地学中海量数据的并行可视化研究进展
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摘要
地球科学中观测和数值模拟结果数据爆炸式的增长,给可视化和分析这些海量数据带来极大的挑战,将海量数据并行可视化技术应用到地球科学中是解决这一问题的有效手段.地球科学中海量数据可视化是目前国际科学可视化研究的一个新方向.本文介绍了海量数据并行可视化的几个步骤,总结了地球科学中海量数据的特点,重点讨论了海量数据并行可视化在地幔对流、地震波传播以及海啸数值模拟等可视化研究中的应用实例.
Visualizing and analyzing the explosive datasets coming from observation and simulation in the geosciences faces great challenge. Using parallel visualization technique to visualize the large-scale of geosciences data is an effective solution. We discuss the usage of large-scale of data parallel visualization in the geosciences in the paper. We firstly introduce the several parts of large-scale of data parallel visualization, then characterize the features of large-scale data of geosciences, at last, we discuss the usage of parallel visualization of large-scale data in the visualizing simulation results of mantle convection, seismic wave propagation and tsunami.
Visualizing and analyzing the explosive datasets coming from observation and simulation in the geosciences faces great challenge. Using parallel visualization technique to visualize the large-scale of geosciences data is an effective solution. We discuss the usage of large-scale of data parallel visualization in the geosciences in the paper. We firstly introduce the several parts of large-scale of data parallel visualization, then characterize the features of large-scale data of geosciences, at last, we discuss the usage of parallel visualization of large-scale data in the visualizing simulation results of mantle convection, seismic wave propagation and tsunami.
引文
[1]Zhang PZ,Wang Q,Ma ZJ.GPSvelocity and active crustal deformationin and aroundthe QingHai-Tibet plateau.Earth Science Frontier,2002,9(2):442~450(in Chinese)张培震,王琪,马宗晋.青藏高原现今构造变形特征与GPS速度场.地学前缘,2002,9(2):442~450
[2]Zhang PZ,Wang Q,Ma ZJ.GPS velocity and active crustal blocks of contemporary tectonic deformation in continental China.Earth Science Frontier,2002,9(2):431~441(in Chinese)张培震,王琪,马宗晋.中国大陆现今构造运动的GPS速度场与活动地块.地学前缘,2002,9(2):431~441
[3]Shen ZK,Wang M,Gan WJ,et al.Contemporarytectonic strainrate field of Chinese continental andif geodynamic implications.Earth Science Frontier,2003,10(8):93~100(in Chinese)沈正康,王敏,甘卫军,等.中国大陆现今构造应变率场及其动力学成因研究.地学前缘,2003,10(8):93~100
[4]Chen LZ,Shen XH,Tian QJ,SARtechnique andits applicationto geologic and seismic research.Earthquake,2003,23(1):29~35(in Chinese)陈立泽,申旭辉,田勤俭.合成孔径雷达(SAR)及其在地质和地震研究中的应用.地震,2003,23(1):29~35
[5]IEEE Computer society.In:1995Parallel Rendering SymposiumProceedings.ACMSIGGRAPH,1993
[6]IEEE Computer society.In:1996Parallel Rendering SymposiumProceedings.ACMSIGGRAPH,1995
[7]IEEE Computer society.In:1997Parallel Rendering SymposiumProceedings.ACMSIGGRAPH,1997
[8]Krzysztof B,Witold D,Yuen DA.Parallel extraction and visualization of clusters fromlarge-scale data sets.Parallel Computing,2001
[9]Hansen CD,Hinker P.Massively parallel isosurface extraction.In:Proceedings of IEEE Visualization’92.1992.189~195
[10]Ma KL.Visualizingtime-varying volume data.Computingin Science&Engineering,2003,5(2):34~42
[11]Ma KL,Camp DM.High performance visualization of time-varying volume data over a wide-area network.In:Supercomputing,ACM/IEEE2000Conference.2000.29
[12]Ma KL,Parker S.Massively parallel software renderingfor visualizinglarge-scale data sets.IEEEComputer Graphics and Applications,2001,21(4):72~83
