同震变形中模型分层和重力影响研究
|
摘要
利用同震和震后变形模拟软件包,以我国唐山7.8级地震和伽师6.8级地震为例,在考虑和忽略重力两种条件下,分别采用弹性半空间均匀模型和分层模型,模拟和比较了同震地表水平与垂直形变的差异,结果发现模型分层和重力的影响非常显著,超过了可观测到的量级。表明在应用Okada模型分析类似震例时模型分层和重力的影响是不可忽略的。
The co-seismic vertical and horizontal deformations for two earthquakes(Tangshan M7.8 earthquake in 1976,Jiashi M6.8 earthquake in 2003) in China are calculated by use of the two softwares for co-seismic and post-seismic deformation.The computations are implemented under the cases of taking into account/neglecting the gravitation with elastic homogeneous half-space/elastic layered half-space earth model respectively. The results show that the influences of earth’s stratification and gravity on the co-seismic deformation greatly exceed the resolution of modern observation techniques. It indicates the influences of earth’s stratification and gravity cann’t be ignored in analyzing the similar earthquakes with the Okada’s model.
The co-seismic vertical and horizontal deformations for two earthquakes(Tangshan M7.8 earthquake in 1976,Jiashi M6.8 earthquake in 2003) in China are calculated by use of the two softwares for co-seismic and post-seismic deformation.The computations are implemented under the cases of taking into account/neglecting the gravitation with elastic homogeneous half-space/elastic layered half-space earth model respectively. The results show that the influences of earth’s stratification and gravity on the co-seismic deformation greatly exceed the resolution of modern observation techniques. It indicates the influences of earth’s stratification and gravity cann’t be ignored in analyzing the similar earthquakes with the Okada’s model.
引文
1Klotz J,Khazaradze G,Angermann D,et al.Earthquake cy-cle dominates contemporary crustal deformation in Centraland Southern Andes[J].Earth and Planetary Science Let-ters,2001,193:437-446.
2Fialko Y.Evidence of fluid-filled upper crust from obser-vations of post-seismic deformation due to the1992Mw7.3Landers earthquake[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2004,109,B08401,doi:1029/2004JB002985.
3Wang R,Xia Y,Grosser H,et al.The2003Bam(SE I-ran)earthquake:precise source parameters from satellite ra-dar interferometry[J].Geophys J Int,2004,159:917-922.
4乔学军,等.新疆伽师强震群区的InSAR观测研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2007,27(1):7~13.4Qiao Xuejun,et al.Study on Jiashi strong earthquake swarmarea by InSAR[J].Journal of geodesy and Geodynamics,2007,27(1):7-13.(in Chinese)
5Xia Y.Bam earthquake:Surface deformation measurementusing radar interferometry[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2005,18(4):451-459.
6Lorenzo-Martn F,Roth F and Wang R.Inversion for rheo-logical parameters from post-seismic surface deformation as-sociated with the1960Valdivia earthquake,Chile[J].Geo-phys.J.Int.2006,164:75-87.
7Steketee J A.On volterra’s dislocation in a semi-infinite e-lastic medium[J].Can.J.Phys.1958,36:192-205.
8Chinnery M A.The deformation of ground around surfacefault[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1961,51:355-372.
9Chinnery M A.The stress changes that accompany strike-slip faulting[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of A-merica,1963,53:921-932.
10Maruyama T.Statical elastic dislocations in an infinite andsemi-infinite medium[J].Bull.Earthq.Res.Inst.,Univ.Tokyo,1964,42:289-368.
11Press F.Displacements,strains and tilts at teleseismic distances[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1965,70:2395-2412.
12Okada Y.Surface deformation due to shear and tensilefaults in a half-space[J].Bulletin of the Seismological So-ciety of America,1985,75:1135-1154.
13Okada Y.Internal deformation due to shear and tensilefaults in a half-space[J].Bulletin of the SeismologicaSociety of America1992,82:1018-1040.
14Sato R.Crustal deformation due to a dislocation in a multi-layered medium[J].Journal of Physics of the Earth,1971,19:31-46.
