断层失稳错动热场前兆模式:雁列断层的实验研究
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摘要
在实验室使用红外热像仪和接触式测温仪同步观测记录了压性和张性雁列断层失稳错动前后的热场变化过程.从实验记录中发现,在断层失稳引起温度场和热红外辐射亮温温度场上升之前,在两断层段之间的岩桥区发生降温变化.断层带开始升温发生在失稳前2～3s内,岩桥区的降温却发生在失稳前约20s,这两个超前时间长度相差近一个量级.此类热场先降后升变化过程在雁列构造变形中有一定的普遍性,可能作为雁列断层失稳错动的热场前兆模式.根据实验观测结果,详细描述了上述热场变化的时间过程及其空间分布特征,分析了产生此种失稳前兆模式的机制,显著异常出现的条件及有利观测部位,讨论了它在地震前兆探索等研究中的意义.
We have measured synchronously the variation of temperature and infrared radiation fields before and after stick-slip events on compressive and extensional en echelon faults by using an infrared thermal image system and a contact-type thermometric apparatus in the laboratory. From the record during the experiments we found that the temperature and thermal radiation values drop first in the inner flank of the jog before they begin to jump along the fault. The relative rising of temperature along fault occurs 2～3 seconds before a stick-slip, while drop of temperature in jog area happens 20 seconds before, meaning about a magnitude more time ahead. This kind of pattern .temperature drops first and rises afterwards" is ubiquitous to some extent for stick slip events during the deformation of en echelon faults. Therefore, it can be regarded as a heat precursor pattern of instability. The temporal process and the characteristics in spatial structure of thermal field are described based on the results of the experiment. The mechanism of precursory pattern is discussed. The generation condition of remarkable anomalies and favorable sites of observations for this precursory phenomenon are analyzed. Moreover, the significance in exploring of earthquake precursory and application of satellite infrared information is discussed.
We have measured synchronously the variation of temperature and infrared radiation fields before and after stick-slip events on compressive and extensional en echelon faults by using an infrared thermal image system and a contact-type thermometric apparatus in the laboratory. From the record during the experiments we found that the temperature and thermal radiation values drop first in the inner flank of the jog before they begin to jump along the fault. The relative rising of temperature along fault occurs 2～3 seconds before a stick-slip, while drop of temperature in jog area happens 20 seconds before, meaning about a magnitude more time ahead. This kind of pattern .temperature drops first and rises afterwards" is ubiquitous to some extent for stick slip events during the deformation of en echelon faults. Therefore, it can be regarded as a heat precursor pattern of instability. The temporal process and the characteristics in spatial structure of thermal field are described based on the results of the experiment. The mechanism of precursory pattern is discussed. The generation condition of remarkable anomalies and favorable sites of observations for this precursory phenomenon are analyzed. Moreover, the significance in exploring of earthquake precursory and application of satellite infrared information is discussed.
引文
[1]Ouzounov D,Freund F.Mid-infrared emission prior to strong earthquakes analyzed by remote sensing data.Advances in Space Research,2004,33:268～273
[2]Morzova LI.Manifestations of the lithosphere-atmosphere coupling at strong earthquake in Asia.Izvestia,Physics of the Soild Earth,1996,32(5):453～458
[3]Morzova LI.Dynamics of cloud anomalies above faults in periods of natural andinduced seismicity.Izvestia,Physics ofthe Soild Earth,1997,33(9):778～779
[4]Morzova LI.Satellite meteorological images as carriers of information on seismic processes.GeologyofPacific Ocean,2000,15:439～446