[13]Ma KL,Painter JS,Hansen D,et al.Parallel volume rendering using binary-swap compositing.IEEEComputer Graphics andApplications,1994,14(4):59~68
[14]Ma KL,Crockett W.Ascalable parallel cell-projection volume rendering algorithmfor three-dimensional unstructured data.In:1997Parallel Rendering Symposium.1997.95
[15]Ma KL,Stompel A,Bielak J,et al.Visualizing verylarge-scale earthquake simulations.In:ACM/IEEESC2003Conference(SC’03).2003
[16]Painter JS,Bunge HP,Livnat Y.Mantle convection visualization onthe Cray T3D.In:Proceedings of the7th conference on Visualization’96.1996.409
[17]Jordan KE,Yuen DA,Reuteler M,et al.Parallel interactive visualization of3D mantle convection.IEEEComputational Science&Engineering,1996,3(4):29~37
[18]Damon M,Kameyama MC,Knox M,et al.Interactive visualization of3-D mantle convection.submittedto Visual Geosciences,2007
[19]GarbowZA,Yuen DA,Erlebacher G,et al.Remote visualization and cluster analysis of3-Dgeophysical Data over the internet using off-screen rendering.Visual Geosciences,2003
[20]Yuen DA,Garbow ZA,Erlebacher G.Remote data analysis,visualization and problemsolving environment(PSE)based on wavelets in the geosciences.Visual Geoscience,2004,9(1):29~38
[21]Kadlec BJ,Yuen DA,Erlebacher G.Visualization and analysis of multi-terabyte geophysical datasetsin aninteractive setting withremote webcam capabilities.Pure and Applied Geophysics,2006,163(11):2455~2466
[22]Kadlec BJ,Yuen DA,Svere OD.Webcamfor remote visualization andscanningof Giga-to Tera-byte size data sets onlarge-scale display devices.In:APEC Cooperationfor Earthquake Simulation(ACES).2004
[23]LCSE:http://www.lcse.umn.edu/
[24]Pavlakos CJ,Heermann PD.Issues and Architecturesinlarge-scale data visualization.In:The Visualization Handbook,Elsevier Acadmic Press,2005.551~567
[25]Wilhelms J,Gelder AV.Octrees for faster isosurface generation.ACMTrans on Graphics,1992,11(3):201~207
[26]Shen HW.Isosurface extractionintime varyingfields using a temporal hierarchical indextree.In:Proceeding of IEEE Visualization’98.1998.59~166
[27]Bordoloi UD,Shen HW.Space efficient fast isosurface extractionfor large datasets.In:Proceeding of IEEE Visualization’03.2003.201~205
[28]Vrolijk B,Post FH.Interactive out-of-core isosurface visualizationintime-varying data sets.Computers&Graphics,2006,30(2):265~276
[29]Vrolijk B,Botha CP,Post FH.Fast time-dependent isosurface extraction and rendering.In:Proceedings ofthe20th Spring Conference on Computer Graphics.2004
[30]Mackerras P.Afast parallel marching cubes implementation onthe fujitsu ap1000.Technical Report TR-CS-92-10.Australian National Univ,1992
[31]Miguet S,Nico JM.Aload-balanced parallel implementation of marching-cubes algorithm.In:Proceedings of High Performance Computing Symposium’95.1995.229~239
[32]Hansen CD,Hinker P.Massively parallel isosurface extraction.In:Proceedings of the3rd Conference on Visualization’92.1992.77~83
[33]Zhang XY,Bajaj C,Ramachandran V.Parallel and out-of-core view-dependent isocontour visualization using random data distribution.In:Proceedings of the symposiumon Data Visualisation2002.2002
[34]Zhang HJ,Newman TS.Efficient parallel out-of-core isosurface extraction.In:Proceedings of the2003IEEE Symposiumon Parallel and Large-Data Visualization and Graphics.2003.3
