电阻率各向异性及在地震研究中的应用
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摘要
地电阻率各向异性广泛存在地壳中,尤其是浅部,因地震、矿山开采、火山喷发以及大型地质构造运动会明显改变地应力场,从而导致裂隙优势排列及裂隙中充填的流体重新分布,最终导致明显的电FA率各向异性.通过监测其变化,不仅可研究和了解地应力场的动态演化过程,还可以作为预测地震、矿震、火山活动和灾害性地质构造运动的依据,并研究它们形成的物理过程和物理机制.本文从室内、野外实验和数值模拟方面对电阻率各向异性的研究进行了概述,阐述了其在地震监测预报研究中的应用.探讨了室内电阻率各向异性岩石实验研究的发展特点,提出了新手段——电成像技术实验研究岩石电阻率各向异性的思路,期望建立研究电阻率各向异性的阵列式观测系统。
The anisotropy of earth resistivity has been found widely in the crust, especially in shallow surface. Because the great changes of ground stress field due to earthquake preparation and occurrence, quarry production, volcanic eruption and large geologic tectonic motions will result in the predominant arrangement of cracks and the redistribution of the fluid filled in these cracks, subsequently the clear changes of resistivity and its anisotropy, to monitor their changes can not only be used to investigate and understand the dynamic ground stress field, but also be taken as the references for predicting earthquake, mining-induced earthquake, volcanic activity and disastrous geologic tectonic motions, and be used to study their physical processes and mechanisms. In the present paper, the progresses in the researches on resistivity anisotropy are summarized about experiments in lab and field as well as numerical modeling, and then its applications to the researches on earthquake monitoring and prediction are presented. At last, the developing characteristics of the experiments on resistivity anisotropy of rock samples in lab are discussed, and the idea of using a new way-resistivity tomography to experimentally study the resistivity anisotropy of rock samples is put forward. It is expected to set up an observational system used electrode array to investigate resistivity anisotropy.
The anisotropy of earth resistivity has been found widely in the crust, especially in shallow surface. Because the great changes of ground stress field due to earthquake preparation and occurrence, quarry production, volcanic eruption and large geologic tectonic motions will result in the predominant arrangement of cracks and the redistribution of the fluid filled in these cracks, subsequently the clear changes of resistivity and its anisotropy, to monitor their changes can not only be used to investigate and understand the dynamic ground stress field, but also be taken as the references for predicting earthquake, mining-induced earthquake, volcanic activity and disastrous geologic tectonic motions, and be used to study their physical processes and mechanisms. In the present paper, the progresses in the researches on resistivity anisotropy are summarized about experiments in lab and field as well as numerical modeling, and then its applications to the researches on earthquake monitoring and prediction are presented. At last, the developing characteristics of the experiments on resistivity anisotropy of rock samples in lab are discussed, and the idea of using a new way-resistivity tomography to experimentally study the resistivity anisotropy of rock samples is put forward. It is expected to set up an observational system used electrode array to investigate resistivity anisotropy.
引文
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[2] Brace W F, Orange A S. 1968． Electrical resistivity changes in saturated rocks during fracture and frictional sliding [J]. J Geophys Res, 1968,73:1433-1444．
[3] 张天中,华正兴,徐明发.1． 2千巴围压下岩样破裂和摩擦滑动过程中电阻率变化[J].地震学报,1985,7(4) :428-433． Zhang T Z, Hua Z X, Xu M F. Electrical resistivity changes in rocks samples during fracture and frictional sliding at 1． 2 kB confine pressure[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 1985,7(4) : 428-433．
[4] 金耀,张天中,华正兴,等.单轴压缩下多裂隙含水岩样电阻率变化与体积应变[J].地震学报,1983,5(1) :99-105． Jin Y, Zhang T Z, Hua Z X, et al. Resistivity changes and volumetric strain of water-bearing rock samples under uniaxial pressure[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 1983,5(1) :99-105．