15Sato R,Matsu’ura M.Static deformation due to the faultspreading over several layers in a multi-layered medium.Part I:displacement[J].Journal of Physics of the Earth,1973,21:227-249.
16Ben-Menahem A and Gillon A.Crustal deformations byearthquakes and explosions[J].Bulletin of the Seismologi-cal Society of America,1970,60:193-215(for remarkon misprints see:Jovanovich,Husseini and Chinnery[J].Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society,1974,39:210.
17Smylie D S and Mansinha L.The elasticity theory of dislo-cation in real earth models and changes in the rotation ofthe earth[J].Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomi-cal Society,1971,23:329-354.
18Sun W and Okubo S.Surface potential and gravity changesdue to internal dislocations in a spherical earth—I.Theoryfor a point dislocation[J].Geophysical Journal Internation-al,1993,114:569-592.
19Sun W,Okubo S and Van姫ce P.Global displacementscaused by point dislocations in a realistic Earth model[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1996,101:8561-8578.
20李志才,许才军,等.同震变形分析中不同地球结构模型差异性研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2005,25(3):40~49.20Li Zhicai,Xu Caijun,et al.Study on difference amongdifference earth’s structure models in co-seismic deforma-tion analysis[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamic,2005,25(3):40-49.(in Chinese)
21申重阳,吴云,等.从地壳运动角度分析大陆强震机理的一种物理方法[J].中国地震,2001,17(1):70~81.21Shen Chongyang,Wu Yun,et al.Aphysical method of an-alyzing the continental strong earthquake mechanism fromcrustal movement[J].Earthquake Research in China,2001,17(1):70-81.(in Chinese)
22Pollitz F F.Postseismic relaxation theory on the sphericalearth[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1992,82:422-453.
23Pollitz F F.Gravitational viscoelastic postseismic relaxationon a layered spherical Earth[J].Journal of GeophysicalResearch,1997,102(B8):17921-17941.
24Piersanti A,Spada G and Sabadini R.Global postseismrebound of a viscoelastic Earth:Theory for finite faults andapplication to the1964Alsska earthquake[J].Journal ofGeophysical Research,1997,102:477-492.
25Nostro C,Piersanti A,Antonioli Aand Spada G.Sphericalversus flat models of coseismic and postseismic deforma-tions[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1999,104:13115-13134.
26Boschi L,Piersanti A and Spada G.Global post-seismicdeformation:Deep earthquakes[J].Journal of GeophysicalResearch,2000,105:631-652.
27Tanaka Y,Okuno J and Okubo S.A new method for thecomputation of global viscoelastic post-seismic deformationin a realistic earth model(I)—vertical displacement andgravity variation[J].Geophys.J.Int.2006,164:273-289.
28Wang H.Surface vertical displacements,potential pertur-bations and gravity changes of a viscoelastic earth model in-duced by internal point dislocation[J].Geophys.J.Int.1999,137:429-440.
29Wang Hand Wu P.Analytical approach for the toroidal relaxation of viscoelastic Earth[J].Geophys.J.Int.,2006167:1-19.
30陈运泰,等.用大地测量资料反演的1976年唐山地震的位错模式[J].地球物理学报,1979,22(3):201~217.30Chen Yuntai,et al.A dislocation model of the Tangshanearthquake of1976from the inversion of geodetic data[J].Acta Geophysica Sinica,1979,22(3):201-217.(in Chi-nese)
31陈运泰,等.根据地面变形的观测研究1966年邢台地震的震源过程[J].地球物理学报,1975,18(3):164~181.31Chen Yuntai,et al.The focal mechanism of the1966Xing-tai earthquake as inferred from the ground deformation ob-servations[J].Acta Geophysica Sinica,1975,18(3):164-181.(in Chinese)
32陈运泰,吴忠良,等.数字地震学[M].北京:地震出版社,2000.32Chen Yuntai,Wu Zhongliang,et al.Digital seismology[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,2000.(in Chinese)
33申重阳,吴云,等.华北地块内部主要断层运动模型的GPS数据反演分析[J].地壳变形与地震,2001,21(4):33~42.33Shen Chongyang,Wu Yun,et al.GPS data inversion anal-ysis of the movement models of main faults within the northChina block[J].Crustal Deformation and Earthquake,2001,21(4):33-42.(in Chinese)
34王勇,张为民,等.重复绝对重力测量观测的滇西地区和拉萨点的重力变化及其意义[J].地球物理学报,2004,47(1):95~100.34Wang Yong,Zhang Weimin,et al.Gravity change detec-ted by repeated absolute gravity measurements in the west-ern Yunnan and Lhasa,China and its implication[J].Chi-nese Journal of Geophysics,2004,47(1):95-100.(inChinese)
35单新建,柳稼航,等.2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震同震变形场特征的初步分析[J].地震学报,2004,17(5):526~533.35Shan Xinjian,Liu Jiahang,et al.Preliminary analysis oncharacteristics of co-seismic deformation associated withMs8.1western Kunlunshan Pass earthquake in2001[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2004,17(5):526-533.(inChinese)
36Thomson W T.Transmission of elastic waves through astratified medium[J].Journal of Applied Physics,1950,21:89-93.
