对后续震相的认识促进了地震层析成像的发展
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摘要
与地震初动震相相比,后续震相包含有更为丰富的地球内部信息,因此逐渐地在地震层析成像研究中得到重视。文中以赵大鹏等最近的层析成像研究为例,介绍了通过增加后续震相到时信息得到的新的层析成像研究成果,包括通过使用反射波,仅用两个地震台站就可以进行地壳成像研究;深度震相到时的增加,拓宽了区域成像范围,成功实现了台网外部层析成像;随着国际地震中心(ISC)提供的更丰富的各种后续震相到时,对后续震相的认识和使用促进了全球体波走时成像的发展和对地球深部结构及动力学过程的认识。另一方面,地震学相关领域的进步,使得更多的后续震相能够被拾取并被应用到成像研究中,这将大大提高对地震波形信息的挖掘,提高对研究地区下三维结构的认识,极大地促进地震层析成像学的发展。
Seismic later-phase(reflected and converted wave)data contain abundant information of the Earth's interior structure,hence recent seismic tomographic studies have started to use the later-phase data and have achieved unexpected new advances.In this work,we introduce and discuss these recent advances in seismic tomography,including(1)crustal tomography using only two seismic stations with multiple reflected waves in the crust,(2)tomographic imaging outside a seismic network through locating off-network earthquakes with sP depth-phase data,and(3)global tomography using various mantle and core phases leading to the imaging of mantle plumes and deep subducting slabs.The later phases are usually difficult to be detected in high-frequency waveforms from local and regional earthquakes,but such a problem can be solved by using the recent advances in waveform modeling.With increasing later-phase data becoming available,seismic tomography will make greater advances and will be able to reveal more details of the Earth's interior structure.This will greatly improve our understanding of the seismic and volcanic activity and geodynamic processes of our planet.
Seismic later-phase(reflected and converted wave)data contain abundant information of the Earth's interior structure,hence recent seismic tomographic studies have started to use the later-phase data and have achieved unexpected new advances.In this work,we introduce and discuss these recent advances in seismic tomography,including(1)crustal tomography using only two seismic stations with multiple reflected waves in the crust,(2)tomographic imaging outside a seismic network through locating off-network earthquakes with sP depth-phase data,and(3)global tomography using various mantle and core phases leading to the imaging of mantle plumes and deep subducting slabs.The later phases are usually difficult to be detected in high-frequency waveforms from local and regional earthquakes,but such a problem can be solved by using the recent advances in waveform modeling.With increasing later-phase data becoming available,seismic tomography will make greater advances and will be able to reveal more details of the Earth's interior structure.This will greatly improve our understanding of the seismic and volcanic activity and geodynamic processes of our planet.
引文
[1]Aki K,Lee W H K.Determination of three dimensional ve-locity anomalies under a seismic array using first P arrival times fromlocal earthquakes.Part I.A homogeneous initial earth model[J].J Geophys Res,1976,81:4381-4399.
[2]Steck L.Simulated annealinginversion of teleseismic P-wave slowness and azimuth for crustal velocity structure at Long Valley caldera[J].Geophys Res Lett,1995,22:497-500.
[3]Hu G,Menke W,Powell C.Polarization tomography in southern California[J].J Geophys Res,1994,99:15245-15256.
[4]Hirahara K.Detection of three-dimensional velocity anisotro-py[J].Phys Earth Planet Inter,1988,51:71-85.
[5]Friederich W.The S-velocity structure of the East Asian mantle frominversion of shear and surface waveforms[J].Geophys J Int,2003,153:88-102.
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[8]Nishigami K.A newinversion method of coda waveforms to determine spatial distribution of coda scattersin the crust and uppermost mantle[J].Geophys Res Lett,1991,18:2225-2228.
[9]Chen X,Long L.Spatial distribution of relative scattering coefficients determined from microearthquake code[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2000,90:512-524.
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[14]Zhao D.Global tomographic images of mantle plumes and subducting slabs:insight into deep Earth dynamics[J].Phys Earth Planet Inter,2004,146:3-34.
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[17]Zhao D,Hasegawa A,Kanamori H.Deep structure of Japan subduction zone as derived fromlocal,regional and teleseis-mic events[J].J Geophys Res,1994,99:22313-22329.