[5]Tronin AA.Satellite thermal survey——a newtool for the studies of seismoactive regions.International J.ofRemote Sensing,1996,17:1439～1455
[6]Tronin A A,Hayakawa M,Molchanov O A.Thermal IR satellitedata applicationfor earthquake researchinJapan and China.Journal ofGeodynamics,2002,33(2002):519～534
[7]Nusipov E,Abakanov T,Ospanov A B,Ospanov Am.Lugovskoe earthquake May23,2003.The Fifth Kazakhstan-Chinese International Symposium,(Modern Geodynamlcs and Seismic Risk of Central Asia).Almaty,2003.17～18
[8]Tramutoli V,Aliano C,Corrado R,et al.TIRsatellite techniquesfor monitoring the earthquake active regions:review of the limits,achievements and perspectives,2004,T53C-06,Fall Meeting,AGU,EOS,Nov.7
[9]陈梅花,邓志辉,贾庆华.地震前卫星红外异常与发震断裂的关系研究——以2001年昆仑山8.1级地震为例.地震地质,2003,25(1):100～108Chen M H,Deng Z H,Jia Q H.The relationship between the satellite infrared anomalies before earthquake and the seismogenic fault—Acase study onthe2001Kunlun earthquake.Seismologyand Geology(in Chinese),2003,25(1):100～108
[10]单新建,屈春燕,马瑾.卫星热红外观测与发震断层不同段落交替活动特征分析.大地测量与地球动力学,2005,25(2):58～62Shan XJ,Qu C Y,Ma J.Satellite thermal infrared observation and analysis on alternate activity of different segments of seismogenic fault.J.ofGeodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),2005,25(2):58～62
[11]马瑾,单新建.利用遥感技术研究现今断层活动的探索—以玛尼地震前后断层相互作用为例.地震地质,2000,22(3):210～215Ma J,Shan X J.An attempt to study fault activity using remote sensingtechnology—Acase of the Mani earthquake.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2000,22(3):210～215
[12]马瑾,陈顺云,刘培洵等.用卫星热红外信息研究关联断层活动的时空变化——以南北地震构造为例.地球物理学报,2006,49(3):816～823Ma J,Chen S Y,Liu P X,et al.Temporal-spatial variations of associated faultinginferredfromsatellite infraredinformation:Acase study of the N-Sseismo-tectonic zonein China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,49(3):816～823
[13]陈顺云,刘培询,刘力强等.地表热红外辐射的小波分析及其在现今构造活动研究中的意义.地球物理学报,2006,49(3):824～830Chen S Y,Liu P X,Liu L Q,et al.Wavelet analysis of thermal infrared radiation of land surface and its implementation in the study of current tectonic activity.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,49(3):824～830
[14]崔承禹,邓明德,耿乃光.在不同压力下岩石光谱辐射特性研究.科学通报,1993,38(6):538～541Cui C Y,Deng MD,Geng NG.Study on the features of spectrum radiation of rocks under different loading.Chinese Science Bulletin(in Chinese),1993,38(6):538～541
[15]邓明德,耿乃光,崔承禹.岩石应力状态改变引起岩石热状态改变的研究.中国地震,1997,13(2):179～185Deng M D,Geng N G,Cui C Y.The study on the variation of thermal state of rocks caused by variation of stress state of rocks.Earthquake Researchin China(in Chinese),1997,13(2):179～185
[16]董玉芬,王来贵,刘向峰等.岩石变形过程中红外辐射的实验研究.岩土力学,2001,22(2):134～137Dong YF,Wang L G,Liu XF,et al.The experimental research of theinfrared radiation in the process of rock deformation.Rock and Soil Mechanics(in Chinese),2001,22(2):134～137
[17]耿乃光,崔承禹,邓明德.岩石破裂实验中的遥感观测与遥感岩石力学的开端.地震学报,1992,14(增刊):645～652Geng NG,Cui C Y,Deng MD.Remote sensing detection of rock fracturing experiment and the beginning of remote rock mechanics.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1992,14(Suppl.):645～652
[18]耿乃光,崔承禹,邓明德等.遥感岩石力学及其应用前景.地球物理学进展,1993,8(4):1～7Geng N G,Cui C Y,Deng M D,et al.Remote sensing rock mechanics and its application prospects.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),1993,8(4):1～7
[19]吴立新,王金庄.煤岩受压红外热像与辐射温度特征实验.中国科学(D辑),1998,28(1):41～46Wu L X,WangJ Z.Features of infraredthermal image andradiation temperature of coal rocks loaded.Science in China(Ser D)(in Chinese),1998,28(1):41～46
