强震前热红外异常识别方法与定量分析模型
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摘要
为获取与构造活动有关的卫星热红外异常信息,提出了一种基于参考基准场的震前热红外遥感定量分析模型与异常识别方法.对遥感图像进行辐射定标、几何校正、云检测等处理后,根据研究区内不同时相遥感图像像元的亮温值与空间平均值之差及其时间域平均值与标准差,计算热红外异常图像像元的异常指数,提出了异常识别方法;进而计算当前热红外异常图像各像元亮温值与序列遥感图像的多年平均亮温之差,建立异常定量分析模型.利用多年热红外遥感资料建立目标区的参考基准场,并采用此异常识别方法与定量分析模型,分析了1998年张北Ms6.2级地震前热红外异常的演化特征.结果表明:1月5日沿张家口-渤海断裂出现异常,1月8日异常面积达到最大,为64.7万km2,最高增温幅度达到9 K,11日异常消失.
To extract the thermal infrared(TIR) anomaly information related to the tectonic activities from remote sensing data,a new pre-earthquake TIR anomaly recognition method and quantitative analysis model based on reference field are presented.Firstly,the radiometric calibration,geometric calibration and cloud detection should be done for all images.Later,according to the difference between the brightness temperature value and the spatial average value of each pixel at different time,and to the time average values and the standard deviation values of each pixel,the TIR anomaly indexes of remote sensing image pixels in the investigated area are calculated,and an anomaly identification method is presented.Furthermore,the difference between the brightness temperature value of each pixel of present image and the corresponding years-average brightness temperature value from series images were calculated,and a quantitative analysis model is established to extract the TIR anomaly information.With the setting up of the reference field of the target area from remote sensing images for years,and by using of the anomaly identification method and the quantitative analyzing model,the evolution features of TIR anomaly variation before Zhangbei earthquake,Ms6.2,1998,are analyzed.The results show that 1) there was distinguishable TIR anomaly appeared along the Zhangjiakou-Bohai Sea fault zone on January 5,1998,2) the area of the TIR anomaly is 647 000 km2 and reached the maximum on January 8,1998,and the amplitude of the TIR anomaly is 9 K.3) the TIR anomaly disappeared on January 11,1998.
To extract the thermal infrared(TIR) anomaly information related to the tectonic activities from remote sensing data,a new pre-earthquake TIR anomaly recognition method and quantitative analysis model based on reference field are presented.Firstly,the radiometric calibration,geometric calibration and cloud detection should be done for all images.Later,according to the difference between the brightness temperature value and the spatial average value of each pixel at different time,and to the time average values and the standard deviation values of each pixel,the TIR anomaly indexes of remote sensing image pixels in the investigated area are calculated,and an anomaly identification method is presented.Furthermore,the difference between the brightness temperature value of each pixel of present image and the corresponding years-average brightness temperature value from series images were calculated,and a quantitative analysis model is established to extract the TIR anomaly information.With the setting up of the reference field of the target area from remote sensing images for years,and by using of the anomaly identification method and the quantitative analyzing model,the evolution features of TIR anomaly variation before Zhangbei earthquake,Ms6.2,1998,are analyzed.The results show that 1) there was distinguishable TIR anomaly appeared along the Zhangjiakou-Bohai Sea fault zone on January 5,1998,2) the area of the TIR anomaly is 647 000 km2 and reached the maximum on January 8,1998,and the amplitude of the TIR anomaly is 9 K.3) the TIR anomaly disappeared on January 11,1998.
引文
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[9]徐秀登,徐向民,王煜.台湾南投7.6级地震前卫星红外异常[J].地震学报,2000,22(6):666-669.XU Xiu-deng,XU Xiang-min,WANG Yu.Satelliteinfrared anomaly before nantou Ms7.6 earthquake inTaiwan,China[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2000,22(6):666-669.
[10]徐秀登.徐向民.地震前红外异常的基本特征与成因机理[J].西北地震学报,2001,23(3):310-312.XU Xiu-deng,XU Xiang-min.The basic charactersand formation mechanism of satellite infrared anom-alies before strong earthquakes[J].NorthwesternSeismological Journal,2001,23(3):310-312.
[11]TRONIN A A.Satellite thermal survey-a new toolfor the studies of seismoactive regions[J].Interna-tional Journal of Remote Sensing,1996,17(8):1439-1455.