[35]Sun XM,Huang ZH,Cai X.et al.Parallel and distributed visualizationtechnology and application.Beijing:Defense Industry Press,2001孙晓梅,黄朝晖,蔡勋,等.并行与分布式可视化技术及应用.北京:国防工业出版社,2001
[36]Shen HW,Johnson CR.Differential volume rendering:Afast volume visualization technique for flowanimation.In:Proceedings of the IEEE Visualization’94Conference.1994.180~187
[37]Ma KL,Smith D,Shih MY,et al.Efficient encoding and rendering of time-varying volume data.Technical Report ICASE Report No.98~22.Institute for Computer Graphics Applications in Science and Engineering,1998
[38]Shen HW,Chiang LJ,Ma KL.Afast volume renderingalgorithmfortime-varyingfields usingatime-space partitioning(TSP)tree.In:proceeding of Visualization’99.1999.371~377
[39]Westermann R.Compressiontime rendering of time-resolved volume data.In:Proceedings of the Visualization’95Conference.1995.168~174
[40]Bong-Soo S,Bajaj C,Siddavanahalli V.Feature based volumetric video compression for interactive playback.In:Proceedings of VolumeVisualization and Graphics2002.2002.89~96
[41]Ma KL,LumEB.Techniques for visualizingtime-varying volume data.In:The Visualization of Handbook.Elsevier Acadmic Press,2005.511~531
[42]Shi JY,Jin ZF.Asurvey on parallel polygonrendering.Journal ofComputer-Aid Design and Computer Graphics,2003,15(6):637~642(in Chinese)石教英,金哲凡.并行多边形绘制技术综述.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2003,15(6):637~642
[43]Maccormick P,Aherns J.Large-scale data visualization and rendering:A problem-driven approach.The Visualization Handbook.Elsevier Acadmic Press,2005.533~549
[44]Molnar S,Cox M,Ellsworth D,et al.Asorting classification of parallel rendering.IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,1994,14(4):23~32
[45]Samanta R,Funkhouser T,Li K,et al.Hybrid sort-first and sort-last parallel rendering with a cluster of PCs.In:Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHI-CS workshop on Graphics hardware.2000.97~108
[46]Cohen RE.High performance computingrequirementsforthe computational solid earthsciences.Workshop on Computational Geoinformatics,2004
[47]姚继峰.大屏幕并行显示技术综述.Beijing:The Conference for Graduated Students,2002
[48]McKenzie DP,Robert J,Weiss NO.Convectioninthe earth’s mantle.Tectonophysics,1973,19:89~103
[49]Jason MW.Deep mantle convection plumes and plate motions.AAPG Bulletin,1972,56:203~213
[50]Hager BH,O’Connell RJ.Asimple global model of plate dynamics and mantle convection.Journal of Geophysical Research,1981,86(Issue B6):4843~4867
[51]Reuteler DM,Balachandar S,Honda S,et al.Three-dimensional mantle convection:effects of depth-dependent properties and multiple phase transitions.Int Video JofEng Research,1993,3:47~63
[52]Conrad CP,Hager BH.Mantle convection with strong subduction zones.Geophysical Journal International,2001,144(2):271~288
[53]Monnereau M,QurS.Spherical shell models of mantle convection withtectonic plates.Earth and PlanetaryScience Letters,2001,184(3~4):578~587
[54]Erlebacher G,Yuen,DA,Dubuffet F.Case study:visualization and analysis of high Rayleigh number———3Dconvectioninthe earth’s mantle.In:Proceedings of the Conference on Visualization’02.2002
[55]Kameyama M.ACuTEMan:A multigrid-based mantle convection simulation code andits optimizationtothe Earth Simulator.Journal ofthe Earth Simulator,2005,4:2~10
[56]Kameyama M,Kageyama A,Sato T.Multigriditerative algorithmusing pseudo-compressibilityfor three-dimensional mantle convection with strongly variable viscosity.J Comput Phys,2005,206(1):162~181