37Haskell N A.The dispersion of surface waves on multilay-ered media[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of A-merica,1953,43:17-34.
38Dunkin J W.Computation of modal solutions in layered elastic media at high frequencies[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1965,55:335-358.
39Jovanovich D B,Husseini M I and Chinnery M A.Elasticdislocations in a layered half-space—II.The point source[J].Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Socie-ty,1974,39:219-239.
40Roth F.Oberflachendeformationen und Krustenspannungenin Erdbebengebieten:Ein Modell zur Beschreibung ihrerzeitlichen A.nderungen.Dissertation[M].Institut.fuer.Geophys.,C.-A.-Univ,Kiel,Germany,1983
41谢小碧,姚振兴.计算分层介质中位错点源静态位移场的广义反射、透射系数矩阵和离散波数方法[J].地球物理学报,1989,32(3):270~280.41Xie Xiaobi and Yao Zhenxing.A generalized reflection-transmission coefficient matrix method to calculate staticdisplacement field of a stratified half-space by dislocationsource[J].Acta Geophys.Sinica,1989,32(3):270-280.(in Chinese)
42Wang R.A simple orthonormalization method for the stableand efficient computation of Green’s functions[J].Bulle-tin of the Seismological Society of America[J]1999,89:733-741.
43Wang R,Lorenzo MF and Roth F.Computation of deform-ation induced by earthquakes in a multi-layered elasticcrust-FORTRAN programs EDGRN/EDCMP[J].Comput-er&Geosciences[J],2003,29:195-207.
44Wang R,Lorenzo Martin F and Roth F.PSGRN/PSCMP—a new code for calculating co-and post-seismic deforma-tion,geoid and gravity changes based on the viscoelasticgravitational dislocation theory[J].Computer&Geosci-ences,2006,32:527-541.
45Wang R.The dislocation theory:a consistent way for inclu-ding the gravity effect in(visco)elastic plane-earth models[J].Geophysical Journal International,2005,161:191-196.
2Fialko Y.Evidence of fluid-filled upper crust from obser-vations of post-seismic deformation due to the1992Mw7.3Landers earthquake[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2004,109,B08401,doi:1029/2004JB002985.
3Wang R,Xia Y,Grosser H,et al.The2003Bam(SE I-ran)earthquake:precise source parameters from satellite ra-dar interferometry[J].Geophys J Int,2004,159:917-922.
4乔学军,等.新疆伽师强震群区的InSAR观测研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2007,27(1):7~13.4Qiao Xuejun,et al.Study on Jiashi strong earthquake swarmarea by InSAR[J].Journal of geodesy and Geodynamics,2007,27(1):7-13.(in Chinese)
5Xia Y.Bam earthquake:Surface deformation measurementusing radar interferometry[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2005,18(4):451-459.
6Lorenzo-Martn F,Roth F and Wang R.Inversion for rheo-logical parameters from post-seismic surface deformation as-sociated with the1960Valdivia earthquake,Chile[J].Geo-phys.J.Int.2006,164:75-87.