[18]Huang J,Zhao D.High-resolution mantle tomography of China and surrounding regions[J].J Geophys Res,2006,111,B09305.
[19]Huang J,Zhao D,Zheng S.Lithospheric structure and its relationship to seismic and volcanic activityin southwest Chi-na[J].J Geophys Res,2002,107,10.1029/2000JB000137.
[20]Wang C,Chan W,Mooney W.Three-dimensional velocity structure of the crust and upper mantlein southwestern China andits tectonic implications[J].J Geophys Res,2003,108,B9:2442.
[21]Huang J,Zhao D.Crustal heterogeneity and seismotectonics of the region around Beijing,China[J].Tectonophysics,2004,385:159-180.
[22]Qi C,Zhao D,Chen Y,et al.3-D P and S wave velocity structures and their relationship to strong earthquakes in the Chinese capital region[J].Chinese J Geophys,2006,49(3):805-815(in Chinese).
[23]Zhao D,Lei J,Tang R.Origin of the Changbai intra plate volcanismin Northeast China:Evidence from seismic tomo-graphy[J].Chinese Sci Bull,2004,49(13):1401-1408.
[24]Lei J,Zhao D.P-wave tomography and origin of the Chang-bai intraplate volcanoin Northeast Asia[J].Tectonophysics,2005,397:281-295.
[25]Guo B,Liu Q,Chen J,et al.Seismic tomographicimaging of the crust and upper mantle beneath the northeastern edge of the Qinghai-Xizang plateau and the Ordos area[J].Chinese J Geophys,2004,47(5):790-797(in Chinese).
[26]He R,Zhao D,Gao R,et al.Teleseismic P-wave tomo-graphy of lithospheric mantle beneath west Kunlun orogenic belts[J].Chinese J Geophys,2006,49(3):778-787(in Chi-nese).
[27]Zhao D,Todo S,Lei J.Local earthquake reflection tomo-graphy of the Landers aftershock area[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,2005,235:623-631.
[28]Dreger D,Hel mberger D.Broadband modeling of local earth-quakes[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,1990,80:1162-1179.
[29]Abdel wahed M,Zhao D.Waveform modeling of local earth-quakes in southwest Japan[J].Earth Planets Space,2005,57:1039-1054.
[30]Zhao D,Wang Z,Umino N,et al.Tomographic imaging outside a seismic network:Application to the northeast Japan arc[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2007,97:1121-1132.
[31]Mishra O,Zhao D,Umino N,et al.Tomography of the northeast Japanforearc anditsimplications forinterplate seis-mic coupling[J].Geophys Res Lett,2003,30(16):1850.
[32]Wang Z,Zhao D.Seismicimaging of the entire arc of Tohoku and Hokkaidoin Japan by using P-wave,S-wave and sP depth phase data[J].Phys Earth Planet Inter,2005,152:144-162.
[33]Tarduno J,Duncan R,Scholl D.The Emperor seamounts:southward motion of the Hawaiian hotspot plume in Earth s mantle[J].Science,2003,301:1064-1069.
[34]Steinberger B.Plumes in a convecting mantle:models and observations for individual hotspots[J].J Geophys Res,2000,105:11127-11152.
[35]Lei J,Zhao D.Global P-wave tomography:On the effect of various mantle and core phases[J].Phys Earth Planet Inter,2006,154:44-69.
[36]Zhao D.Seismicimages under60hotspots:searchfor mantle plumes[J].Gondwana Research,2007,12(4):335-355.
[37]Zhao D,Lei J,Inoue T,et al.Deep structure and origin of the Baikal rift zone[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,2006,243:681-691.
[38]Zhao D,Lei J.Seismic ray path variationsin a3-Dglobal ve-locity model[J].Phys Earth Planet Inter,2004,141:153-166.
[39]Zhao D,Yamada A,Ohta Y.Precisely measuredtravel times of mantle body waves:implications for mantle heterogeneity and tomography[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2006,13(2):37-49.
[40]Mori J,Hel mberger D.Large-amplitude Moho reflections(SmS)from Landers aftershocks,southern California[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,1996,86:1845-1852.
[41]Zhao D,Kayal J.Impact of seismic tomography on Earth sci-ences[J].Current Science,2000,79:1208-1214.
