直接拉伸、劈裂及单轴压缩试验下岩石的声发射特性
摘要
采用自行研制的岩石直接拉伸试验装置,对砂岩和石灰岩2种岩样进行直接拉伸、劈裂及单轴压缩试验。试验结果表明,2种岩石的声发射活动情况大体相同。在单轴压缩条件下,加载早期的声发射活动较为活跃,随着荷载的增加,许多试样的声发射率较加载初期有所下降,这通常被认为与试样中的裂隙压密有关。劈裂试验条件下岩样的声发射活动规律与单轴压缩条件下基本一致,所不同的是:在劈裂试验条件下,声发射活动在整个加载过程中持续不断,直至临近破坏时,声发射活动大量增加,即劈裂试验条件下未观察到与单轴压缩试验类似的“裂隙压密”阶段声发射率较高的现象,也未观察到压缩试验中试样发生微破裂时,声发射累计事件数出现阶跃、变形曲线上出现拐点的现象。在直接拉伸条件下,试样的声发射活动又有很大不同,在破坏发生前的整个加载过程中,观察到的声发射事件数和能率远少于单轴压缩和劈裂试验的结果。对于大多数试样,声发射事件仅在试样破坏时才能观察到。
Direct tension,Brazilian and uniaxial compressive tests were carried out with sandstone and limestone samples collected from mines of China,with a testing apparatus of direct tension developed by the authors.The results show that the acoustic emission(AE) detected from the two rock samples is similar.During the loading process of compressive tests,the observed AE event numbers at the beginning of loading are usually quite high;and then decrease to a lower level with the raising of loading,which is believed to be produced by closing of the micro cracks in the rocks.In Brazilian tests,the behaviour of AE is similar to that in compression,i.e.AE events appeared early in the loading stage and kept approximately the same level during the total loading process until sample′s failure where AE events reaches its maximum value.However,the phenomenon that AE events show higher values at initial loading stage as those in compression does not observe in Brazilian tests.Moreover,in compression,a sudden large increase in AE cumulative events can usually be observed when a small crack appeared before sample′s failure;while such a result is not obtained in Brazilian test.In the direct tension testst,he observed AE is completely different,and both the numbers of AE events and energy during the loading process before failure are much lower than those of the other tests.Moreover,AE under direct tension could hardly be detected until the failure of the samples.In factf,or most samples,AE events under direct tension are detected only when the peak loading stress is reached.
Direct tension,Brazilian and uniaxial compressive tests were carried out with sandstone and limestone samples collected from mines of China,with a testing apparatus of direct tension developed by the authors.The results show that the acoustic emission(AE) detected from the two rock samples is similar.During the loading process of compressive tests,the observed AE event numbers at the beginning of loading are usually quite high;and then decrease to a lower level with the raising of loading,which is believed to be produced by closing of the micro cracks in the rocks.In Brazilian tests,the behaviour of AE is similar to that in compression,i.e.AE events appeared early in the loading stage and kept approximately the same level during the total loading process until sample′s failure where AE events reaches its maximum value.However,the phenomenon that AE events show higher values at initial loading stage as those in compression does not observe in Brazilian tests.Moreover,in compression,a sudden large increase in AE cumulative events can usually be observed when a small crack appeared before sample′s failure;while such a result is not obtained in Brazilian test.In the direct tension testst,he observed AE is completely different,and both the numbers of AE events and energy during the loading process before failure are much lower than those of the other tests.Moreover,AE under direct tension could hardly be detected until the failure of the samples.In factf,or most samples,AE events under direct tension are detected only when the peak loading stress is reached.
引文
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[2]孙成栋.岩石声学测试[M].北京:地质出版社,1981.(SUN Chengdong.Acoustic measurements of rocks[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1981.(in Chinese))
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[5]李庶林,尹贤刚,王泳嘉,等.单轴受压岩石破坏全过程声发射特征研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(15):2 499-2 503.(LI Shulin,YIN Xiangang,WANG Yongjia,et al.Studies on acoustic emission characteristics of uniaxial compressive rock failure[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(15):2 499-2 503.(in Chinese))
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[8]许昭永,梅世蓉,庄灿涛,等.真三轴压机刚度对岩石破裂声发射的影响及与地震活动性的联系[J].地震学报,1991,13(2):223-232.(XU Zhaoyong,MEI Shirong,ZHUANG Cantao,et al.The influence of stiffness of the true triaxial testing machine on the rupturing and acoustic emission of rocks and its correlation with seismic activities[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1991,13(2):223-232.(in Chinese))
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[10]张晖辉,颜玉定,余怀忠,等.循环载荷下大试件岩石破坏声发射试验——岩石破坏前兆的研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(21):3 621-3 628.(ZHANG Huihui,YAN Yuding,YU Huaizhong,et al.Acoustic emission experimental research on large-scaled rock failure under cycle loading--fracture precursor of rock[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(21):3 621-3 628.(in Chinese))
[11]PERKINS T K,KRECH W W.The energy balance concept of hydraulic fracturing[J].Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal,1968,8(1):1-12.
