汶川8.0级地震液化震害及特征
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摘要
通过现场详细地调查,归纳总结了汶川地震液化导致的工程震害的现象、分布、规律和特征。结果表明,此次地震液化震害现象显著,位于德阳地区的3个液化区域震害严重,都江堰地区、绵阳游仙区以及江油市区的3个液化区域震害中等,其他地区轻微,液化震害分布与液化分布有一定关系,但二者有所不同;液化场地上房屋均不同程度受损,其中结构性差的房屋会直接倒塌,设有圈梁、构造柱的房屋,液化也会导致其整体倾斜、下沉、开裂;学校液化震害具有典型性,部分校区大面积液化,地裂缝纵横,地基不均匀沉降严重,主体结构开裂、倾斜,功能丧失。这次液化震害具有3个显著特征:(1)只要液化出现的地方,震害均比周围重,没有减震现象;(2)Ⅵ度区不仅有液化现象,而且有明显的液化震害;(3)液化伴随地裂缝,是构成此次地震液化震害的主因。
The distribution and characteristics of liquefaction-induced damages during Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake in China were summarized in detail according to the wide and detailed field investigation.The analytical results are as follows.(1) The liquefaction phenomena are evident,involving thousands of Hundreds thousands square meter of farmland.(2) The liquefied sites distribution and the liquefaction-induced damage distribution are correlated but not the same.Comparison of the liquefaction phenomena,the 3 liquefaction-induced damage areas in Deyang are the most serious;Dujiangyan,Mianyang and Jiangyou districts are the secondly serious;and other areas are relatively light.(3) In the liquefied sites,the poor houses without any consideration of seismic resistant design collapsed,even the houses/buildings with collar beams and constructional columns subsided or tilted.(4) The liquefaction phenomena are typically severe in schools,generating ground fissures and causing buildings tilting,subsiding and cracking.Three obvious characteristics of the liquefaction-induced damage are:(i.) The liquefaction aggravates the structural damage and no shock absorption phenomenon has been observed.(ii.) In the regions of seismic intensity of VI(PGA less than 0.05g),liquefaction phenomena and liquefaction-induced damage were observed and quite remarkable.(iii.) The liquefaction generated ground fissures are the significant cause of liquefaction-induced damage.
The distribution and characteristics of liquefaction-induced damages during Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake in China were summarized in detail according to the wide and detailed field investigation.The analytical results are as follows.(1) The liquefaction phenomena are evident,involving thousands of Hundreds thousands square meter of farmland.(2) The liquefied sites distribution and the liquefaction-induced damage distribution are correlated but not the same.Comparison of the liquefaction phenomena,the 3 liquefaction-induced damage areas in Deyang are the most serious;Dujiangyan,Mianyang and Jiangyou districts are the secondly serious;and other areas are relatively light.(3) In the liquefied sites,the poor houses without any consideration of seismic resistant design collapsed,even the houses/buildings with collar beams and constructional columns subsided or tilted.(4) The liquefaction phenomena are typically severe in schools,generating ground fissures and causing buildings tilting,subsiding and cracking.Three obvious characteristics of the liquefaction-induced damage are:(i.) The liquefaction aggravates the structural damage and no shock absorption phenomenon has been observed.(ii.) In the regions of seismic intensity of VI(PGA less than 0.05g),liquefaction phenomena and liquefaction-induced damage were observed and quite remarkable.(iii.) The liquefaction generated ground fissures are the significant cause of liquefaction-induced damage.
引文
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[15]中国科学院工程力学研究所.海城地震震害[M].北京:地震出版社,1979.
[2]SEED R B,CETIN K O,MOSS R E S,et al.Recent advances in soil liquefaction engineering,a unified and consistent framework[R].EERC,USA:Earthquake Engineering Research Center,2003.
[3]KU C S,LEE D H,WU J H.Evaluation of soil liquefaction in the Chi-Chi Taiwan earthquake using CPT[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2004,24(9/10):659-673.
[4]孟祥跃,张均锋,谈庆明,等.冲击载荷下饱和砂土中流动和破坏的X光观测[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(6):806-807.MENG Xiang-yue,ZHANG Jun-feng,TAN Qing-ming,et al.X-ray observation on flow and failure of saturated sand under impact loading[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2002,21(6):806-807.
[5]王汝恒,贾彬,邓安福,等.砂卵石土动力特性的动三轴试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(增刊2):4059-4064.WANG Ru-heng,JIA Bin,DENG An-fu,et al.Dynamic triaxial testing study on dynamic characteristics of sandy pebble soil[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2006,25(Supp.2):4059-4064.
[6]刘恢先.唐山大地震震害[M].北京:地震出版社,1989.
[7]胡聿贤.地震工程学[M].北京:地震出版社,1988.
[8]廖振鹏.地震小区划(理论与实践)[M].北京:地震出版社,1989.
[9]中华人民共和国国家标准编写组.GB50011-2001建筑抗震设计规范[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[10]袁一凡.四川汶川8.0级地震损失评估[J].地震工程与工程振动,2008,28(5):10-19.YUAN Yi-fan.Loss assessment of Wenchuan earthquake[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2008,28(5):10-19.
[11]王亚勇.汶川地震建筑震害启示——三水准设防和抗震设计基本要求[J].建筑结构学报,2008,29(4):26-33.WANG Ya-yong.Lessons learnt from building damages in the Wenchuan earthquake—three earthquake performance objectives and basic requirements for seismic design of buildings[J].Journal of Building Structures,2008,29(4):26-33.
[12]孙景江,马强,石宏彬,等.汶川地震高烈度区城镇房屋震害简介[J].地震工程与工程振动,2008,28(3):7-15.SUN Jing-jang,MA Qiang,SHI Hong-bin,et al.Building damage in cities and towns located in higher intensity areas during Wenchuan earthquake[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2008,28(3):7-15.
[13]孙柏涛,闫培雷,胡春峰.汶川8.0级大地震极重灾区映秀镇不同建筑结构震害概述及原因简析[J].地震工程与工程振动,2008,28(5):1-9.SUN Bo-tao,YAN Pei-lei,HU Chun-feng.Overview on seismic damage to different structures in Yingxiu Town during Wenchuan earthquake[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,2008,28(5):1-9.
[14]中国地震局工程力学研究所.GB/T18208.3-2000地震现场工作第三部分:调查规范[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2000.
[15]中国科学院工程力学研究所.海城地震震害[M].北京:地震出版社,1979.
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