应力量值研究综述
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摘要
地壳应力场在板块运动模拟、青藏高原隆升、地震孕育和发生等地球动力学研究中具有重要地位。而目前大多数地壳应力方面的研究侧重于方向的确定,对应力量值研究甚少。我们总结了地质、地球物理等方法确定应力量值的思路,在此基础上提出了根据大地震前后应力方向变化和地震破裂应力降张量估计地震震源附近应力量值,并辅以地震前后平均视应力方法等其他方法共同对应力量值进行进一步约束的思路。大地震前后的应力方向变化根据大量前震和余震的震源机制给出,地震破裂造成的应力降场可根据地震破裂详细分布计算,则已知大小和方向的地震应力降场与方向已知、大小未知的地震前后应力张量之间可以构建数学关系,从而得到应力量值。根据地震前震和余震的宽频带辐射能量和地震矩张量目录得到大地震前后的平均视应力,两者之差对应于地震应力降,根据这种关系得到震前应力量值的另一个估计。两种方法相结合,给出应力量值及误差估计,为地球动力学研究提供新的约束。
Crustal stress field has an important position in geodynamics research, such as plate motion simulation, uplift of the Tibet Plateau and earthquake preparation and occurrence, etc. However, most of the crustal stress studies emphasize particularly on the determination of stress direction, little study on stress magnitude has been done at present. We summed up the ideas on stress magnitude study on geological, geophysical and other method, and propose a method to estimate the stress magnitude in source region according to the deflection of stress direction before and after large earthquakes and the stress drop tensor of earthquake rupture. The proposed method can also be supplemented by the average apparent stress before and after large earthquakes, and other methods. The stress direction deflection before and after large earthquakes can be inverted by massive focal mechanisms of foreshocks and aftershocks, the stress drop field generated by seismic source can be calculated by the detailed distribution of earthquake rupture, then the mathematical relationship can be constructed between the stress drop field, whose magnitude and direction are known, and the stress tensor before and after large earthquakes, whose direction is known but magnitude is unknown, thereby the stress magnitude is obtained. The average apparent stress before and after the large earthquake can be obtained by using the catalog of broadband radiated energy and seismic moment tensor of foreshocks and aftershocks, and their difference correspond to stress drop. This relationship leads to another estimation of stress magnitude before the large earthquake. The stress magnitude and its error are constrained by combination the two methods, which provide new constraints for the geodynamics study.
Crustal stress field has an important position in geodynamics research, such as plate motion simulation, uplift of the Tibet Plateau and earthquake preparation and occurrence, etc. However, most of the crustal stress studies emphasize particularly on the determination of stress direction, little study on stress magnitude has been done at present. We summed up the ideas on stress magnitude study on geological, geophysical and other method, and propose a method to estimate the stress magnitude in source region according to the deflection of stress direction before and after large earthquakes and the stress drop tensor of earthquake rupture. The proposed method can also be supplemented by the average apparent stress before and after large earthquakes, and other methods. The stress direction deflection before and after large earthquakes can be inverted by massive focal mechanisms of foreshocks and aftershocks, the stress drop field generated by seismic source can be calculated by the detailed distribution of earthquake rupture, then the mathematical relationship can be constructed between the stress drop field, whose magnitude and direction are known, and the stress tensor before and after large earthquakes, whose direction is known but magnitude is unknown, thereby the stress magnitude is obtained. The average apparent stress before and after the large earthquake can be obtained by using the catalog of broadband radiated energy and seismic moment tensor of foreshocks and aftershocks, and their difference correspond to stress drop. This relationship leads to another estimation of stress magnitude before the large earthquake. The stress magnitude and its error are constrained by combination the two methods, which provide new constraints for the geodynamics study.