[12]HAWKES I,MELLOR M,GARIEPY S.Deformation of rocks under uniaxial tension[J].Int.J.Rock Mech.Min.Sci.and Geomech.Abstr.,1973,10(6):493-507.
[13]STIMPSON B,Chen R.Measurement of rock elastic moduli in tension and in compression and its practical significance[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1993,30(2):338-347.
[14]YU X,DA GAMA C D,NA Y,et al.Deformation behaviour of rocks under compression and direct tension[J].Journal of the South Africa Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,2005,105(1):55-62.
[15]SUNDARAM P N,CORRALES J M.Brazilian tensile strength of rocks with different elastic properties in tension and compression[J].Int.J.Rock Mech.Min.Sci.and Geomech.Abstr.,1980,17(2):131-133.
[16]余贤斌,谢强,李心一,等.岩石直接拉伸与压缩变形的循环加载试验与双模量本构模型[J].岩土工程学报,2005,27(9):988-993.(YU Xianbin,XIE Qiang,LI Xinyi,et al.Cycle loading tests of rock samples under direct tension and compression and bi-modular constitutive model[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2005,27(9):988-993.(in Chinese))
[2]孙成栋.岩石声学测试[M].北京:地质出版社,1981.(SUN Chengdong.Acoustic measurements of rocks[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1981.(in Chinese))
[3]付小敏.典型岩石单轴压缩变形及声发射特性试验研究[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2005,32(1):17-21.(FU Xiaomin.Experimental study on uniaxial compression deformation and acoustic emission property of typical rocks[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology(Science and Technology),2005,32(1):17-21.(in Chinese))
[4]LEI X L,NISHIZAWA O,KUSUNOSE K,et al.Compressive failure of mudstone samples containing quartz veins using rapid AE monitoring:the role of asperities[J].Tectonophysics,2000,328(3/4):329-340.
[5]李庶林,尹贤刚,王泳嘉,等.单轴受压岩石破坏全过程声发射特征研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(15):2 499-2 503.(LI Shulin,YIN Xiangang,WANG Yongjia,et al.Studies on acoustic emission characteristics of uniaxial compressive rock failure[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(15):2 499-2 503.(in Chinese))
[6]RUDAJEV V,VILHELM J,LOKAJICEK T.Laboratory studies of acoustic emission prior to uniaxial compressive rock failure[J].Int.J.Rock Mech.Min.Sci.,2000,37(4):699-704.
[7]蒋宇,葛修润,任建喜.岩石疲劳破坏过程中的变形规律及声发射特性[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(11):1 810-1 814.(JIANG Yu,GE Xiurun,REN Jianxi.Deformation rules and acoustic emission characteristics of rocks in process of fatigue failure[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(11):1 810-1 814.(in Chinese))
[8]许昭永,梅世蓉,庄灿涛,等.真三轴压机刚度对岩石破裂声发射的影响及与地震活动性的联系[J].地震学报,1991,13(2):223-232.(XU Zhaoyong,MEI Shirong,ZHUANG Cantao,et al.The influence of stiffness of the true triaxial testing machine on the rupturing and acoustic emission of rocks and its correlation with seismic activities[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1991,13(2):223-232.(in Chinese))
[9]吴刚,赵震洋.不同应力状态下岩石类材料破坏的声发射特性[J].岩土工程学报,1998,20(2):82-85.(WU Gang,ZHAO Zhenyang.Acoustic emission character of rock materials failure during various stress states[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1998,20(2):82-85.(in Chinese))
[10]张晖辉,颜玉定,余怀忠,等.循环载荷下大试件岩石破坏声发射试验——岩石破坏前兆的研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(21):3 621-3 628.(ZHANG Huihui,YAN Yuding,YU Huaizhong,et al.Acoustic emission experimental research on large-scaled rock failure under cycle loading--fracture precursor of rock[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(21):3 621-3 628.(in Chinese))
[11]PERKINS T K,KRECH W W.The energy balance concept of hydraulic fracturing[J].Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal,1968,8(1):1-12.
[12]HAWKES I,MELLOR M,GARIEPY S.Deformation of rocks under uniaxial tension[J].Int.J.Rock Mech.Min.Sci.and Geomech.Abstr.,1973,10(6):493-507.
[13]STIMPSON B,Chen R.Measurement of rock elastic moduli in tension and in compression and its practical significance[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1993,30(2):338-347.
[14]YU X,DA GAMA C D,NA Y,et al.Deformation behaviour of rocks under compression and direct tension[J].Journal of the South Africa Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,2005,105(1):55-62.
[15]SUNDARAM P N,CORRALES J M.Brazilian tensile strength of rocks with different elastic properties in tension and compression[J].Int.J.Rock Mech.Min.Sci.and Geomech.Abstr.,1980,17(2):131-133.
[16]余贤斌,谢强,李心一,等.岩石直接拉伸与压缩变形的循环加载试验与双模量本构模型[J].岩土工程学报,2005,27(9):988-993.(YU Xianbin,XIE Qiang,LI Xinyi,et al.Cycle loading tests of rock samples under direct tension and compression and bi-modular constitutive model[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2005,27(9):988-993.(in Chinese))
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