[57]Bao H,Bielak J,Ghattas O,et al.Earthquake ground motion modeling on parallel computers.In:Supercomputing’96.Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania,1996
[58]Hong Y,Li LM,Luo SX.3Dvisualization of seismic data based on volume rendering.Computing Techniques For Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,2007,29(1):23~25(in Chinese)洪源,李录明,罗省贤.基于体绘制技术的三维地震数据可视化.物探化探计算技术,2007,29(1):23~25
[59]Lei B,Ma ZT,3Dseismic data volume visualization.Computing Techniques For Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,2004,24(3):206~210(in Chinese)雷兵,马在田.三维地震数据的体绘制.物探化探计算技术,2004,24(3):206~210
[60]Yu H,Ma KL,Welling J.A parallel visualization pipeline for terascale earthquake simulations.In:Proceedings of the2004ACM/IEEE Conference on Supercomputing.2004
[61]Annunziato A,Best C.GRC-ECreport:The tsunami event analysis and model.2005
[2]Zhang PZ,Wang Q,Ma ZJ.GPS velocity and active crustal blocks of contemporary tectonic deformation in continental China.Earth Science Frontier,2002,9(2):431~441(in Chinese)张培震,王琪,马宗晋.中国大陆现今构造运动的GPS速度场与活动地块.地学前缘,2002,9(2):431~441
[3]Shen ZK,Wang M,Gan WJ,et al.Contemporarytectonic strainrate field of Chinese continental andif geodynamic implications.Earth Science Frontier,2003,10(8):93~100(in Chinese)沈正康,王敏,甘卫军,等.中国大陆现今构造应变率场及其动力学成因研究.地学前缘,2003,10(8):93~100
[4]Chen LZ,Shen XH,Tian QJ,SARtechnique andits applicationto geologic and seismic research.Earthquake,2003,23(1):29~35(in Chinese)陈立泽,申旭辉,田勤俭.合成孔径雷达(SAR)及其在地质和地震研究中的应用.地震,2003,23(1):29~35
[5]IEEE Computer society.In:1995Parallel Rendering SymposiumProceedings.ACMSIGGRAPH,1993
[6]IEEE Computer society.In:1996Parallel Rendering SymposiumProceedings.ACMSIGGRAPH,1995
[7]IEEE Computer society.In:1997Parallel Rendering SymposiumProceedings.ACMSIGGRAPH,1997
[8]Krzysztof B,Witold D,Yuen DA.Parallel extraction and visualization of clusters fromlarge-scale data sets.Parallel Computing,2001
[9]Hansen CD,Hinker P.Massively parallel isosurface extraction.In:Proceedings of IEEE Visualization’92.1992.189~195
[10]Ma KL.Visualizingtime-varying volume data.Computingin Science&Engineering,2003,5(2):34~42
[11]Ma KL,Camp DM.High performance visualization of time-varying volume data over a wide-area network.In:Supercomputing,ACM/IEEE2000Conference.2000.29
[12]Ma KL,Parker S.Massively parallel software renderingfor visualizinglarge-scale data sets.IEEEComputer Graphics and Applications,2001,21(4):72~83
[13]Ma KL,Painter JS,Hansen D,et al.Parallel volume rendering using binary-swap compositing.IEEEComputer Graphics andApplications,1994,14(4):59~68
[14]Ma KL,Crockett W.Ascalable parallel cell-projection volume rendering algorithmfor three-dimensional unstructured data.In:1997Parallel Rendering Symposium.1997.95
[15]Ma KL,Stompel A,Bielak J,et al.Visualizing verylarge-scale earthquake simulations.In:ACM/IEEESC2003Conference(SC’03).2003
[16]Painter JS,Bunge HP,Livnat Y.Mantle convection visualization onthe Cray T3D.In:Proceedings of the7th conference on Visualization’96.1996.409
[17]Jordan KE,Yuen DA,Reuteler M,et al.Parallel interactive visualization of3D mantle convection.IEEEComputational Science&Engineering,1996,3(4):29~37
[18]Damon M,Kameyama MC,Knox M,et al.Interactive visualization of3-D mantle convection.submittedto Visual Geosciences,2007
