中国地表亮度温度年变基准场
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摘要
欲从热红外辐射中找到构造活动与地震活动的信息 ,需要考虑 2个基本问题 ,即大气的影响和地表热红外辐射的稳定场。通过以下方面的工作尝试对上述问题进行了研究 :1 )提出了地表亮度温度及年变基准场的概念。 2 )利用NOAA卫星 2 0年的观测资料 ,文中在获得地表亮温 (LSBT)的基础上 ,借用分离窗方法和小波分析方法 ,提取了中国地表亮温的年变基准场 ,为进一步分析异常场打下了基础。计算表明 ,大气的影响一般在± 1 0K范围内。
For extracting the information about fault activity and seismicity from thermal infrared radiation, two crucial problems should be taken into consideration: 1) Aerosphere exists between solid earth and the satellite based sensor, and thus influences the infrared energy of land radiation when it passes through the aerosphere to arrive at the sensors. Moreover, the atmosphere itself is involved in thermal radiation, too. Therefore, to extract the geophysical information from thermal radiation, we have to begin with the estimation of atmospheric influence; 2) for identifying the anomalies induced by fault activity in thermal radiation, we should be able to distinguish the normal radiation from anomalous radiation, as anomaly can only be identified in reference with normality. This paper discusses these problems from the following aspects: 1) define the concepts of land surface brightness temperature (LSBT) and its annual variation field. LSBT would be an important physical concept in extracting the geophysical information from thermal radiation. LSBT should be assigned to the category of radiation energy of land surface, rather than the traditional "temperature" concept. Once the emissivity is known, the temperature can easily be calculated according to Planck law; 2) introduce the split window method for calculating the LSBT and the influence of atmosphere. The calculation shows that the influence of atmosphere on brightness temperature received by satellite based sensor is about ±10K; 3) the annual variation field of LSBT in China is extracted from the LSBT data by using the wavelet and split window methods; the data used in this study come from the observations of NOAA/AVHRR from 1981 to 2001. The results of this study may provide a basis for further analyzing the anomaly field of thermal radiation.
For extracting the information about fault activity and seismicity from thermal infrared radiation, two crucial problems should be taken into consideration: 1) Aerosphere exists between solid earth and the satellite based sensor, and thus influences the infrared energy of land radiation when it passes through the aerosphere to arrive at the sensors. Moreover, the atmosphere itself is involved in thermal radiation, too. Therefore, to extract the geophysical information from thermal radiation, we have to begin with the estimation of atmospheric influence; 2) for identifying the anomalies induced by fault activity in thermal radiation, we should be able to distinguish the normal radiation from anomalous radiation, as anomaly can only be identified in reference with normality. This paper discusses these problems from the following aspects: 1) define the concepts of land surface brightness temperature (LSBT) and its annual variation field. LSBT would be an important physical concept in extracting the geophysical information from thermal radiation. LSBT should be assigned to the category of radiation energy of land surface, rather than the traditional "temperature" concept. Once the emissivity is known, the temperature can easily be calculated according to Planck law; 2) introduce the split window method for calculating the LSBT and the influence of atmosphere. The calculation shows that the influence of atmosphere on brightness temperature received by satellite based sensor is about ±10K; 3) the annual variation field of LSBT in China is extracted from the LSBT data by using the wavelet and split window methods; the data used in this study come from the observations of NOAA/AVHRR from 1981 to 2001. The results of this study may provide a basis for further analyzing the anomaly field of thermal radiation.
引文
陈梅花,邓志辉,贾庆华.2003.地震前卫星红外异常与发震断裂的关系研究:以2001年昆仑山8.1级地震为例〔J〕.地震地质,25(1):100—108.CHENMei hua,DENGZhi hui,JIAQing hua.2003.Therelationshipbetweenthesatelliteinfraredanomaliesbeforeearthquakeandtheseismogenicfault—Acasestudyonthe2001Kunlunearthquake〔J〕.SeismologyandGeology,25(1):100—108(inChinese).
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邓志辉,王煜,陈梅花,等.2003a.中国大陆几次强地震活动的卫星红外异常分析〔J〕.地震地质,25(2):327—337.DENGZhi hui,WANGYu,CHENMeiHua,etal.2003a.SatelliteinfraredanomalyofseveralstrongearthquakesinChinamainland〔J〕.SeismologyandGeology,25(2):327—337(inChinese).
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刘德富.2000.台湾集集强震前的卫星遥感长波辐射场变异分析〔J〕.地球信息科学,2(1):33—36.LIUDe fu.2000.AbnormaldetectiononsatelliteremotesensingOLRbeforeChiChiearthquakes〔J〕.Geo informationScience,2(1):33—36(inChinese).