引文
陈培善、白彤霞、肖磊,1995,根据环境应力场寻找中国大陆地区的潜在地震危险性,地震学报,17(3),294~304。
陈培善、谷继成、李文香,1977,从断裂力学观点研究地震的破裂过程和地震预报,地球物理学报,20(3),185~202。
陈培善,1981,分析地震波估算地壳内的应力值,地震学报,3(3),251~263。
陈书平、钟建华、宋全友,1998,一种求解倾斜滑动断层差应力的方法,地质力学学报,4(3),36~40。
崔效锋、谢富仁,1999,利用震源机制解对中国西南及邻区进行应力分区的初步研究,地震学报,23(5),513~522。
刁桂苓、于利民、李钦祖,1994,强震前后震源区应力场变化一例,地震学报,16(1),64~69。
刁桂苓、王海涛、高国英等,2005,伽师强震序列应力场的转向过程,地球物理学报,48(5),1062~1068。
李宏、安其美、谢富仁,2005,福建沿海边缘陆域的原地应力测量研究,地震学报,27(5),508~514。
李鹏武、崔军文、王连捷等,2005,中国大陆科学钻探主孔钻孔崩塌与现场应力状态的确定,岩石学报,21(2),421~426。
秦启荣、张烈辉、邓辉等,2004,古构造应力量值确定及其在构造地质建模中的应用,岩石力学与工程学报,23(23),3979~3983。
邵建国、张小平,1991,论上部岩石圈的偏应力值,地质评论,37(4),289~299。
万永革,2006,根据大地震前后应力轴偏转和应力降求取应力量值的研究,地震学报,28(5),472~477。
万永革、沈正康、兰从欣,2006,根据走滑大地震前后应力轴偏转和应力降求取偏应力量值的研究,地球物理学报,49(3),838~844。
吴忠良、黄静、林碧苍,2002,中国西部地震视应力的空间分布,地震学报,24(3),293~301。
谢富仁、李宏,1995,利用断层滑动资料确定鲜水河断裂带构造应力方向和大小,地震学报,17(2),164~171。
谢富仁、张世民、窦素芹等,1999,青藏高原北、东边缘第四纪构造应力场演化特征,地震学报,23(5),513~522。
谢富仁、崔效锋、张景发等,2003,中国现代构造应力场基本特征与分区,见:中国大陆地壳应力环境研究,39~48,北京:地质出版社。
谢新生,2003,盐源-宁蒗地震共轭破裂及极限主应力随地壳深度的变化,地质力学学报,9(2),161~170。
谢新生、王维襄,2002,地震共轭破裂及极限主应力随地壳深度的变化,中国地震,18(2),166~174。
许忠淮,2001,东亚地区现今构造应力图的编制,地震学报,23(5),492~501。
赵建涛、崔效锋、谢富仁,2002,唐山地震震源区构造应力场强度的初步分析,地震学报,24(3),268~276。
郑亚东、王涛、王新社,2007,神秘的109·4°———共轭变形带的夹角,地质科学,42(1),1~9。
Aki K,Richards P G,1980,Quantitative seismology:Theory and methods,Vol1&2,WHFreeman,San Francisco,932pp.
Andrews DJ,1994,Dynamic growth of mixed mode shear cracks,Bull SeismSoc Amer,84,1181~1194.
Angelier J,1989,Fromorientationto magnitude in paleostress determination usingfault slip data,Journal of Structual Geology,11,37~50.
Barton C A,Zoback MD,Burns K L,1988,In-situ stress orientation and magnitude at the fenton geothermal site,New Mexico,determinedfromwellbore breakouts,Geophys Res Lett,15(5),467~470.
Choy GL,Boatwright J L,1995,Global patterns of radiated seismic energy and apparent stress,J Geophys Res,100,18205~18228.
Fialko Y,Rivera L,Kanamori H,2005,Estimate of differential stress inthe upper crust fromvariations intopography and strike alongthe San Andreas fault,Geophys J Int,160,527~532.
Friedman J,Higgs NG,1981,Calcite fabric in experimental shear zones,mechanical behavior of crustal rocks,Geophys,24(1),11~27.
