地震勘探空间分辨力分析
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摘要
未偏移地震剖面的空间分辨力研究通常采用第一菲涅尔带的解释方法,它是以几何地震学的射线理论为基础,仅考虑了地震波的运动学特征,不能详细描述地震波的动力学特征.本文从物理地震学的广义绕射叠加观点出发,综合分析地震波的运动学和动力学特征,由绕射叠加效应推导出了零炮检距地震道空间分辨力的计算公式.该公式的计算结果与第一菲涅尔带半径在数值上相当,并通过正演模拟验证了计算公式的合理性.因此利用物理地震学的原理研究地震勘探空间分辨力更符合地震波客观实际的传播特征.
The spatial resolving power of seismic sections before migration is usually researched with the interpretation method of the first Fresnel zone radius, which is based on ray path theory belonging to geometric seismology. This method only considers the dynamic characteristic of seismic waves so that it cannot interpret the kinematic characteristics of seismic waves in detail. This paper is based on the theory of generalized diffraction stack belonging to physical seismology, analyses the dynamic and kinematic characteristics of seismic waves synthetically and deduces the spatial resolving power formula of the zero-offset seismic channel with the effect of diffraction stack. In practice, the result of the formula is slightly less than the first Fresnel zone radius. And forward modeling validates that the spatial resolving power formula is reasonable. Therefore, the study of the spatial resolving power of seismic section using the theory of physical seismology accords with actual propagation of seismic waves much more.
The spatial resolving power of seismic sections before migration is usually researched with the interpretation method of the first Fresnel zone radius, which is based on ray path theory belonging to geometric seismology. This method only considers the dynamic characteristic of seismic waves so that it cannot interpret the kinematic characteristics of seismic waves in detail. This paper is based on the theory of generalized diffraction stack belonging to physical seismology, analyses the dynamic and kinematic characteristics of seismic waves synthetically and deduces the spatial resolving power formula of the zero-offset seismic channel with the effect of diffraction stack. In practice, the result of the formula is slightly less than the first Fresnel zone radius. And forward modeling validates that the spatial resolving power formula is reasonable. Therefore, the study of the spatial resolving power of seismic section using the theory of physical seismology accords with actual propagation of seismic waves much more.
引文
[1] Sheriff R E.Limitations on resolution of seismic reflection and geologic detail derivable from them[J].AAPG Memoir,1977,26:3-14．
[2] Ricker N.Wavelet contraction,wavelet expansion,and the control of seismic resolution[J].Geophysics,1953,18(6) :769-792．
[3] Widess M B.How thin isa thin bed[J].Geophysics,1973,38 (6) : 1176-1180．
[4] Denham L R,Sheriff R E.What is horizontal resolution[J]? 50~(th) Annual Internat.Mtg.,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,1980． Session G17．
[5] Kallweit R S,Wood L C.The limits of resolution of zero-phase wavelets[J].Geophysics,1982,47(7) : 1035-1046．
[6] Sheriff R E,Geldart L P.Exploration seismology(Volume 1) [J].New York: Cambridge University Press,1982．
[7] Beylkin G,Oristaglio M,Miller D.Spatial resolution of migration algorithms [J].Proceeding of 14~(th) International Symposium on Acoustical Imaging,1985,155-167．
[8] Safar M H.On the lateral resolution achieved by Kirchhoff migration[J].Geophysic,1985,50(7) : 1091-1099．
[9] Wu R S,Toksoz M N.Diffraction tomography and multisource holography applied to seismic imaging [J].Geophysics,1987,52(1) : 11-25．
[10] Seggern D V.Spatial resolution of acoustic imaging with the Born approximation[J].Geophysics,1991,56(8) : 1185-1202．
[11] Knapp R W.Fresnel zones in the light of broadband data[J].Geophysics,1991,56(3) : 354-359．