马瑾,单新建.2000.利用遥感技术研究断层现今活动的探索:以玛尼地震前后断层相互作用为例〔J〕.地震地质,22(3):210—215.MAJin,SHANXin jian.2000.Anattempttostudyactivityoffaultusingremotesensingtechnology:AcaseoftheManiearthquake〔J〕.SeismologyandGeology,22(3):210—215(inChinese).
强祖基,徐秀登,赁常恭.1990.热红外异常:临震前兆〔J〕.科学通报,35(17):1324—1327.QIANGZu ji,XUXiu deng,DIANChang gong.1990.Satelliteinfraredthermo anomaly:Earthquakeimminentprecursor〔J〕.ChineseScienceBulletin,35(17):1324—1327(inChinese).
强祖基,孔令昌,王弋平,等.1992.地球放气、热红外异常与地震活动〔J〕.科学通报,24:2259—2262.QIANGZu ji,KONGLing chang,WANGYi ping,etal.1992.Earthgasemission,infraredthermo anomalyandseismicity〔J〕.ChineseScienceBulletin,24:2259—2262(inChinese).
强祖基,赁常恭,李玲芝,等.1998.卫星热红外图像亮温异常:短临震兆〔J〕.中国科学(D辑),28(6):564—573.QIANGZu ji,DIANChang gong,LILing zhi,etal.1998.Satelliteinfraredbrightnesstemperatureanomaly—Earthquakeimminentprecursor〔J〕.ScienceinChina(SerD),28(6):564—573(inChinese).
徐秀登,强祖基,赁常恭.1990.突发性地面增温与临震前兆〔J〕.地震地质,13(2):243—249.XUXiu deng,QIANGZu ji,DIANChang gong.1990.Suddenlyincreasingtemperatureongroundsurfaceasoneofimminentearthquakeprecursor〔J〕.SeismologyandGeology,13(2):243—249(inChinese).
徐秀登,强祖基,赁常恭.1991.临震卫星热红外异常与地面增温异常〔J〕.科学通报,36(4):291—294.XUXiu deng,QIANGZu ji,DIANChang gong.1991.Earthquakeimminentinfraredthermo anomalyandtemperatureincreaseonearthsurface〔J〕.ChineseScienceBulletin,36(4):291—294(inChinese).
徐秀登,徐向民.2001.地震前红外异常的基本特征与成因机理〔J〕.西北地震学报,23(3):310—312.XUXiu deng,XUXiang min.2001.Thebasiccharactersandformationmechanismofsatelliteinfraredanomaliesbeforestrongearthquakes〔J〕.NorthwesternSeismologicalJournal,23(3):310—312(inChinese).
徐希儒.2004.遥感物理〔M〕.北京:科学出版社.待出版XUXi ru.2004.PhysicsofRemoteSensing〔M〕.SciencePress,Beijing(inpress)(inChinese).
ГорныйBH .1990.地球热红外辐射:地震活动性的标志〔J〕.徐秀登译.地震地质译丛,(2):38—39.ГорныйBH .1990.Earthinfraredradiation—indicatorofseismicactivity〔J〕.translatedintoChinesebyXUXiu deng.TranslatedWorksofSeismogeology,(2):38—39(inChinese).
McClainEP ,PichelWG ,WaltonCC .1985.ComparativeperformanceofAVHRR basedmultichannelseasurfacetemperature〔J〕.JourGeophysRes,90(C6):11587—11601.
McMillinLM .1975.Estimationofseasurfacetemperaturefromtwoinfraredwindowmeasurementswithdifferentabsorption〔J〕.JourGeophysRes,80(36):5113—5117.
McMillinLM ,CrosbyDS .1984.Theoryandvalidationofthemultiplewindowseasurfacetemperature〔J〕.JourGeophysRes,89(C3):3655—3661.
OuzounovD ,FreundF .2004.Mid infraredemissionpriortostrongearthquakesanalyzedbyremotesensingdata〔J〕.AdvancesinSpaceResearch,33:268—273.
TroninAA ,HayakawaM ,MolchanovOA .2002.ThermalIRsatellitedataapplicationforearthquakeresearchinJapanandChina〔J].JournalofGeodynamics,33(2002):519—534.
崔锦泰著.1995.小波分析导论〔M〕.程正心译.西安:西安交通大学出版社.1—99,161—333.CUIJin tai.1995.AnIntroductiontoWavelets〔M〕.TranslatedintoChinesebyCHENGZhengXin.Xi anJiaoTongUniversityPress,Xi’an.1—99,161—333(inChinese).
邓志辉,王煜,陈梅花,等.2003a.中国大陆几次强地震活动的卫星红外异常分析〔J〕.地震地质,25(2):327—337.DENGZhi hui,WANGYu,CHENMeiHua,etal.2003a.SatelliteinfraredanomalyofseveralstrongearthquakesinChinamainland〔J〕.SeismologyandGeology,25(2):327—337(inChinese).
