亚稳态橄榄石相变与深源地震研究进展
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摘要
由于岩石圈俯冲板块内部温度低,在400km左右的深度橄榄石不发生相变,低压相的橄榄石便以亚稳态的形式进入更深的深度。高温高压实验研究表明,亚稳态橄榄石相变机制以相变形成的超塑性透镜状尖晶石反裂纹破裂为深源地震的触发机制,能很好的解释深源地震的特征。亚稳态橄榄石在俯冲带中存在的范围,是制约亚稳态相变机制的重要因素。然而亚稳态橄榄石在俯冲带存在的范围尚存争议,不同模型给出结果相差较大,文中给出一些解决这个问题的建议。
The phase transformation from olivine to spinel-phase can not take place because of lower temperature in the subducted slab at a depth of 400 km,and the olivine can be carried into the larger depth and becomes the metastable phase.According to the metastable olivine phase transformation faulting mechanism,deep-focus seismicity was triggered by anticrack formed in the superplastic lens-like spinel-phase.The depth is one of the most vital factors for phase transformation mechanism of the metastable olivine.Up to now what are the depths for metastable olivine existing are still an open question because of geothermal and compositional variations.Therefore,the results estimated from the different models are dissimilar.Some suggestions are proposed for solving the questions.
The phase transformation from olivine to spinel-phase can not take place because of lower temperature in the subducted slab at a depth of 400 km,and the olivine can be carried into the larger depth and becomes the metastable phase.According to the metastable olivine phase transformation faulting mechanism,deep-focus seismicity was triggered by anticrack formed in the superplastic lens-like spinel-phase.The depth is one of the most vital factors for phase transformation mechanism of the metastable olivine.Up to now what are the depths for metastable olivine existing are still an open question because of geothermal and compositional variations.Therefore,the results estimated from the different models are dissimilar.Some suggestions are proposed for solving the questions.
引文
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[36]Vaisnys J R,Pilbeam C C.Deep-earthquake initiation by phase transformation[J].J Geophys Res,1976,81:985-988.
[37]McGarr A.Seismic moments of earthquakes beneath island arcs,phase change,and subduction ve-locities[J].J Geophys Res,1977,82:256-264.
[38]Fletcher R C,Pollard DD.Anticrack model for pressure solution surfaces[J].Geology,1981,9:419-421.
[39]Green H WⅡ,Scholz C H,TingleT N.Acoustic emissions produced by anticrack faulting duringthe olivine→spinel tranformation[J].Geophys Res Lett,1992a,19:789-792.
[40]Liu L.Phase transformation and deep-focus earthquakes[J].Physica A,1995,221:143-151.
[41]Green H W II,Y Zhou.Transformation-induced faulting requires an exothermic reaction and ex-plains the termination of earthquakes at the base of the mantle transition zone[J].Tectonophysics,1996,256:39-56.
[42]Vaughan P J,Coe R S.Creep mechanism flow properties of the germanate analog of forsterite[J].Techtonophysics,1981,86:389-404.
[43]Kohlstedt D L,Keppler H,Rubie D C.Solubility of water in theα、βandγphases of(Mg,Fe)2SiO4[J].Contrib Mineral Petrol,1996,123:345-357.
[44]Bell D R,Rossman G R.Water in earth′s mantle:The role of nominally anhydrous minerals[J].Science,1992,255:1 391-1 397.
[45]金日东,金振民.蛇纹石脱水与大洋俯冲带中源地震(70~300 km)的关系[J].地学前缘,2006,13:191-204.
[46]ChenJ H,Inoue T,Yurimoto H,et al.Effect of water on olivine-wadsleyite phase boundary in the(Mg,Fe)2SiO4system[J].Geophys Res Lett,2002,29:1-4.
[47]Rubie D C.The catalysis of mineral reactions by water and restrictions on the presence of aqueousfluid during metamorphism[J].Mineral Ma,1986,50:399-415.
[48]Kubo T,Ohtani E,Fujino K.Effects of water on theα-βtransformation kinetics in San Carlos oli-vine[J].Science,1998,281:85-87.