Gephart J W,1990,FMSI:A FORTRAN programfor inverting fault/slickenside and earthquake focal mechanism data to obtain theregional stress tensor,Computer&Geosciences,1990,16,953~989.
Govers R,Wortel J R,Cloetingh S A P L,et al.,1992,Stress magnitude estimates fromearthquakes in oceanic plate interiors,JGeophys Res,97(B8),11749~11759.
Guatteri M,Cocco M,1996,Onthe variation of slip direction during earthquake rupture:Supporting and conflicting evidence fromthe1989Loma Prieta earthquake,Bull SeismSoc Amer,86,1935~1951.
Guatteri M,Spudich P,1998,Coseismic temporal changes of slip direction:The effect of absolute stress on dynamic rupture,Bull SeismSoc Amer,88,777~789.
Hacker B R,Yin A,Christie J M,et al.,1992,Stress magnitude,strain rate,and rheology of extended middle continental crustinferredfromQuartz grain sizes inthe Whipple mountains,California,Tectonics,11(1),36~46.
Hardebeck J L,2006,Homogeneity of small scale earthquake faulting,stress andfault strength,Bull Seis Soc Amer,96(5),1675~1688.
Hauksson E,1994,State of stress fromfocal mechanisms before and after the1992Landers earthquake sequence,Bull Seis Soc Amer,84(3),917~934.
Ikeda R,Iio Y,and Omura K,1996,Active fault zone drillinginthe Hanshin-Awaji area:drilling and in-situ stress measurements atNojima-Hirabayashi,Iwaya,and Kabutoyama,(in Japanese),Proc.Symposium of Fault Dissection Project,Kyoto Univ.,December,1996.
Ikeda R,Iio Y,and Omura K,1997,Activefault zone drillinginthe Hanshin-Awaji area(2):In-situ crustal stress measurementsinthethree deep boreholes(in Japanese),Japan Earth and Planet,Sci.Joint Meeting,A22-02,25-28March1997.
Lespinasse M,Cathelineau M,1995,Paleostress magnitude determination by usingfault slip andfluidinclusions planes data,J GeophysRes,100(B3),3895~3904.
McGarr A,1999,On relating apparent stress tothe stress causing earthquake fault slip,J Geophys Res,104,3003~3011.
Okada Y,1992,Internal deformation due to shear andtensile faults in a half-space,Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,82,1018~1040.
Plenefisch T,Bonjer KP,1997,The stress fieldinthe Rhine Graben area inferredfromearthquake focal mechanisms and estimation offrictional parameters,Tectonophysics,275,71~97.
Ratchkovski N A,2003,Change in stress directions along the central Denali fault,Alaska,after the2002earthquake sequence,Geophys.Res.Lett.,30(19),2017,doi:10.1029/2003GL017905.
Ratchkovski NA,Wiemer S,and Hansen R A,2004,Seismotectonics of the central Denali fault,Alaska,and the2002Denali faultearthquake sequence,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,94,S156~S174.
Roman D C,Moran S C,Power J A,et al,2004,Temporal andspatial variation of local stressfields before and afterthe1992eruptionsof Crater Peak Vent,Mount Spurr Volcano,Alaska,Bull Seis Soc Amer,94(6),2366~2379.
Reynolds S D,Mildren S D,Hillis R R,et al.,2006,Constraining stress magnitudes using petroleumexploration data in the Cooper-Eromanga Basins,Australia,Tectnophysics,415,123~140.
Spudich P,1992,Onthe inference of absolute stress levels fromseismic radiation,Tectonophysics,211,99~106.
Spudich P,Guatteri M,Otsuki K,et al.,1998,Use of fault striations and dislocation models to infer tectonic shear stress during the1995Hyogo-ken Nanbu(Kobe)earthquake,Bull SeismAmer Soc,88(2),413~427.