[20]刘善军,吴立新,吴育华等.受载岩石红外辐射的影响因素及机理分析.矿山测量,2003,3:67～70Liu S J,Wu L X,Wu Y H,et al.Analysis of affectingfactors and mechanics of infrared radiation coming from loaded rocks.Mine Surveying(in Chinese),2003,3:67～70
[21]钱家栋,邓明德,尹京苑等.雷达用于地震预测的基础实验研究.地球物理学报,2005,48(5):1103～1109Qian J D,Deng MD,YinJ Y,et al.Abasic experimental study of earthquake prediction in terms of radar technology.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2005,48(5):1103～1109
[22]尹京苑,房宗绯,钱家栋等.红外遥感用于地震预测及其物理机理研究.中国地震,2000,16(2):140～148Yin J Y,Fang Z F,Qian J D,et al.Research onthe application of infrared remote sensing in earthquake prediction and its physical mechanism.Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),2000,16(2):140～148
[23]Wu L X,Liu SJ,Wu YH,et al.Precursorsfor rockfracturing and failure—PartⅠ:IRRimage abnormalities.International Journal of Rock Mechanics&Mining Sciences,2006,43:473～482
[24]Freund F.Time-resolved study of charge generation and propagation inigneous rocks.J.Geophys.Res.,2000,105(B5):11001～11019
[25]Freund F.Charge generation and propagation in igneous rocks.Journal ofGeodynamics,2002,33:543～570
[26]Freund F.On the electrical conductivity structure of the stable continental crust.Journal ofGeodynamics,2003,35:353～388
[27]Freund F T,Takeuchi A,Lau B WS,et al.Stimulated infrared emission from rocks:assessing a stress indicator.Earth Discuss,2006,1:97～121
[28]刘力强,陈国强,刘培洵等.岩石变形实验热红外观测系统.地震地质,2004,26(3):492～501Liu L Q,Chen G Q,Liu P X,et al.Infrared measurement system for rock deformation experiment.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2004,26(3):492～501
[29]刘培洵,刘力强,陈顺云等.地表岩石变形引起热红外异常的实验研究.地震地质.2004,26(3):502～511Liu P X,Liu L Q,Chen S Y.et al.An experiment onthe infrared radiation of surficial rocks during deformation.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2004,26(3):502～511
[30]刘培洵,马瑾,刘力强等.压性雁列构造变形过程中热场演化的实验研究,自然科学进展,2007,17(2):49～54Liu P X,Ma J,Liu L Q,et al.An experimental study on variation of thermal fields during the deformation of a compressive en echelon fault set.Progress in Natural Science(in Chinese),2007,17(2):49～54
[31]马胜利,邓志辉,马文涛等.雁列式断层变形过程中物理场演化的实验研究(一).地震地质,1995,17(4):327～335Ma S L,Deng Z H,Ma WT,et al.Experimental study on evolution of physical field during deformation of en-echelon faults(1).Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),1995,17(4):327～335
[32]马瑾,马胜利,刘力强等.断层几何结构与物理场的演化及失稳特征.地震学报,1996,18(2):200～207Ma J,Ma S L,Liu L Q,et al.Geometrical textures of fault,evolution of physical field and instability characteristics.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1996,9(2):261～269
[33]Ma J,Liu L Q,Ma S L.Fault geometry and departure of precursors fromthe epicenter.Earthquake Research in China,1998,12(1):59～68
[34]Di Toro G,Pennacchiori G.Superheated friction-induced melts in zoned pseudotachylites withinthe Adamello tonalities(Italy Southern Alps).J.Struct.Geol,2004,26:1783～1801
[35]Caggianelli A,S de Lorenzo,Prosser G.Modelling the heat pulses generated on a fault plane during coseismic slip:Inferences fromthe pseudotachylites of the Copanello cliffs(Calabria,Italy).Tectonophysics,2005,40:599～119
[36]Hayakawa M.Atmospheric and Ionospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes.Terra Scientific Publishing Company(TERRAPUB),Tokyo,1999.1～996
[37]Bleier T,Freund F.Earthquake alarmimpending earthquake have been sending us warning signals and people are starting to listen.IEEESpectrumDecember.2005,INT:17～21
[2]Morzova LI.Manifestations of the lithosphere-atmosphere coupling at strong earthquake in Asia.Izvestia,Physics of the Soild Earth,1996,32(5):453～458
