施工过程中人因差错控制效率分析
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摘要
以一个钢筋砼单筋梁受弯构件正截面承载力失效概率为例,通过数值模拟发现:检查抽样率为100%的首次检查对控制人因差错非常有效,提高取样率可以有效减少和降低人因差错的发生及其影响程度,但随检查次数增加检查效率直线下降。当对各种工序进行比较细致的检查时,适当提高结构参数设计值可有效防止由较难检查出来的微小人因差错引起的结构失效。显然,质检方法、检查次数、取样率和提高结构参数设计值对人因差错控制效率的提高是十分重要的;人因差错控制效率与检查人力、物力投入成正比。上述结论对合理控制施工过程中人因差错的方案选择具有一定的现实意义。
The numerical simulation,with the failure probability of bearing capacity at normal cross-section of a steel-reinforced concrete beam as an example,shows that the initial inspection with 100 per cent sampling rate is very effective to control human errors.Increasing sampling rate can effectively reduce and lower the occurrence and influence of human errors,but with the increase of the inspection times,inspection efficiency plummets.If all kinds of processes are carefully inspected,appropriately increasing structure parameters design value can effectively prevent structural failure caused by the tiny human errors that are hardly found.Apparently,quality inspection methods,the number of inspection times,sampling rate and increasing structure parameters design value are very important to improve the control efficiency of human errors.The control efficiency of human errors is proportional to inspection consumption on manpower and material.Certainly it is meaningful for selecting a reasonable method to control human errors during construction.
The numerical simulation,with the failure probability of bearing capacity at normal cross-section of a steel-reinforced concrete beam as an example,shows that the initial inspection with 100 per cent sampling rate is very effective to control human errors.Increasing sampling rate can effectively reduce and lower the occurrence and influence of human errors,but with the increase of the inspection times,inspection efficiency plummets.If all kinds of processes are carefully inspected,appropriately increasing structure parameters design value can effectively prevent structural failure caused by the tiny human errors that are hardly found.Apparently,quality inspection methods,the number of inspection times,sampling rate and increasing structure parameters design value are very important to improve the control efficiency of human errors.The control efficiency of human errors is proportional to inspection consumption on manpower and material.Certainly it is meaningful for selecting a reasonable method to control human errors during construction.
引文
[1]徐茂波,徐峰,刘西拉.施工中人因差错调查[J].中国安全科学学报,2006,16(7):38～44
[2]杨伟军,陈劲飙.土木工程施工过程中人为差错的博弈分析[J].长沙交通学院学报,2005,21(2):46～49
[3]雷俊卿.桥梁安全耐久性与病害事故分析[J].中国安全科学学报,2005,15(2):86～90
[4]Ellingwood B.Design and construction error effect on structural reliability[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,ASCE,1987,113(2):409-422
[5]Walker A.C.Study and Analysis of the first120failure cases[A].Symposium on Structural Failures in Buildings[C].London,U.K.:Institute of Structures,1980:15-40
[6]Smith D W.Why do bridges fail[J].Civil Engineering,1977,47:58-62
[7]赵国藩.影响工程结构可靠度的主要问题及对微调的建议[J].建筑科学,1999,15(5):5～7
[8]“建筑结构设计可靠度会议”纪要[J].建筑科学,1999,15(5):1