[22]齐诚,赵大鹏,陈颙,等.首都圈地区地壳P波和S波三维速度结构及其与大地震的关系[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(3):805-815.
[23]赵大鹏,雷建设,唐荣余.中国东北长白山火山的起源:地震层析成像证据[J].科学通报,2004,49(14):1439-1446.
[25]郭飚,刘启元,陈九辉,等.青藏高原东北缘—鄂尔多斯地壳上地幔地震层析成像研究[J].地球物理学报,2004,47(5):790-797.
[26]贺日政,赵大鹏,高锐,等.利用远震P波层析成像研究西昆仑造山带下岩石圈地幔速度结构[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(3):778-787.
[2]Steck L.Simulated annealinginversion of teleseismic P-wave slowness and azimuth for crustal velocity structure at Long Valley caldera[J].Geophys Res Lett,1995,22:497-500.
[3]Hu G,Menke W,Powell C.Polarization tomography in southern California[J].J Geophys Res,1994,99:15245-15256.
[4]Hirahara K.Detection of three-dimensional velocity anisotro-py[J].Phys Earth Planet Inter,1988,51:71-85.
[5]Friederich W.The S-velocity structure of the East Asian mantle frominversion of shear and surface waveforms[J].Geophys J Int,2003,153:88-102.
[6]Romanowicz B.Aglobal tomographic model of shear attenua-tion in the upper mantle[J].J Geophys Res,1995,100:12375-12394.
[7]Lawrence J F,Wysession,M E.Seismic Evidence for Sub-duction-Transported Water in the Lower Mantle[C]∥Jacob-sen S D,Van Der Lee S.Earth s Deep Water Cycle.Wash-ington,D.C.:AGU Geophysical monograph,2006,168:251-262.
[8]Nishigami K.A newinversion method of coda waveforms to determine spatial distribution of coda scattersin the crust and uppermost mantle[J].Geophys Res Lett,1991,18:2225-2228.
[9]Chen X,Long L.Spatial distribution of relative scattering coefficients determined from microearthquake code[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2000,90:512-524.
[10]Zhao D,Kanamori H,Negishi H.Tomography of the source area of the1995Kobe earthquake:Evidence for fluids at the hypocenter[J]?Science,1996,274:1891-1894.
[11]Zhao D,Mishra O,Sanda R.Influence of fluids and magma on earthquakes:seismological evidence[J].Phys Earth Plan-et Inter,2002,132:249-267.
[12]Hauksson E,Haase J.Three-dimensionalvpandvp/vsveloc-ity models of the Los Angeles basin and central Transverse Ranges,California[J].J Geophys Res,1997,102:5423-5453.
[13]Zhao D.Seismic structure and origin of hotspots and mantle plumes[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,2001,192:251-265.
[14]Zhao D.Global tomographic images of mantle plumes and subducting slabs:insight into deep Earth dynamics[J].Phys Earth Planet Inter,2004,146:3-34.
[15]Engdahl E R,Gubbins D.Simultaneous travel time inversion for earthquake location and subduction zone structure in the central Aleutian Islands[J].J Geophys Res,1987,92:13855-13862.
[16]Zhao D,Hasegawa A,Horiuchi S.Tomographic imaging of P and S wave velocity structure beneath northeastern Japan[J].J Geophys Res,1992,97:19909-19928.
[17]Zhao D,Hasegawa A,Kanamori H.Deep structure of Japan subduction zone as derived fromlocal,regional and teleseis-mic events[J].J Geophys Res,1994,99:22313-22329.
[18]Huang J,Zhao D.High-resolution mantle tomography of China and surrounding regions[J].J Geophys Res,2006,111,B09305.
[19]Huang J,Zhao D,Zheng S.Lithospheric structure and its relationship to seismic and volcanic activityin southwest Chi-na[J].J Geophys Res,2002,107,10.1029/2000JB000137.
[20]Wang C,Chan W,Mooney W.Three-dimensional velocity structure of the crust and upper mantlein southwestern China andits tectonic implications[J].J Geophys Res,2003,108,B9:2442.
[21]Huang J,Zhao D.Crustal heterogeneity and seismotectonics of the region around Beijing,China[J].Tectonophysics,2004,385:159-180.