7Steketee J A.On volterra’s dislocation in a semi-infinite e-lastic medium[J].Can.J.Phys.1958,36:192-205.
8Chinnery M A.The deformation of ground around surfacefault[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1961,51:355-372.
9Chinnery M A.The stress changes that accompany strike-slip faulting[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of A-merica,1963,53:921-932.
10Maruyama T.Statical elastic dislocations in an infinite andsemi-infinite medium[J].Bull.Earthq.Res.Inst.,Univ.Tokyo,1964,42:289-368.
11Press F.Displacements,strains and tilts at teleseismic distances[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1965,70:2395-2412.
12Okada Y.Surface deformation due to shear and tensilefaults in a half-space[J].Bulletin of the Seismological So-ciety of America,1985,75:1135-1154.
13Okada Y.Internal deformation due to shear and tensilefaults in a half-space[J].Bulletin of the SeismologicaSociety of America1992,82:1018-1040.
14Sato R.Crustal deformation due to a dislocation in a multi-layered medium[J].Journal of Physics of the Earth,1971,19:31-46.
15Sato R,Matsu’ura M.Static deformation due to the faultspreading over several layers in a multi-layered medium.Part I:displacement[J].Journal of Physics of the Earth,1973,21:227-249.
16Ben-Menahem A and Gillon A.Crustal deformations byearthquakes and explosions[J].Bulletin of the Seismologi-cal Society of America,1970,60:193-215(for remarkon misprints see:Jovanovich,Husseini and Chinnery[J].Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society,1974,39:210.
17Smylie D S and Mansinha L.The elasticity theory of dislo-cation in real earth models and changes in the rotation ofthe earth[J].Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomi-cal Society,1971,23:329-354.
18Sun W and Okubo S.Surface potential and gravity changesdue to internal dislocations in a spherical earth—I.Theoryfor a point dislocation[J].Geophysical Journal Internation-al,1993,114:569-592.
19Sun W,Okubo S and Van姫ce P.Global displacementscaused by point dislocations in a realistic Earth model[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1996,101:8561-8578.
20李志才,许才军,等.同震变形分析中不同地球结构模型差异性研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2005,25(3):40~49.20Li Zhicai,Xu Caijun,et al.Study on difference amongdifference earth’s structure models in co-seismic deforma-tion analysis[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamic,2005,25(3):40-49.(in Chinese)
21申重阳,吴云,等.从地壳运动角度分析大陆强震机理的一种物理方法[J].中国地震,2001,17(1):70~81.21Shen Chongyang,Wu Yun,et al.Aphysical method of an-alyzing the continental strong earthquake mechanism fromcrustal movement[J].Earthquake Research in China,2001,17(1):70-81.(in Chinese)
22Pollitz F F.Postseismic relaxation theory on the sphericalearth[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1992,82:422-453.
23Pollitz F F.Gravitational viscoelastic postseismic relaxationon a layered spherical Earth[J].Journal of GeophysicalResearch,1997,102(B8):17921-17941.
24Piersanti A,Spada G and Sabadini R.Global postseismrebound of a viscoelastic Earth:Theory for finite faults andapplication to the1964Alsska earthquake[J].Journal ofGeophysical Research,1997,102:477-492.
25Nostro C,Piersanti A,Antonioli Aand Spada G.Sphericalversus flat models of coseismic and postseismic deforma-tions[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1999,104:13115-13134.
26Boschi L,Piersanti A and Spada G.Global post-seismicdeformation:Deep earthquakes[J].Journal of GeophysicalResearch,2000,105:631-652.
27Tanaka Y,Okuno J and Okubo S.A new method for thecomputation of global viscoelastic post-seismic deformationin a realistic earth model(I)—vertical displacement andgravity variation[J].Geophys.J.Int.2006,164:273-289.
28Wang H.Surface vertical displacements,potential pertur-bations and gravity changes of a viscoelastic earth model in-duced by internal point dislocation[J].Geophys.J.Int.1999,137:429-440.
29Wang Hand Wu P.Analytical approach for the toroidal relaxation of viscoelastic Earth[J].Geophys.J.Int.,2006167:1-19.