[19]GarbowZA,Yuen DA,Erlebacher G,et al.Remote visualization and cluster analysis of3-Dgeophysical Data over the internet using off-screen rendering.Visual Geosciences,2003
[20]Yuen DA,Garbow ZA,Erlebacher G.Remote data analysis,visualization and problemsolving environment(PSE)based on wavelets in the geosciences.Visual Geoscience,2004,9(1):29~38
[21]Kadlec BJ,Yuen DA,Erlebacher G.Visualization and analysis of multi-terabyte geophysical datasetsin aninteractive setting withremote webcam capabilities.Pure and Applied Geophysics,2006,163(11):2455~2466
[22]Kadlec BJ,Yuen DA,Svere OD.Webcamfor remote visualization andscanningof Giga-to Tera-byte size data sets onlarge-scale display devices.In:APEC Cooperationfor Earthquake Simulation(ACES).2004
[23]LCSE:http://www.lcse.umn.edu/
[24]Pavlakos CJ,Heermann PD.Issues and Architecturesinlarge-scale data visualization.In:The Visualization Handbook,Elsevier Acadmic Press,2005.551~567
[25]Wilhelms J,Gelder AV.Octrees for faster isosurface generation.ACMTrans on Graphics,1992,11(3):201~207
[26]Shen HW.Isosurface extractionintime varyingfields using a temporal hierarchical indextree.In:Proceeding of IEEE Visualization’98.1998.59~166
[27]Bordoloi UD,Shen HW.Space efficient fast isosurface extractionfor large datasets.In:Proceeding of IEEE Visualization’03.2003.201~205
[28]Vrolijk B,Post FH.Interactive out-of-core isosurface visualizationintime-varying data sets.Computers&Graphics,2006,30(2):265~276
[29]Vrolijk B,Botha CP,Post FH.Fast time-dependent isosurface extraction and rendering.In:Proceedings ofthe20th Spring Conference on Computer Graphics.2004
[30]Mackerras P.Afast parallel marching cubes implementation onthe fujitsu ap1000.Technical Report TR-CS-92-10.Australian National Univ,1992
[31]Miguet S,Nico JM.Aload-balanced parallel implementation of marching-cubes algorithm.In:Proceedings of High Performance Computing Symposium’95.1995.229~239
[32]Hansen CD,Hinker P.Massively parallel isosurface extraction.In:Proceedings of the3rd Conference on Visualization’92.1992.77~83
[33]Zhang XY,Bajaj C,Ramachandran V.Parallel and out-of-core view-dependent isocontour visualization using random data distribution.In:Proceedings of the symposiumon Data Visualisation2002.2002
[34]Zhang HJ,Newman TS.Efficient parallel out-of-core isosurface extraction.In:Proceedings of the2003IEEE Symposiumon Parallel and Large-Data Visualization and Graphics.2003.3
[35]Sun XM,Huang ZH,Cai X.et al.Parallel and distributed visualizationtechnology and application.Beijing:Defense Industry Press,2001孙晓梅,黄朝晖,蔡勋,等.并行与分布式可视化技术及应用.北京:国防工业出版社,2001
[36]Shen HW,Johnson CR.Differential volume rendering:Afast volume visualization technique for flowanimation.In:Proceedings of the IEEE Visualization’94Conference.1994.180~187
[37]Ma KL,Smith D,Shih MY,et al.Efficient encoding and rendering of time-varying volume data.Technical Report ICASE Report No.98~22.Institute for Computer Graphics Applications in Science and Engineering,1998
[38]Shen HW,Chiang LJ,Ma KL.Afast volume renderingalgorithmfortime-varyingfields usingatime-space partitioning(TSP)tree.In:proceeding of Visualization’99.1999.371~377
[39]Westermann R.Compressiontime rendering of time-resolved volume data.In:Proceedings of the Visualization’95Conference.1995.168~174
[40]Bong-Soo S,Bajaj C,Siddavanahalli V.Feature based volumetric video compression for interactive playback.In:Proceedings of VolumeVisualization and Graphics2002.2002.89~96