[3]Morzova LI.Dynamics of cloud anomalies above faults in periods of natural andinduced seismicity.Izvestia,Physics ofthe Soild Earth,1997,33(9):778～779
[4]Morzova LI.Satellite meteorological images as carriers of information on seismic processes.GeologyofPacific Ocean,2000,15:439～446
[5]Tronin AA.Satellite thermal survey——a newtool for the studies of seismoactive regions.International J.ofRemote Sensing,1996,17:1439～1455
[6]Tronin A A,Hayakawa M,Molchanov O A.Thermal IR satellitedata applicationfor earthquake researchinJapan and China.Journal ofGeodynamics,2002,33(2002):519～534
[7]Nusipov E,Abakanov T,Ospanov A B,Ospanov Am.Lugovskoe earthquake May23,2003.The Fifth Kazakhstan-Chinese International Symposium,(Modern Geodynamlcs and Seismic Risk of Central Asia).Almaty,2003.17～18
[8]Tramutoli V,Aliano C,Corrado R,et al.TIRsatellite techniquesfor monitoring the earthquake active regions:review of the limits,achievements and perspectives,2004,T53C-06,Fall Meeting,AGU,EOS,Nov.7
[9]陈梅花,邓志辉,贾庆华.地震前卫星红外异常与发震断裂的关系研究——以2001年昆仑山8.1级地震为例.地震地质,2003,25(1):100～108Chen M H,Deng Z H,Jia Q H.The relationship between the satellite infrared anomalies before earthquake and the seismogenic fault—Acase study onthe2001Kunlun earthquake.Seismologyand Geology(in Chinese),2003,25(1):100～108
[10]单新建,屈春燕,马瑾.卫星热红外观测与发震断层不同段落交替活动特征分析.大地测量与地球动力学,2005,25(2):58～62Shan XJ,Qu C Y,Ma J.Satellite thermal infrared observation and analysis on alternate activity of different segments of seismogenic fault.J.ofGeodesy and Geodynamics(in Chinese),2005,25(2):58～62
[11]马瑾,单新建.利用遥感技术研究现今断层活动的探索—以玛尼地震前后断层相互作用为例.地震地质,2000,22(3):210～215Ma J,Shan X J.An attempt to study fault activity using remote sensingtechnology—Acase of the Mani earthquake.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2000,22(3):210～215
[12]马瑾,陈顺云,刘培洵等.用卫星热红外信息研究关联断层活动的时空变化——以南北地震构造为例.地球物理学报,2006,49(3):816～823Ma J,Chen S Y,Liu P X,et al.Temporal-spatial variations of associated faultinginferredfromsatellite infraredinformation:Acase study of the N-Sseismo-tectonic zonein China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,49(3):816～823
[13]陈顺云,刘培询,刘力强等.地表热红外辐射的小波分析及其在现今构造活动研究中的意义.地球物理学报,2006,49(3):824～830Chen S Y,Liu P X,Liu L Q,et al.Wavelet analysis of thermal infrared radiation of land surface and its implementation in the study of current tectonic activity.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,49(3):824～830
[14]崔承禹,邓明德,耿乃光.在不同压力下岩石光谱辐射特性研究.科学通报,1993,38(6):538～541Cui C Y,Deng MD,Geng NG.Study on the features of spectrum radiation of rocks under different loading.Chinese Science Bulletin(in Chinese),1993,38(6):538～541
[15]邓明德,耿乃光,崔承禹.岩石应力状态改变引起岩石热状态改变的研究.中国地震,1997,13(2):179～185Deng M D,Geng N G,Cui C Y.The study on the variation of thermal state of rocks caused by variation of stress state of rocks.Earthquake Researchin China(in Chinese),1997,13(2):179～185
[16]董玉芬,王来贵,刘向峰等.岩石变形过程中红外辐射的实验研究.岩土力学,2001,22(2):134～137Dong YF,Wang L G,Liu XF,et al.The experimental research of theinfrared radiation in the process of rock deformation.Rock and Soil Mechanics(in Chinese),2001,22(2):134～137
[17]耿乃光,崔承禹,邓明德.岩石破裂实验中的遥感观测与遥感岩石力学的开端.地震学报,1992,14(增刊):645～652Geng NG,Cui C Y,Deng MD.Remote sensing detection of rock fracturing experiment and the beginning of remote rock mechanics.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1992,14(Suppl.):645～652
[18]耿乃光,崔承禹,邓明德等.遥感岩石力学及其应用前景.地球物理学进展,1993,8(4):1～7Geng N G,Cui C Y,Deng M D,et al.Remote sensing rock mechanics and its application prospects.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),1993,8(4):1～7
[19]吴立新,王金庄.煤岩受压红外热像与辐射温度特征实验.中国科学(D辑),1998,28(1):41～46Wu L X,WangJ Z.Features of infraredthermal image andradiation temperature of coal rocks loaded.Science in China(Ser D)(in Chinese),1998,28(1):41～46