[9]谢征勋.建筑工程事故分析及方案论证[M].北京:地震出版社,1996:9～17
[10]Stewart M G,Melchers R E.Checking models in structural design[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,ASCE,1989,115(6):1309-1324
[11]建筑工程质量检验评定标准[S].GBJ301—1988,1988
[12]徐茂波,徐峰,刘西拉.混凝土结构施工中人因差错的模拟[J].中国安全科学学报,2007,17(5):9～16
[13]徐茂波.考虑施工期间人为错误的结构安全分析与控制[D].北京:清华大学[博士论文],1998
[14]徐茂波,徐峰,刘西拉.考虑人因差错影响的结构可靠度计算方法[J].中国安全科学学报,2008,18(1):56～61
[15]Fabian C.Hadipriono,Charles C.S.Lin.Error in construction[A].Andrzej S.Nowak.Modeling Human Error in Structural Design and Construction[C].New York,U.S.A.:ASCE,1986:57-64
[16]陈长飞,雷克江,赵显.人的可靠性研究在建筑施工中的应用[J].安全与环境工程,2004,11(2):85～87,90
[17]金福安,章勇武,马国丰等.基于人为错误可靠度的深基坑工程灾害防治[J].地下空间与工程学报,2007,3(3):568～572
[18]Stewart M G,Melchers R E.Optimization of structural design checking[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,1989,15(10):2448-2460
[19]Stewart M G,Melchers R E.Error control in member design[J].Structural Safety,1989,11(6):11-24
[20]Nowak A S.Effect of human error on structural safety[J].ACI Journal,1979,176(9):959-972
[21]Stewart M G.Probabilistic risk assessment of quality control and quality assurance measures in structural design[J].IEEE Transactions on Systems,Man and Cybernetics,1991,21(5):1000-1007
[2]杨伟军,陈劲飙.土木工程施工过程中人为差错的博弈分析[J].长沙交通学院学报,2005,21(2):46～49
[3]雷俊卿.桥梁安全耐久性与病害事故分析[J].中国安全科学学报,2005,15(2):86～90
[4]Ellingwood B.Design and construction error effect on structural reliability[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,ASCE,1987,113(2):409-422
[5]Walker A.C.Study and Analysis of the first120failure cases[A].Symposium on Structural Failures in Buildings[C].London,U.K.:Institute of Structures,1980:15-40
[6]Smith D W.Why do bridges fail[J].Civil Engineering,1977,47:58-62
[7]赵国藩.影响工程结构可靠度的主要问题及对微调的建议[J].建筑科学,1999,15(5):5～7
[8]“建筑结构设计可靠度会议”纪要[J].建筑科学,1999,15(5):1
[9]谢征勋.建筑工程事故分析及方案论证[M].北京:地震出版社,1996:9～17
[10]Stewart M G,Melchers R E.Checking models in structural design[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,ASCE,1989,115(6):1309-1324
[11]建筑工程质量检验评定标准[S].GBJ301—1988,1988
[12]徐茂波,徐峰,刘西拉.混凝土结构施工中人因差错的模拟[J].中国安全科学学报,2007,17(5):9～16
[13]徐茂波.考虑施工期间人为错误的结构安全分析与控制[D].北京:清华大学[博士论文],1998
[14]徐茂波,徐峰,刘西拉.考虑人因差错影响的结构可靠度计算方法[J].中国安全科学学报,2008,18(1):56～61
[15]Fabian C.Hadipriono,Charles C.S.Lin.Error in construction[A].Andrzej S.Nowak.Modeling Human Error in Structural Design and Construction[C].New York,U.S.A.:ASCE,1986:57-64
[16]陈长飞,雷克江,赵显.人的可靠性研究在建筑施工中的应用[J].安全与环境工程,2004,11(2):85～87,90
[17]金福安,章勇武,马国丰等.基于人为错误可靠度的深基坑工程灾害防治[J].地下空间与工程学报,2007,3(3):568～572
[18]Stewart M G,Melchers R E.Optimization of structural design checking[J].Journal of Structural Engineering,1989,15(10):2448-2460
[19]Stewart M G,Melchers R E.Error control in member design[J].Structural Safety,1989,11(6):11-24
[20]Nowak A S.Effect of human error on structural safety[J].ACI Journal,1979,176(9):959-972
[21]Stewart M G.Probabilistic risk assessment of quality control and quality assurance measures in structural design[J].IEEE Transactions on Systems,Man and Cybernetics,1991,21(5):1000-1007
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