[12] Bruhl M,Vermeer G J O,Kiehn M.Fresnel zones of broadband data[J].Geophysic,1996,61(2) : 600-604．
[13] Ebrom D A,Markley S A,McDonald J A.Horizontal resolution before migration for broadband data [J].66~(th) Annual Internat .Mtg.,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,1996,1430-1433．
[14] Vernzeer G J O.Factors affecting spatial resolution[J].The Leading Edge,1998,17 (10) : 1025-1030．
[15] Ma Z T,Jin S W,Cheng J B,et al.Quantitative estimation of seismic imaging resolution [J].72~(th) Annual Internat.Mtg.,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2002． 2281-2284．
[16] Cheng J B,Ma Z T,Wang C L.The generalized spatial resolution in seismic imaging [J].2004 International Geophysical Conference (Volume 1) ,CPS/SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2004,534-537．
[17] 陆基孟.地震勘探原理[M].东营:石油大学出版社.1993． Lu J M.The pinciple of seismic exploration[M].Dongying: China University of Petroleum Press,1993．
[18] Trorey A W.A simple theory for seismic diffractions[J].Geophysics,1970,35 (5) :762-784．
[19] Trorey A W.Diffractions for arbitrary source-receiver locations[J].Geophysics,1977,42(6) : 1177-1182．
[20] Ewing W M,Hardetzky W S,Press F.Elastic waves in layered media[J].New York : Mcgraw-Hill,1957．
[2] Ricker N.Wavelet contraction,wavelet expansion,and the control of seismic resolution[J].Geophysics,1953,18(6) :769-792．
[3] Widess M B.How thin isa thin bed[J].Geophysics,1973,38 (6) : 1176-1180．
[4] Denham L R,Sheriff R E.What is horizontal resolution[J]? 50~(th) Annual Internat.Mtg.,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,1980． Session G17．
[5] Kallweit R S,Wood L C.The limits of resolution of zero-phase wavelets[J].Geophysics,1982,47(7) : 1035-1046．
[6] Sheriff R E,Geldart L P.Exploration seismology(Volume 1) [J].New York: Cambridge University Press,1982．
[7] Beylkin G,Oristaglio M,Miller D.Spatial resolution of migration algorithms [J].Proceeding of 14~(th) International Symposium on Acoustical Imaging,1985,155-167．
[8] Safar M H.On the lateral resolution achieved by Kirchhoff migration[J].Geophysic,1985,50(7) : 1091-1099．
[9] Wu R S,Toksoz M N.Diffraction tomography and multisource holography applied to seismic imaging [J].Geophysics,1987,52(1) : 11-25．
[10] Seggern D V.Spatial resolution of acoustic imaging with the Born approximation[J].Geophysics,1991,56(8) : 1185-1202．
[11] Knapp R W.Fresnel zones in the light of broadband data[J].Geophysics,1991,56(3) : 354-359．
[12] Bruhl M,Vermeer G J O,Kiehn M.Fresnel zones of broadband data[J].Geophysic,1996,61(2) : 600-604．
[13] Ebrom D A,Markley S A,McDonald J A.Horizontal resolution before migration for broadband data [J].66~(th) Annual Internat .Mtg.,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,1996,1430-1433．
[14] Vernzeer G J O.Factors affecting spatial resolution[J].The Leading Edge,1998,17 (10) : 1025-1030．
[15] Ma Z T,Jin S W,Cheng J B,et al.Quantitative estimation of seismic imaging resolution [J].72~(th) Annual Internat.Mtg.,SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2002． 2281-2284．
[16] Cheng J B,Ma Z T,Wang C L.The generalized spatial resolution in seismic imaging [J].2004 International Geophysical Conference (Volume 1) ,CPS/SEG,Expanded Abstracts,2004,534-537．
[17] 陆基孟.地震勘探原理[M].东营:石油大学出版社.1993． Lu J M.The pinciple of seismic exploration[M].Dongying: China University of Petroleum Press,1993．
[18] Trorey A W.A simple theory for seismic diffractions[J].Geophysics,1970,35 (5) :762-784．
[19] Trorey A W.Diffractions for arbitrary source-receiver locations[J].Geophysics,1977,42(6) : 1177-1182．
[20] Ewing W M,Hardetzky W S,Press F.Elastic waves in layered media[J].New York : Mcgraw-Hill,1957．
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