[2]Griggs D T.High-pressure phenomena with applications to geophysics,in Moden physics for the en-gineer,edited by L N Ridenour[M].New York:McGraw-Hill,1954.72-305.
[3]Griggs D.The sinking lithosphere and the focal mechanism of deep earthquakes,in The Norrrre oftlte Solid Emtlz,edited by E C Robertson[M].New York:McGraw-Hill,1972.361-384.
[4]Griggs D,Handin J.Observations on fracture and a hypothesis of earthquakes[J].Mem Geol SocAm,1960,79:347-373.
[5]Post R L Jr.High-temperature creep of Mt.Burnet dunite[J].Tectonophysics,1977,42:75-110.
[6]Griggs D T,Baker D W.The origin of deep-locus earthquakes,in Properties of Matter under unusu-al conditions[M].New York:J Wiley,1968.23-42.
[7]Ogawa M.Shear instability in a visco-elastic material as the cause of deep-focus earthquakes[J].JGeophys Res,1987,92:13 801-13 810.
[8]Bridgman P W.Polymorphic transition and geological phenomenon[J].Am J Sci,1945,247A:90-97.
[9]Kirby S H.Localized polymorphic phase transformations in high-pressure faults and applications tothe physical mechanism of deep earthquakes[J].J Geophys Res,1987,92:13 789-13 800.
[10]Liu L.Phase transformation,earthquakes and the descending lithosphere[J].Phys Earth Planet In-ter,1983,32:226-240.
[11]Meade C,Jeanloz R.Acoustic emmissions and shear instabilities during phase transformation in Siand Ge at ultrahigh pressure[J].Nature,1989,339:616-618.
[12]Dennis J G,Walker C T.Earthquakes resulting metastable phase transitions[J].Tectonophysics,1965,2:401-407.
[13]Kawakatsu H.Insignificant isotropic component in the moment tensor of deep earthquakes[J].Na-ture,1991,351:50-53.
[14]Sykes L R.Deep earthquakes and rapidly-running phase changes:A reply to Dennis and Walker[J].J Geophys Res,1968,73:1 508-1 510.
[15]Green H WⅡ,Burnley P C.A new self-organizing mechanism for deep-focus earthquakes[J].Na-ture,1989,341:733-737.
[16]Green H WⅡ,YoungT E,Walker D.Anticrack-associated faulting at very high pressure in naturalolivine[J].Nature,1990,348:720-722.
[17]Burnley P C,Green H WⅡ,Prior D.Faulting associated with the olivine to spinel transformationin Mg2GeO4and its implications for deep-focus earthquakes[J].J Geophys Res,1991,96:425-443.
[18]Ringwood A E.Composition and petrology of the Earth′s mantle[J].New York:MeGraw-Hill,1975.
[19]Sung C M,Burns R G.Kinetics of the high-pressure phase transformations:Implications to the evo-lution of the olivine-spinel phase transition in the downgoing lithosphere and its consequences on thedynamics of the mantle[J].Tectonophysics,1976b,31:1-32.
[20]Sung,C M,Burns R G.Kinetics of the olivine-spinel transition:Implications to deep-focus earth-quake genesis[J].Earth Planet Sci Lett,1976a,32:165-170.
[21]Kirby S H,Durham W B,Stem L A.Mantle phase changes and deep-earthquake faulting in subduc-ting lithosphere[J].Science,1991,52:216-225.
[22]Kirby S H,Stein S,Okal E A.Metastable mantle phase transformation and deep earthquakes insubducting oceanic lithosphere[J].Reviews of Geophysics,1996,4(2):261-306.
[23]Rubie D C,Ross C R II.Kinetics of the olivine-spinel transformation in subducting lithosphere:ex-perimental constraints and implications for deep slab processes[J].Phys Earth Planet Inter,1994,86:223-241.
[24]DaBler R,Yuen D A,Karato S,et al.Two-dimensional thermo-kinetic model for the olivine-spinelphase transition in subducting slabs[J].Phys Earth Planet Inter,1996,94:217-239.
[25]Devaux J P,Schubert G,Anderson C.Formation of a metastable olivine wedge in a subducting slab[J].J Geophys Res,1997,102:24 627-24 637.