[12]TRONIN A A,HAYAKAWA M,MOLCHANOVO A.Thermal IR satellite data application for earth-quake research in Japan and China[J].Jouranl Geo-dynamics,2002(33):519-534.
[13]马瑾,单新建.利用遥感技术研究断层现今活动的探索:以玛尼地震前后断层相互作用为例[J].地震地质,2000,22(3):210-212.MA Jin,SHAN Xin-jian.An attempt to study ac-tivity of fault using remote sensing technology:Acase of the Mani earthquake[J].Seismology and Ge-ology,2000,22(3):210-215.
[14]吕琪琦,丁鉴海,崔承禹.1998年1月10日张北6.2级地震前可能的卫星热红外异常现象[J].地震学报,2000,22(2):183-188.LU Qi-qi,DING Qian-hai,CUI Chen-yu.Probablesatellite infrared anomaly before Zhangbei earth-quake(Ms 6.2)on Jan.10,1998[J].Acta Seis-mologica Sinica,2000,22(2):183-188.
[15]陈梅花,邓志辉,贾庆华.地震前卫星红外异常与发震断裂的关系研究:以2001年昆仑山8.1级地震为例[J].地震地质,2003,25(1):100-108.CHEN Mei-hua,DENG Zhi-hui,JIA Qing-hua.The relationship between the satellite infrared anom-alies before earthquake and the seismogenic fault:Acase study on the 2001 Kunlun earthquake[J].Seis-mology and Geology,2003,25(1):100-108.
[16]TRAMUTOLI V,BELLO G D,PERGOLA N,etal.Robust satellite techniques for remote sensing ofseismically active areas[J].Annali di Geofisica,2001,44(2):295-312.
[17]BELLO G D,FILIZZOLA C,LACAVA T.Robustsatellite techniques for volcanic and seismic hazardsmonitoring[J].Annals of Geophysics,2004,47(1):49-63.
[18]FILIZZOLA C,NPERGOLA N,PIETRAPERTO-SA C,et al.Robust satellite techniques for seismi-cally active areas monitoring:a sensitivity analysison September 7,1999 Athens’s earthquake[J].Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2004(29):517-527.
[19]TRAMUTOLI V,CUOMOV,FILIZZOLAC,etal.Assessing the potential of thermal infrared sat-ellite surveys for monitoring seismically active are-as:The case of Kocaeli(Izmit)earthquake,August17,1999[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2005(96):409-426.
[2]吴立新,刘善军,吴育华,等.遥感-岩石力学(Ⅰ):非连续组合断层破裂的热红外辐射规律及其构造地震前兆意义[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(1):24-30.WU Li-xin,LIU Shan-jun,WU Yun-hua,et al.Re-mote sensing-rock mechanics(Ⅰ):Laws of thermalinfrared radiation from fracturing of discontinuousjointed faults and its meanings for tectonic earthquakeomens[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics andEngineering,2004,23(1):24-30.
[3]吴立新,刘善军,吴育华,等.遥感-岩石力学(Ⅱ):断层双剪黏滑的热红外辐射规律及其构造地震前兆意义[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(2):192-198.WU Li-xin,LIU Shan-jun,WU Yun-hua,et al.Re-mote sensing-rock mechanics(Ⅱ):Laws of thermalinfrared radiation from viscosity-sliding of bi-sheared faults and its meanings for tectonic earth-quake omens[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanicsand Engineering,2004,23(2):192-198.
[4]吴立新,刘善军,许向红,等.遥感-岩石力学(Ⅲ):交汇断层黏滑的热红外辐射与声发射规律及其构造地震前兆意义[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(3):401-407.WU Li-xin,LIU Shan-jun,WU Yun-hua,et al.Re-mote sensing-rock mechanics(Ⅲ):Laws of thermalinfrared radiation and acoustic emission from frictionsliding intersected faults and its meanings for tectonicearthquake omens[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Me-chanics and Engineering,2004,23(3):401-407.
[5]吴立新,刘善军,吴育华,等.遥感-岩石力学(Ⅳ):岩石压剪破裂的热红外辐射规律及其地震前兆意义[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(4):539-544.WU Li-xin,LIU Shan-jun,WU Yun-hua,et al.Re-mote sensing-rock mechanics(Ⅳ):Laws of thermalinfrared radiation from compressively-sheared fractu-ring of rock and its meanings for earthquake omens[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engi-neering,2004,23(4):539-544.