30陈运泰,等.用大地测量资料反演的1976年唐山地震的位错模式[J].地球物理学报,1979,22(3):201~217.30Chen Yuntai,et al.A dislocation model of the Tangshanearthquake of1976from the inversion of geodetic data[J].Acta Geophysica Sinica,1979,22(3):201-217.(in Chi-nese)
31陈运泰,等.根据地面变形的观测研究1966年邢台地震的震源过程[J].地球物理学报,1975,18(3):164~181.31Chen Yuntai,et al.The focal mechanism of the1966Xing-tai earthquake as inferred from the ground deformation ob-servations[J].Acta Geophysica Sinica,1975,18(3):164-181.(in Chinese)
32陈运泰,吴忠良,等.数字地震学[M].北京:地震出版社,2000.32Chen Yuntai,Wu Zhongliang,et al.Digital seismology[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,2000.(in Chinese)
33申重阳,吴云,等.华北地块内部主要断层运动模型的GPS数据反演分析[J].地壳变形与地震,2001,21(4):33~42.33Shen Chongyang,Wu Yun,et al.GPS data inversion anal-ysis of the movement models of main faults within the northChina block[J].Crustal Deformation and Earthquake,2001,21(4):33-42.(in Chinese)
34王勇,张为民,等.重复绝对重力测量观测的滇西地区和拉萨点的重力变化及其意义[J].地球物理学报,2004,47(1):95~100.34Wang Yong,Zhang Weimin,et al.Gravity change detec-ted by repeated absolute gravity measurements in the west-ern Yunnan and Lhasa,China and its implication[J].Chi-nese Journal of Geophysics,2004,47(1):95-100.(inChinese)
35单新建,柳稼航,等.2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震同震变形场特征的初步分析[J].地震学报,2004,17(5):526~533.35Shan Xinjian,Liu Jiahang,et al.Preliminary analysis oncharacteristics of co-seismic deformation associated withMs8.1western Kunlunshan Pass earthquake in2001[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,2004,17(5):526-533.(inChinese)
36Thomson W T.Transmission of elastic waves through astratified medium[J].Journal of Applied Physics,1950,21:89-93.
37Haskell N A.The dispersion of surface waves on multilay-ered media[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of A-merica,1953,43:17-34.
38Dunkin J W.Computation of modal solutions in layered elastic media at high frequencies[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1965,55:335-358.
39Jovanovich D B,Husseini M I and Chinnery M A.Elasticdislocations in a layered half-space—II.The point source[J].Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Socie-ty,1974,39:219-239.
40Roth F.Oberflachendeformationen und Krustenspannungenin Erdbebengebieten:Ein Modell zur Beschreibung ihrerzeitlichen A.nderungen.Dissertation[M].Institut.fuer.Geophys.,C.-A.-Univ,Kiel,Germany,1983
41谢小碧,姚振兴.计算分层介质中位错点源静态位移场的广义反射、透射系数矩阵和离散波数方法[J].地球物理学报,1989,32(3):270~280.41Xie Xiaobi and Yao Zhenxing.A generalized reflection-transmission coefficient matrix method to calculate staticdisplacement field of a stratified half-space by dislocationsource[J].Acta Geophys.Sinica,1989,32(3):270-280.(in Chinese)
42Wang R.A simple orthonormalization method for the stableand efficient computation of Green’s functions[J].Bulle-tin of the Seismological Society of America[J]1999,89:733-741.
43Wang R,Lorenzo MF and Roth F.Computation of deform-ation induced by earthquakes in a multi-layered elasticcrust-FORTRAN programs EDGRN/EDCMP[J].Comput-er&Geosciences[J],2003,29:195-207.
44Wang R,Lorenzo Martin F and Roth F.PSGRN/PSCMP—a new code for calculating co-and post-seismic deforma-tion,geoid and gravity changes based on the viscoelasticgravitational dislocation theory[J].Computer&Geosci-ences,2006,32:527-541.
45Wang R.The dislocation theory:a consistent way for inclu-ding the gravity effect in(visco)elastic plane-earth models[J].Geophysical Journal International,2005,161:191-196.
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心