[26]Frohlich C.The nature of deep-focus earthquakes[J].Ann Rev Earth Planet Sci,1989,17:227-254.
[27]Iidaka T,Suetsugu D.Seismological evidence for metastable olivine inside a subducting slab[J].Na-ture,1992,356:593-595.
[28]Kope K D,Wiens D A.The wave guide effect of metastable olivine in slabs[J].Geophys Res Lett,2000,27:573-576.
[29]Koper K D,Wiens D A,Dorman L M,et al.Modeling the Tonga slab:can travel time data resolvea metastable olivine wedge[J].J Geophys Res,1998,103:30 079-30 100.
[30]Marton F,Shankland T J,Rubie D C,et al.Effects of variable thermal conductivity on the mineral-ogy of subducting slabs and implications for mechanisms of deep earthquakes[J].Phys Earth PlanetInter,2005,149:3-64.
[31]Mosenfelder J L,Marton F C,Ross,II C R,et al.Experimental constraints on the depth of olivinemetastability in subducting lithosphere[J].Phys Earth Planet Inter,2001,127:165-180.
[32]Xu Y,Shankland T J,Linhardt S,et al.Thermal diffusivity and conductivity of olivine,wadsleyiteand ringwoodite to 20 GPa and 1373 K[J].Phys Earth Planet Inter,2004,143-144:321-336.
[33]Stein C A,Stein S.A model for the global variation in oceanic depth and heat flow with lithosphericage[J].Nature,1992,359:123-129.
[34]Carminati E,Negredo A M,Valera J L,et al.Subduction-related intermediate-depth and deep seis-micity in Italy:insights from thermal and rheological modeling[J].Phys Earth Planet Inter,2005,149:65-79.
[35]Hosoya T,Kubo T,Ohtani E,et al.Water controls the fields of metastable olivine in cold subduc-ting slabs[J].Geophys Res Lett,2005,32(L17305):1-4.
[36]Vaisnys J R,Pilbeam C C.Deep-earthquake initiation by phase transformation[J].J Geophys Res,1976,81:985-988.
[37]McGarr A.Seismic moments of earthquakes beneath island arcs,phase change,and subduction ve-locities[J].J Geophys Res,1977,82:256-264.
[38]Fletcher R C,Pollard DD.Anticrack model for pressure solution surfaces[J].Geology,1981,9:419-421.
[39]Green H WⅡ,Scholz C H,TingleT N.Acoustic emissions produced by anticrack faulting duringthe olivine→spinel tranformation[J].Geophys Res Lett,1992a,19:789-792.
[40]Liu L.Phase transformation and deep-focus earthquakes[J].Physica A,1995,221:143-151.
[41]Green H W II,Y Zhou.Transformation-induced faulting requires an exothermic reaction and ex-plains the termination of earthquakes at the base of the mantle transition zone[J].Tectonophysics,1996,256:39-56.
[42]Vaughan P J,Coe R S.Creep mechanism flow properties of the germanate analog of forsterite[J].Techtonophysics,1981,86:389-404.
[43]Kohlstedt D L,Keppler H,Rubie D C.Solubility of water in theα、βandγphases of(Mg,Fe)2SiO4[J].Contrib Mineral Petrol,1996,123:345-357.
[44]Bell D R,Rossman G R.Water in earth′s mantle:The role of nominally anhydrous minerals[J].Science,1992,255:1 391-1 397.
[45]金日东,金振民.蛇纹石脱水与大洋俯冲带中源地震(70~300 km)的关系[J].地学前缘,2006,13:191-204.
[46]ChenJ H,Inoue T,Yurimoto H,et al.Effect of water on olivine-wadsleyite phase boundary in the(Mg,Fe)2SiO4system[J].Geophys Res Lett,2002,29:1-4.
[47]Rubie D C.The catalysis of mineral reactions by water and restrictions on the presence of aqueousfluid during metamorphism[J].Mineral Ma,1986,50:399-415.
[48]Kubo T,Ohtani E,Fujino K.Effects of water on theα-βtransformation kinetics in San Carlos oli-vine[J].Science,1998,281:85-87.
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