邓志辉,陈梅花,王煜,等.2003b.地震前卫星红外异常特征分析〔J〕.地球学报,24(增刊):323—328.DENGZhi hui,CHENMeiHua,WANGYu,etal.2003b.Astudyofthesatelliteinfraredanomalybeforeearthquake〔J〕.ActaGeoscientiaSinica,24(Suppl):323—328(inChinese).
刘德富.2000.台湾集集强震前的卫星遥感长波辐射场变异分析〔J〕.地球信息科学,2(1):33—36.LIUDe fu.2000.AbnormaldetectiononsatelliteremotesensingOLRbeforeChiChiearthquakes〔J〕.Geo informationScience,2(1):33—36(inChinese).
马瑾,单新建.2000.利用遥感技术研究断层现今活动的探索:以玛尼地震前后断层相互作用为例〔J〕.地震地质,22(3):210—215.MAJin,SHANXin jian.2000.Anattempttostudyactivityoffaultusingremotesensingtechnology:AcaseoftheManiearthquake〔J〕.SeismologyandGeology,22(3):210—215(inChinese).
强祖基,徐秀登,赁常恭.1990.热红外异常:临震前兆〔J〕.科学通报,35(17):1324—1327.QIANGZu ji,XUXiu deng,DIANChang gong.1990.Satelliteinfraredthermo anomaly:Earthquakeimminentprecursor〔J〕.ChineseScienceBulletin,35(17):1324—1327(inChinese).
强祖基,孔令昌,王弋平,等.1992.地球放气、热红外异常与地震活动〔J〕.科学通报,24:2259—2262.QIANGZu ji,KONGLing chang,WANGYi ping,etal.1992.Earthgasemission,infraredthermo anomalyandseismicity〔J〕.ChineseScienceBulletin,24:2259—2262(inChinese).
强祖基,赁常恭,李玲芝,等.1998.卫星热红外图像亮温异常:短临震兆〔J〕.中国科学(D辑),28(6):564—573.QIANGZu ji,DIANChang gong,LILing zhi,etal.1998.Satelliteinfraredbrightnesstemperatureanomaly—Earthquakeimminentprecursor〔J〕.ScienceinChina(SerD),28(6):564—573(inChinese).
徐秀登,强祖基,赁常恭.1990.突发性地面增温与临震前兆〔J〕.地震地质,13(2):243—249.XUXiu deng,QIANGZu ji,DIANChang gong.1990.Suddenlyincreasingtemperatureongroundsurfaceasoneofimminentearthquakeprecursor〔J〕.SeismologyandGeology,13(2):243—249(inChinese).
徐秀登,强祖基,赁常恭.1991.临震卫星热红外异常与地面增温异常〔J〕.科学通报,36(4):291—294.XUXiu deng,QIANGZu ji,DIANChang gong.1991.Earthquakeimminentinfraredthermo anomalyandtemperatureincreaseonearthsurface〔J〕.ChineseScienceBulletin,36(4):291—294(inChinese).
徐秀登,徐向民.2001.地震前红外异常的基本特征与成因机理〔J〕.西北地震学报,23(3):310—312.XUXiu deng,XUXiang min.2001.Thebasiccharactersandformationmechanismofsatelliteinfraredanomaliesbeforestrongearthquakes〔J〕.NorthwesternSeismologicalJournal,23(3):310—312(inChinese).
徐希儒.2004.遥感物理〔M〕.北京:科学出版社.待出版XUXi ru.2004.PhysicsofRemoteSensing〔M〕.SciencePress,Beijing(inpress)(inChinese).
ГорныйBH .1990.地球热红外辐射:地震活动性的标志〔J〕.徐秀登译.地震地质译丛,(2):38—39.ГорныйBH .1990.Earthinfraredradiation—indicatorofseismicactivity〔J〕.translatedintoChinesebyXUXiu deng.TranslatedWorksofSeismogeology,(2):38—39(inChinese).
McClainEP ,PichelWG ,WaltonCC .1985.ComparativeperformanceofAVHRR basedmultichannelseasurfacetemperature〔J〕.JourGeophysRes,90(C6):11587—11601.
McMillinLM .1975.Estimationofseasurfacetemperaturefromtwoinfraredwindowmeasurementswithdifferentabsorption〔J〕.JourGeophysRes,80(36):5113—5117.
McMillinLM ,CrosbyDS .1984.Theoryandvalidationofthemultiplewindowseasurfacetemperature〔J〕.JourGeophysRes,89(C3):3655—3661.
OuzounovD ,FreundF .2004.Mid infraredemissionpriortostrongearthquakesanalyzedbyremotesensingdata〔J〕.AdvancesinSpaceResearch,33:268—273.
TroninAA ,HayakawaM ,MolchanovOA .2002.ThermalIRsatellitedataapplicationforearthquakeresearchinJapanandChina〔J].JournalofGeodynamics,33(2002):519—534.
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