui chuan,etal.1988.ThestudyanddatingofpaleoearthquakealongtheHei hekouFaultinHexiCorridor〔J〕.SeismologyandGeology,10(4):118—126(inChinese).
冉勇康,段瑞涛,邓起东,等.1997.海原断裂高湾子地点三维探槽的开挖与古地震研究〔J〕.地震地质,19(2):97—108.RANYong kang,DUANRui tao,DENGQi dong,etal.1997.3Dtrenchexcavationandpaleo seismologyatGaowanzioftheHaiyuanFault〔J〕.SeismologyandGeology,19(2):97—108(inChinese).
廖玉华,潘祖寿.1982.宁夏红果子沟长城错动新知〔J〕.地震地质,4(2):77—79.LIAOYu hua,PANZu shou.1982.DislocationoftheGreatWallintheHongguozigou,NingxiaAutonomousRe gion〔J〕.SeismologyandGeology,4(2):77—79(inChinese).
汪一鹏,宋方敏,李志义,等.1990.宁夏香山-天景山断裂带晚第四纪地震重复间隔的研究〔J〕.中国地震,6(2):15—25.WANGYi peng,SONGFang min,LIZhi yi,etal.1990.StudyonrecurrenceintervalsofgreatearthquakeinthelateQuaternaryoftheXiangshanTianjingshanFaultzoneinNingxia〔J〕.EarthquakeResearchinChina,6(2):15—25(inChinese).
AndrewsDJ,HanksTC .1985.Scarpdegradedbylineardiffusion:Inversesolutionforage〔J〕.JourGeophysRes,90(B12):10193—10208.
BucknamRG ,AndersonRE .1979.Agesoffaultscarpfromascarpheight slope anglerelationship〔J〕.Geology,7(1):11—14.
GarsonMA ,KirbyMJ .1972.HillslopeFormandProcess〔M〕.CambridgeUniversityPress.475 pp.
ullingWEH .1960.Analyticaltheoryoferosion〔J〕.JourGeol,68:336—344.
CullingWEH .1965.Theoryoferosiononsoil coveredslopes〔J〕.JourGeol,73:230—254.
anksTC ,BucknamRC ,LajoieKR ,etal.1984.Modificationofwave outandfaulting controlledlandforms〔J〕.JourGeophysRes,89(B7):5771—5791.
SchwartzDP .1982.Implicationstofaultbehaviorofpaleo seismologicalinvestigationsalongtheSouthernWasatchFaultzone,Utah〔J〕.AGU .63(18)
WallaceRE .1977.Profilesandagesofyoungfaultscarps,north centralNevada〔J〕.BullGeolSocAm,88:1267—1278.
WallaceRE .1978.Geometryandratesofchangeoffault generatedrangefronts,north centralNevada〔J〕.USGeolSurvJourofRes,6:637—649.
WallaceRE .1980.DegradationoftheHebgenlakefaultscarpsof1959〔J〕.Geology,8(5):225—229.
ZhangBuchun,LiaoYuhua,GuoShunmin,etal.1986.Faultscarprelatedtothe1739earthquakeandseismicityofYinchuangraben,NinxiaHuizuZiziqu,China〔J〕.BullSeisSocAm,76(5):1253—1284.
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