[20]刘善军,吴立新,吴育华等.受载岩石红外辐射的影响因素及机理分析.矿山测量,2003,3:67～70Liu S J,Wu L X,Wu Y H,et al.Analysis of affectingfactors and mechanics of infrared radiation coming from loaded rocks.Mine Surveying(in Chinese),2003,3:67～70
[21]钱家栋,邓明德,尹京苑等.雷达用于地震预测的基础实验研究.地球物理学报,2005,48(5):1103～1109Qian J D,Deng MD,YinJ Y,et al.Abasic experimental study of earthquake prediction in terms of radar technology.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2005,48(5):1103～1109
[22]尹京苑,房宗绯,钱家栋等.红外遥感用于地震预测及其物理机理研究.中国地震,2000,16(2):140～148Yin J Y,Fang Z F,Qian J D,et al.Research onthe application of infrared remote sensing in earthquake prediction and its physical mechanism.Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),2000,16(2):140～148
[23]Wu L X,Liu SJ,Wu YH,et al.Precursorsfor rockfracturing and failure—PartⅠ:IRRimage abnormalities.International Journal of Rock Mechanics&Mining Sciences,2006,43:473～482
[24]Freund F.Time-resolved study of charge generation and propagation inigneous rocks.J.Geophys.Res.,2000,105(B5):11001～11019
[25]Freund F.Charge generation and propagation in igneous rocks.Journal ofGeodynamics,2002,33:543～570
[26]Freund F.On the electrical conductivity structure of the stable continental crust.Journal ofGeodynamics,2003,35:353～388
[27]Freund F T,Takeuchi A,Lau B WS,et al.Stimulated infrared emission from rocks:assessing a stress indicator.Earth Discuss,2006,1:97～121
[28]刘力强,陈国强,刘培洵等.岩石变形实验热红外观测系统.地震地质,2004,26(3):492～501Liu L Q,Chen G Q,Liu P X,et al.Infrared measurement system for rock deformation experiment.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2004,26(3):492～501
[29]刘培洵,刘力强,陈顺云等.地表岩石变形引起热红外异常的实验研究.地震地质.2004,26(3):502～511Liu P X,Liu L Q,Chen S Y.et al.An experiment onthe infrared radiation of surficial rocks during deformation.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),2004,26(3):502～511
[30]刘培洵,马瑾,刘力强等.压性雁列构造变形过程中热场演化的实验研究,自然科学进展,2007,17(2):49～54Liu P X,Ma J,Liu L Q,et al.An experimental study on variation of thermal fields during the deformation of a compressive en echelon fault set.Progress in Natural Science(in Chinese),2007,17(2):49～54
[31]马胜利,邓志辉,马文涛等.雁列式断层变形过程中物理场演化的实验研究(一).地震地质,1995,17(4):327～335Ma S L,Deng Z H,Ma WT,et al.Experimental study on evolution of physical field during deformation of en-echelon faults(1).Seismology and Geology(in Chinese),1995,17(4):327～335
[32]马瑾,马胜利,刘力强等.断层几何结构与物理场的演化及失稳特征.地震学报,1996,18(2):200～207Ma J,Ma S L,Liu L Q,et al.Geometrical textures of fault,evolution of physical field and instability characteristics.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1996,9(2):261～269
[33]Ma J,Liu L Q,Ma S L.Fault geometry and departure of precursors fromthe epicenter.Earthquake Research in China,1998,12(1):59～68
[34]Di Toro G,Pennacchiori G.Superheated friction-induced melts in zoned pseudotachylites withinthe Adamello tonalities(Italy Southern Alps).J.Struct.Geol,2004,26:1783～1801
[35]Caggianelli A,S de Lorenzo,Prosser G.Modelling the heat pulses generated on a fault plane during coseismic slip:Inferences fromthe pseudotachylites of the Copanello cliffs(Calabria,Italy).Tectonophysics,2005,40:599～119
[36]Hayakawa M.Atmospheric and Ionospheric Electromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes.Terra Scientific Publishing Company(TERRAPUB),Tokyo,1999.1～996
[37]Bleier T,Freund F.Earthquake alarmimpending earthquake have been sending us warning signals and people are starting to listen.IEEESpectrumDecember.2005,INT:17～21
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