[5] 张金铸,陆阳泉.不同三轴应力条件下岩石电阻率变化的试验研究[J].地震学报,1983,5(4) :440-445． Zhang J Z, Lu Y Q. Experimental studies on resistivity changes of rock samples under tri-axial pressure [J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 1983 ,5(4) :440-445．
[6] 陈大元,陈峰,王丽华.单轴压力下岩石电阻率的研究-电阻率的各向异性[J].地球物理学报,1983,26(增刊):784-792． Chen D Y, Chen F, Wang L H. Studies on resistivity of rock samples under uniaxial pressure-anisotropy of resistivity[J]. Acta Geophysica Sinica,1983,26(Suppl.):784-792．
[7] 安金珍,修济刚,陈峰,等.单轴压力下有补给水岩石电阻率 变化各向异性研究[J].中国地震,1996,12(3) :300-306． An J Z, Xiu J G, Chen F, et al. Anisotropy studies of rock resistivity changes under uniaxial pressure and water replenishment[J]. Earthquake Research in China, 1996, 12 (3) :300-306．
[8] 陈峰,修济刚,安金珍,等.用动态岩石电阻率变化各向异性探测岩石破裂前兆和确定主破裂扩展方向[J].地震学报,2000,22(2) :210-213． Chen F, Xiu J G, An J Z, et al. Detection of the precursor of rock failure and definition of the direction of main failure using dynamic resistivity anisotropic changes[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 2000,22(2) :210-213．
[9] 陈峰,修济刚,安金珍,等.岩石电阻率变化各向异性与微裂隙扩展方位实验研究[J].地震学报,Z000,22(3) :310-318． Chen F, Xiu J G, An J Z, et al. Research on dependence of resistivity changing anisotropy on microcracks extending in rock with experiment[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 2000,22 (3) :310-318．
[10] 陈峰,安金珍,廖椿庭.原始电阻率各向异性岩石电阻率变化的方向性[J].地球物理学报,2003,46(2) :271-280． Chen F, An J Z, Liao C T. Directional characteristics of resistivity changes in rock of original resistivity anisotropy [J]. Acta Geophysica Sinica, 2003, 46(2) : 271-280．
[11] 陈峰,廖椿庭,安金珍.剪切和摩擦滑动大模型的视电阻率变化幅度和各向异性[J].地球物理学报,2003,46(5) :667-675． Chen F, Liao C T, An J Z. Amplitude and anisotropy of apparent resistivity change in big models during shear and fractional slipping[J]. Acta Geophysica Sinica, 2003 , 46 (5) : 667-675．
[12] 陆阳泉,钱家栋,刘建毅.大型花岗岩标本缓慢膨胀破裂过程中电阻率和声发射前兆特征的实验研究[J].西北地震学报,1990,12(2) :35-41． Lu Y Q, Qian] D, Liu J Y. An experimental study on the precursory features of apparent resistivity and acoustic emission of large scale of granite specimen during the process of slowly dilatancy rupturing[J]. Northwestern Seismological Journal,1990,12(2) :35-41．
[13] Habberjam G M. Apparent resistivity observations and the use of square array techniques [M]. Geoexploration Monograph Series 9． Gebruder Borntraeger, Berlin, 1979．
[14] Leonard-Mayer P J. A surface resistivity method for measuring hydrologic characteristics of jointed formations [M]. Report of Investigation 8901, Bureau of Mines, United States Department of the Interior, 1984．
[15] Watson K A, Barker R D. Differentiating anisotropy and lateral effects using azimuthal resistivity offset Wenner soundings[J]. Geophysics, 1999 ,64:739-745．
[16] 赵玉林,钱复业,杨体成,等.原地电阻率变化的实验[J].地震学报,1983,5(2) :217-225． Zhao Y L, Qian F Y, Yang T C, et al. Experiments in situ of electrical resistivity changes[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 1983,5(2) :217-225．
[17] 张同俊.矿井岩层受力状态与视电阻率关系的实验研究[J].西北地震学报,1980,3(1) :1-24． Zhang T J. Experimental studies on the relationships of apparent resistivity and the state of stress in a rock formation of a mine[J]. Northwestern Seismological Journal, 1980,3 CD : 1-24．
[18] Kayal J R, Banerjee B. Anomalous behaviour of precursor resistivity in Shillong area, Northeast India[J]. Geophys J R Astron Soc, 1988,94:97-103．
[19] Stopinski W, Teisseyre R. Precursory rock resistivity variations related to mining tremors[J]. Acta Geophys Pol, 1982,30:293-320．
[20] Crampin S, Lovell J H. A decade of shear-wave splitting in the earth's crust: what does it mean? What use can we make of it? And what should we do next? [J]. Geophys J Int, 1991,107:387-407．
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