Tsukahara,H.,Ikeda,R.and Ando.M,1997,Stress state of the Arima-Takatsuki-Rokko fault zone,(3)results at Nojima-Ogura,Abstracts of Japan Earth and Plan,Sci.Joint Meeting,16.
Vernik L,Zoback MD,1992,Estimationof maximumhorizontal principal stress magnitudefromstress-induced well bore breakoutsintheCajon pass scientific research borehole,J Geophys Res,97(B4),5109~5119.
Wesson RL,Boyd OS,2007,Stress before and afterthe2002Denali fault earthquake,Geophys Res Lett,34,L07303,doi:10.1029/2007GL029189.
Wu H,Ma K,Zoback M,et al.,2007,Stress orientations of Taiwan Chelungpu-Fault Drilling Project(TCDP)hole-Aas observedfromgeophysical logs,Geophys.Res.Lett.,34,L01303,doi:10.1029/2006GL028050.
Wu Z L,2001,Scalingof apparent stressfrombroadbandradiated energycatalogue andseismic moment catalogue anditsfocal mechanismdependence,Earth Planets Space,53,943~948.
Wyss M,Gillard D,Liang B,1992,An estimate of the absolute stress tensor in Kaoiki,Hawaii,J Geophys Res,97,4763~4768.
Yamashita F,Fukuyama E,Omura K,2004,Estimation of fault strength:Reconstruction of stress before the1995Kobe earthquake,Science,306,261~263.
Zoback ML,1992a,First-and second-order patterns of stress inthe lithosphere:The World Stress Map Project,J Geophys Res,97,11703~11728.
Zoback ML,1992b,Stressfield constraints onintraplate seismicityineastern North America,J Geophys Res,97(B8),11761~11782.
Zoback ML,HealyJ H,1992c,Insitustress measurementsto3·5kmdepthinthe Cajon Pass scientific research borehole:Implicationsfor the mechanics of crustal faulting,J Geophys Res,97(B4),5039~5057.
陈培善、谷继成、李文香,1977,从断裂力学观点研究地震的破裂过程和地震预报,地球物理学报,20(3),185~202。
陈培善,1981,分析地震波估算地壳内的应力值,地震学报,3(3),251~263。
陈书平、钟建华、宋全友,1998,一种求解倾斜滑动断层差应力的方法,地质力学学报,4(3),36~40。
崔效锋、谢富仁,1999,利用震源机制解对中国西南及邻区进行应力分区的初步研究,地震学报,23(5),513~522。
刁桂苓、于利民、李钦祖,1994,强震前后震源区应力场变化一例,地震学报,16(1),64~69。
刁桂苓、王海涛、高国英等,2005,伽师强震序列应力场的转向过程,地球物理学报,48(5),1062~1068。
李宏、安其美、谢富仁,2005,福建沿海边缘陆域的原地应力测量研究,地震学报,27(5),508~514。
李鹏武、崔军文、王连捷等,2005,中国大陆科学钻探主孔钻孔崩塌与现场应力状态的确定,岩石学报,21(2),421~426。
秦启荣、张烈辉、邓辉等,2004,古构造应力量值确定及其在构造地质建模中的应用,岩石力学与工程学报,23(23),3979~3983。
邵建国、张小平,1991,论上部岩石圈的偏应力值,地质评论,37(4),289~299。
万永革,2006,根据大地震前后应力轴偏转和应力降求取应力量值的研究,地震学报,28(5),472~477。
万永革、沈正康、兰从欣,2006,根据走滑大地震前后应力轴偏转和应力降求取偏应力量值的研究,地球物理学报,49(3),838~844。
吴忠良、黄静、林碧苍,2002,中国西部地震视应力的空间分布,地震学报,24(3),293~301。
谢富仁、李宏,1995,利用断层滑动资料确定鲜水河断裂带构造应力方向和大小,地震学报,17(2),164~171。
谢富仁、张世民、窦素芹等,1999,青藏高原北、东边缘第四纪构造应力场演化特征,地震学报,23(5),513~522。
谢富仁、崔效锋、张景发等,2003,中国现代构造应力场基本特征与分区,见:中国大陆地壳应力环境研究,39~48,北京:地质出版社。
谢新生,2003,盐源-宁蒗地震共轭破裂及极限主应力随地壳深度的变化,地质力学学报,9(2),161~170。
谢新生、王维襄,2002,地震共轭破裂及极限主应力随地壳深度的变化,中国地震,18(2),166~174。
许忠淮,2001,东亚地区现今构造应力图的编制,地震学报,23(5),492~501。
赵建涛、崔效锋、谢富仁,2002,唐山地震震源区构造应力场强度的初步分析,地震学报,24(3),268~276。
郑亚东、王涛、王新社,2007,神秘的109·4°———共轭变形带的夹角,地质科学,42(1),1~9。
Aki K,Richards P G,1980,Quantitative seismology:Theory and methods,Vol1&2,WHFreeman,San Francisco,932pp.