[22]Qi C,Zhao D,Chen Y,et al.3-D P and S wave velocity structures and their relationship to strong earthquakes in the Chinese capital region[J].Chinese J Geophys,2006,49(3):805-815(in Chinese).
[23]Zhao D,Lei J,Tang R.Origin of the Changbai intra plate volcanismin Northeast China:Evidence from seismic tomo-graphy[J].Chinese Sci Bull,2004,49(13):1401-1408.
[24]Lei J,Zhao D.P-wave tomography and origin of the Chang-bai intraplate volcanoin Northeast Asia[J].Tectonophysics,2005,397:281-295.
[25]Guo B,Liu Q,Chen J,et al.Seismic tomographicimaging of the crust and upper mantle beneath the northeastern edge of the Qinghai-Xizang plateau and the Ordos area[J].Chinese J Geophys,2004,47(5):790-797(in Chinese).
[26]He R,Zhao D,Gao R,et al.Teleseismic P-wave tomo-graphy of lithospheric mantle beneath west Kunlun orogenic belts[J].Chinese J Geophys,2006,49(3):778-787(in Chi-nese).
[27]Zhao D,Todo S,Lei J.Local earthquake reflection tomo-graphy of the Landers aftershock area[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,2005,235:623-631.
[28]Dreger D,Hel mberger D.Broadband modeling of local earth-quakes[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,1990,80:1162-1179.
[29]Abdel wahed M,Zhao D.Waveform modeling of local earth-quakes in southwest Japan[J].Earth Planets Space,2005,57:1039-1054.
[30]Zhao D,Wang Z,Umino N,et al.Tomographic imaging outside a seismic network:Application to the northeast Japan arc[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,2007,97:1121-1132.
[31]Mishra O,Zhao D,Umino N,et al.Tomography of the northeast Japanforearc anditsimplications forinterplate seis-mic coupling[J].Geophys Res Lett,2003,30(16):1850.
[32]Wang Z,Zhao D.Seismicimaging of the entire arc of Tohoku and Hokkaidoin Japan by using P-wave,S-wave and sP depth phase data[J].Phys Earth Planet Inter,2005,152:144-162.
[33]Tarduno J,Duncan R,Scholl D.The Emperor seamounts:southward motion of the Hawaiian hotspot plume in Earth s mantle[J].Science,2003,301:1064-1069.
[34]Steinberger B.Plumes in a convecting mantle:models and observations for individual hotspots[J].J Geophys Res,2000,105:11127-11152.
[35]Lei J,Zhao D.Global P-wave tomography:On the effect of various mantle and core phases[J].Phys Earth Planet Inter,2006,154:44-69.
[36]Zhao D.Seismicimages under60hotspots:searchfor mantle plumes[J].Gondwana Research,2007,12(4):335-355.
[37]Zhao D,Lei J,Inoue T,et al.Deep structure and origin of the Baikal rift zone[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,2006,243:681-691.
[38]Zhao D,Lei J.Seismic ray path variationsin a3-Dglobal ve-locity model[J].Phys Earth Planet Inter,2004,141:153-166.
[39]Zhao D,Yamada A,Ohta Y.Precisely measuredtravel times of mantle body waves:implications for mantle heterogeneity and tomography[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2006,13(2):37-49.
[40]Mori J,Hel mberger D.Large-amplitude Moho reflections(SmS)from Landers aftershocks,southern California[J].Bull Seismol Soc Am,1996,86:1845-1852.
[41]Zhao D,Kayal J.Impact of seismic tomography on Earth sci-ences[J].Current Science,2000,79:1208-1214.
[22]齐诚,赵大鹏,陈颙,等.首都圈地区地壳P波和S波三维速度结构及其与大地震的关系[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(3):805-815.
[23]赵大鹏,雷建设,唐荣余.中国东北长白山火山的起源:地震层析成像证据[J].科学通报,2004,49(14):1439-1446.
[25]郭飚,刘启元,陈九辉,等.青藏高原东北缘—鄂尔多斯地壳上地幔地震层析成像研究[J].地球物理学报,2004,47(5):790-797.
[26]贺日政,赵大鹏,高锐,等.利用远震P波层析成像研究西昆仑造山带下岩石圈地幔速度结构[J].地球物理学报,2006,49(3):778-787.
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