[41]Ma KL,LumEB.Techniques for visualizingtime-varying volume data.In:The Visualization of Handbook.Elsevier Acadmic Press,2005.511~531
[42]Shi JY,Jin ZF.Asurvey on parallel polygonrendering.Journal ofComputer-Aid Design and Computer Graphics,2003,15(6):637~642(in Chinese)石教英,金哲凡.并行多边形绘制技术综述.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2003,15(6):637~642
[43]Maccormick P,Aherns J.Large-scale data visualization and rendering:A problem-driven approach.The Visualization Handbook.Elsevier Acadmic Press,2005.533~549
[44]Molnar S,Cox M,Ellsworth D,et al.Asorting classification of parallel rendering.IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,1994,14(4):23~32
[45]Samanta R,Funkhouser T,Li K,et al.Hybrid sort-first and sort-last parallel rendering with a cluster of PCs.In:Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/EUROGRAPHI-CS workshop on Graphics hardware.2000.97~108
[46]Cohen RE.High performance computingrequirementsforthe computational solid earthsciences.Workshop on Computational Geoinformatics,2004
[47]姚继峰.大屏幕并行显示技术综述.Beijing:The Conference for Graduated Students,2002
[48]McKenzie DP,Robert J,Weiss NO.Convectioninthe earth’s mantle.Tectonophysics,1973,19:89~103
[49]Jason MW.Deep mantle convection plumes and plate motions.AAPG Bulletin,1972,56:203~213
[50]Hager BH,O’Connell RJ.Asimple global model of plate dynamics and mantle convection.Journal of Geophysical Research,1981,86(Issue B6):4843~4867
[51]Reuteler DM,Balachandar S,Honda S,et al.Three-dimensional mantle convection:effects of depth-dependent properties and multiple phase transitions.Int Video JofEng Research,1993,3:47~63
[52]Conrad CP,Hager BH.Mantle convection with strong subduction zones.Geophysical Journal International,2001,144(2):271~288
[53]Monnereau M,QurS.Spherical shell models of mantle convection withtectonic plates.Earth and PlanetaryScience Letters,2001,184(3~4):578~587
[54]Erlebacher G,Yuen,DA,Dubuffet F.Case study:visualization and analysis of high Rayleigh number———3Dconvectioninthe earth’s mantle.In:Proceedings of the Conference on Visualization’02.2002
[55]Kameyama M.ACuTEMan:A multigrid-based mantle convection simulation code andits optimizationtothe Earth Simulator.Journal ofthe Earth Simulator,2005,4:2~10
[56]Kameyama M,Kageyama A,Sato T.Multigriditerative algorithmusing pseudo-compressibilityfor three-dimensional mantle convection with strongly variable viscosity.J Comput Phys,2005,206(1):162~181
[57]Bao H,Bielak J,Ghattas O,et al.Earthquake ground motion modeling on parallel computers.In:Supercomputing’96.Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania,1996
[58]Hong Y,Li LM,Luo SX.3Dvisualization of seismic data based on volume rendering.Computing Techniques For Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,2007,29(1):23~25(in Chinese)洪源,李录明,罗省贤.基于体绘制技术的三维地震数据可视化.物探化探计算技术,2007,29(1):23~25
[59]Lei B,Ma ZT,3Dseismic data volume visualization.Computing Techniques For Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,2004,24(3):206~210(in Chinese)雷兵,马在田.三维地震数据的体绘制.物探化探计算技术,2004,24(3):206~210
[60]Yu H,Ma KL,Welling J.A parallel visualization pipeline for terascale earthquake simulations.In:Proceedings of the2004ACM/IEEE Conference on Supercomputing.2004
[61]Annunziato A,Best C.GRC-ECreport:The tsunami event analysis and model.2005
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