Andrews DJ,1994,Dynamic growth of mixed mode shear cracks,Bull SeismSoc Amer,84,1181~1194.
Angelier J,1989,Fromorientationto magnitude in paleostress determination usingfault slip data,Journal of Structual Geology,11,37~50.
Barton C A,Zoback MD,Burns K L,1988,In-situ stress orientation and magnitude at the fenton geothermal site,New Mexico,determinedfromwellbore breakouts,Geophys Res Lett,15(5),467~470.
Choy GL,Boatwright J L,1995,Global patterns of radiated seismic energy and apparent stress,J Geophys Res,100,18205~18228.
Fialko Y,Rivera L,Kanamori H,2005,Estimate of differential stress inthe upper crust fromvariations intopography and strike alongthe San Andreas fault,Geophys J Int,160,527~532.
Friedman J,Higgs NG,1981,Calcite fabric in experimental shear zones,mechanical behavior of crustal rocks,Geophys,24(1),11~27.
Gephart J W,1990,FMSI:A FORTRAN programfor inverting fault/slickenside and earthquake focal mechanism data to obtain theregional stress tensor,Computer&Geosciences,1990,16,953~989.
Govers R,Wortel J R,Cloetingh S A P L,et al.,1992,Stress magnitude estimates fromearthquakes in oceanic plate interiors,JGeophys Res,97(B8),11749~11759.
Guatteri M,Cocco M,1996,Onthe variation of slip direction during earthquake rupture:Supporting and conflicting evidence fromthe1989Loma Prieta earthquake,Bull SeismSoc Amer,86,1935~1951.
Guatteri M,Spudich P,1998,Coseismic temporal changes of slip direction:The effect of absolute stress on dynamic rupture,Bull SeismSoc Amer,88,777~789.
Hacker B R,Yin A,Christie J M,et al.,1992,Stress magnitude,strain rate,and rheology of extended middle continental crustinferredfromQuartz grain sizes inthe Whipple mountains,California,Tectonics,11(1),36~46.
Hardebeck J L,2006,Homogeneity of small scale earthquake faulting,stress andfault strength,Bull Seis Soc Amer,96(5),1675~1688.
Hauksson E,1994,State of stress fromfocal mechanisms before and after the1992Landers earthquake sequence,Bull Seis Soc Amer,84(3),917~934.
Ikeda R,Iio Y,and Omura K,1996,Active fault zone drillinginthe Hanshin-Awaji area:drilling and in-situ stress measurements atNojima-Hirabayashi,Iwaya,and Kabutoyama,(in Japanese),Proc.Symposium of Fault Dissection Project,Kyoto Univ.,December,1996.
Ikeda R,Iio Y,and Omura K,1997,Activefault zone drillinginthe Hanshin-Awaji area(2):In-situ crustal stress measurementsinthethree deep boreholes(in Japanese),Japan Earth and Planet,Sci.Joint Meeting,A22-02,25-28March1997.