[6]刘培洵,刘力强,陈顺云,等.地表岩石变形引起热红外辐射的实验研究[J].地震地质,2004,26(3):502-511.LIU Pei-xun,LIU Li-qiang,CHEN Shun-yun,et al.An experiment on the infrared radiation of surficialrocks during deformation[J].Seismology and Geolo-gy,2004,26(3):502-511.
[7]刘力强,陈国强,刘培洵,等.岩石变形实验热红外观测系统[J].地震地质,2004,26(3):492-501.LIU Li-qiang,CHEN Guo-qiang,LIU Pei-xun,etal.Infrared measurement system for rock deforma-tion experiment[J].Seismology and Geology,2004,26(3):492-501.
[8]强祖基,赁常恭,李玲芝,等.卫星热红外图像亮温异常:临震前兆[J].中国科学:D辑,1998,28(6):564-573.QING Zu-ji,DIAN Chang-gong,LI Ling-zhi,et al.Satellite infrared brightness temperature anomaly-Earthquake imminent precursor[J].Science in Chi-na:Ser D,1998,28(6):564-573.
[9]徐秀登,徐向民,王煜.台湾南投7.6级地震前卫星红外异常[J].地震学报,2000,22(6):666-669.XU Xiu-deng,XU Xiang-min,WANG Yu.Satelliteinfrared anomaly before nantou Ms7.6 earthquake inTaiwan,China[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2000,22(6):666-669.
[10]徐秀登.徐向民.地震前红外异常的基本特征与成因机理[J].西北地震学报,2001,23(3):310-312.XU Xiu-deng,XU Xiang-min.The basic charactersand formation mechanism of satellite infrared anom-alies before strong earthquakes[J].NorthwesternSeismological Journal,2001,23(3):310-312.
[11]TRONIN A A.Satellite thermal survey-a new toolfor the studies of seismoactive regions[J].Interna-tional Journal of Remote Sensing,1996,17(8):1439-1455.
[12]TRONIN A A,HAYAKAWA M,MOLCHANOVO A.Thermal IR satellite data application for earth-quake research in Japan and China[J].Jouranl Geo-dynamics,2002(33):519-534.
[13]马瑾,单新建.利用遥感技术研究断层现今活动的探索:以玛尼地震前后断层相互作用为例[J].地震地质,2000,22(3):210-212.MA Jin,SHAN Xin-jian.An attempt to study ac-tivity of fault using remote sensing technology:Acase of the Mani earthquake[J].Seismology and Ge-ology,2000,22(3):210-215.
[14]吕琪琦,丁鉴海,崔承禹.1998年1月10日张北6.2级地震前可能的卫星热红外异常现象[J].地震学报,2000,22(2):183-188.LU Qi-qi,DING Qian-hai,CUI Chen-yu.Probablesatellite infrared anomaly before Zhangbei earth-quake(Ms 6.2)on Jan.10,1998[J].Acta Seis-mologica Sinica,2000,22(2):183-188.
[15]陈梅花,邓志辉,贾庆华.地震前卫星红外异常与发震断裂的关系研究:以2001年昆仑山8.1级地震为例[J].地震地质,2003,25(1):100-108.CHEN Mei-hua,DENG Zhi-hui,JIA Qing-hua.The relationship between the satellite infrared anom-alies before earthquake and the seismogenic fault:Acase study on the 2001 Kunlun earthquake[J].Seis-mology and Geology,2003,25(1):100-108.
[16]TRAMUTOLI V,BELLO G D,PERGOLA N,etal.Robust satellite techniques for remote sensing ofseismically active areas[J].Annali di Geofisica,2001,44(2):295-312.
[17]BELLO G D,FILIZZOLA C,LACAVA T.Robustsatellite techniques for volcanic and seismic hazardsmonitoring[J].Annals of Geophysics,2004,47(1):49-63.
[18]FILIZZOLA C,NPERGOLA N,PIETRAPERTO-SA C,et al.Robust satellite techniques for seismi-cally active areas monitoring:a sensitivity analysison September 7,1999 Athens’s earthquake[J].Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2004(29):517-527.
[19]TRAMUTOLI V,CUOMOV,FILIZZOLAC,etal.Assessing the potential of thermal infrared sat-ellite surveys for monitoring seismically active are-as:The case of Kocaeli(Izmit)earthquake,August17,1999[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2005(96):409-426.
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