Lespinasse M,Cathelineau M,1995,Paleostress magnitude determination by usingfault slip andfluidinclusions planes data,J GeophysRes,100(B3),3895~3904.
McGarr A,1999,On relating apparent stress tothe stress causing earthquake fault slip,J Geophys Res,104,3003~3011.
Okada Y,1992,Internal deformation due to shear andtensile faults in a half-space,Bull.Seism.Soc.Amer.,82,1018~1040.
Plenefisch T,Bonjer KP,1997,The stress fieldinthe Rhine Graben area inferredfromearthquake focal mechanisms and estimation offrictional parameters,Tectonophysics,275,71~97.
Ratchkovski N A,2003,Change in stress directions along the central Denali fault,Alaska,after the2002earthquake sequence,Geophys.Res.Lett.,30(19),2017,doi:10.1029/2003GL017905.
Ratchkovski NA,Wiemer S,and Hansen R A,2004,Seismotectonics of the central Denali fault,Alaska,and the2002Denali faultearthquake sequence,Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,94,S156~S174.
Roman D C,Moran S C,Power J A,et al,2004,Temporal andspatial variation of local stressfields before and afterthe1992eruptionsof Crater Peak Vent,Mount Spurr Volcano,Alaska,Bull Seis Soc Amer,94(6),2366~2379.
Reynolds S D,Mildren S D,Hillis R R,et al.,2006,Constraining stress magnitudes using petroleumexploration data in the Cooper-Eromanga Basins,Australia,Tectnophysics,415,123~140.
Spudich P,1992,Onthe inference of absolute stress levels fromseismic radiation,Tectonophysics,211,99~106.
Spudich P,Guatteri M,Otsuki K,et al.,1998,Use of fault striations and dislocation models to infer tectonic shear stress during the1995Hyogo-ken Nanbu(Kobe)earthquake,Bull SeismAmer Soc,88(2),413~427.
Tsukahara,H.,Ikeda,R.and Ando.M,1997,Stress state of the Arima-Takatsuki-Rokko fault zone,(3)results at Nojima-Ogura,Abstracts of Japan Earth and Plan,Sci.Joint Meeting,16.
Vernik L,Zoback MD,1992,Estimationof maximumhorizontal principal stress magnitudefromstress-induced well bore breakoutsintheCajon pass scientific research borehole,J Geophys Res,97(B4),5109~5119.
Wesson RL,Boyd OS,2007,Stress before and afterthe2002Denali fault earthquake,Geophys Res Lett,34,L07303,doi:10.1029/2007GL029189.
Wu H,Ma K,Zoback M,et al.,2007,Stress orientations of Taiwan Chelungpu-Fault Drilling Project(TCDP)hole-Aas observedfromgeophysical logs,Geophys.Res.Lett.,34,L01303,doi:10.1029/2006GL028050.
Wu Z L,2001,Scalingof apparent stressfrombroadbandradiated energycatalogue andseismic moment catalogue anditsfocal mechanismdependence,Earth Planets Space,53,943~948.
Wyss M,Gillard D,Liang B,1992,An estimate of the absolute stress tensor in Kaoiki,Hawaii,J Geophys Res,97,4763~4768.
Yamashita F,Fukuyama E,Omura K,2004,Estimation of fault strength:Reconstruction of stress before the1995Kobe earthquake,Science,306,261~263.
Zoback ML,1992a,First-and second-order patterns of stress inthe lithosphere:The World Stress Map Project,J Geophys Res,97,11703~11728.
Zoback ML,1992b,Stressfield constraints onintraplate seismicityineastern North America,J Geophys Res,97(B8),11761~11782.
Zoback ML,HealyJ H,1992c,Insitustress measurementsto3·5kmdepthinthe Cajon Pass scientific research borehole:Implicationsfor the mechanics of crustal faulting,J Geophys Res,97(B4),5039~5057.
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