基于地壳分层的唐山地震断层震后变形分析
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摘要
本文利用球体粘弹性地球模型研究唐山地震断层基于地壳分层的震后变形影响,计算四种不同类型的地球分层模型(均匀模型和三种地壳分层模型)产生的震后变形场,分析不同模型对地表变形的影响异同,定量研究了实际地壳分层模型与均匀地壳模型计算的地表变形差异.计算结果显示,相对均匀粘弹性地球模型,利用分层的地壳结构模型,计算的唐山地震断层附近区域震后28年积累的变形,两者最大差值水平方向可达20mm,垂直变形相差10mm左右.计算的结果显示地壳结构的差异对震后地表变形的影响很大,超过现有高精度测量技术的精度.如果利用该区的实测资料进行反演研究,必须根据实际地壳构造情况考虑地壳分层的影响.
The spherical visco-elastic earth model has been used to study the postseismic accumulated 28 years deformation field based on the crustal layering due to Tangshan seismic fault in 1976,compute the accumulated postseismic deformation field due to four different type models(three crustal layering models and one homogeneous model),analyze the different effect by the four models,quantitatively compare the difference of surface deformation between the realistic crustal layering and homogeneous model.The computation result shows that the difference of horizontal deformation is about 20mm comparing the results get from the different models,while the difference of vertical deformation is about 10mm.These results illustrate that the effect on post seismic deformation by different crustal structure is so large that exceeds the precision of high accuracy observation technology.If one wants to use the observation data to do the inversion research,the effect by the stratified crutal structure could not been ignored.
The spherical visco-elastic earth model has been used to study the postseismic accumulated 28 years deformation field based on the crustal layering due to Tangshan seismic fault in 1976,compute the accumulated postseismic deformation field due to four different type models(three crustal layering models and one homogeneous model),analyze the different effect by the four models,quantitatively compare the difference of surface deformation between the realistic crustal layering and homogeneous model.The computation result shows that the difference of horizontal deformation is about 20mm comparing the results get from the different models,while the difference of vertical deformation is about 10mm.These results illustrate that the effect on post seismic deformation by different crustal structure is so large that exceeds the precision of high accuracy observation technology.If one wants to use the observation data to do the inversion research,the effect by the stratified crutal structure could not been ignored.
引文
[1]Ben-Menahem A,Gillon A.Crustal deformation by earth-quakes and explosions[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,1970,60:193~215.
[2]Rybicki K.The elastic residual field of a very long strike slipfault in the presence of a discontinuity[J].Bull Seism SocAm,1971,61:79~92.
[3]Rybicki K.Dislocations and their geophysical application inContinuum Theories in Solid Earth Physics[J].Teisseyre R,PWH-Polish Scientific Publishers,Warsaw,1986,18~175.
[4]Sato R.Crustal deformation due to dislocation in a multi-lay-ered medium[J].J Phys Earth,1971,19:29~46.
[5]Sato R,Matsu'ura M.Static deformation due to the fault sprea-ding over several layers in a multi-layered medium,Part I:Displacement[J].J Phys Earth,1973,21:227~249.
[6]Okada Y.Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults ina half space[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,1985,75:1135~1154.
[7]Okada Y.Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults ina half space[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,1992,82:1018~1040.
[8]Roth F.Deformations in a layered crust due to a system ofcracks:Modeling the effect of dike injections or dilatancy[J].J Geophys Res,1993,98:4543~4551.
[9]Fernandez J,Yu T T,Rundle J B.Horizontal viscoelastic-gravitational displace-ment due to a rectangular dippingthrust fault in a layered earth model[J].J Geophys Res,1996,101:13581~13594.
[10]Thatcher W,Rundle J B.A viscoelastic coupling model forthe cyclic deformation due to periodically repeated earthquakesat subduction zones[J].J Geophys Res,1984,89:7631~7640.
[11]Savage J C,Lisowski M,Svarc J L.Postseismic deformationfollowing the 1989(M=7.1)Loma Prieta,California,earth-quake[J].J Geophys Res,1994,99:13757~13765.
[12]Hudnut K W,Shen Z,Murrays M,et al.Co-seismic dis-placements for the 1994 Northridge,California,Earthquake[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,1996,86:19~36.
[13]Sagiya T,Thatcher W.Coseismic slip resolution along a plateboundary megathrust:the Nankait rough,southwest Japan[J].J Geophys Res,1999,104:1111~1129.
[14]Savage J C,Svarc J L,Prescott W H.Geodetic estimates offault slip rates in the SanFrancisco Bay area[J].J GeophysRes,1999,104:4995~5002.
[15]Gupta A,Scholz C H.Utility of elastic models inpredictingfault displacement fields[J].J Geophys Res,1998,103:823~834.
[16]Hashimoto M,Jackson D D.Plate tectonics and crustal de-formation around the Japanese islands[J].J Geophys Res,1993,98:16149~16166.
[17]Miyazaki S,Heki K.Crustal velocity field of southwest Ja-pan:Subduction and arc-arc collision[J].J Geophys Res,2001,106:4305~4326.
[18]Fred F Pollitz.Coseismic deformation from earthquake faul-ting on a layered spherical earth[J].Geophys.J Int,1996,125:1~14.
[19]Savage J C.Displacement field for an edge dislocation in a lay-ered half-space[J].J Geophys Res,1998,103:2439~2446.
[20]S Cesca,L L A Vermeersen,Sabadini R.Influence of lithos-pheric and mantle stratification on co-and post-seismic de-formation due to finite faults[J].Geophys J Int,2000,143:575~581.
[21]Bonafede M,B Parenti,Rivalta E.On strike slip faulting inlayered media[J].Geophys J Int,2002,149:698~723.
[22]Rivalta E,Mangiavillamo W,Bonafede M.The edge disloca-tion problem in a layered elastic medium[J].Geophys J Int,2002,149:508~523.
[23]Zhao S,Muller R D,Takahashi Y,et al.3-D finite-elementmodeling of deformation and stress associated with faulting:effect of inhomogeneous crustal structures[J].Geophys JInt,2004,157:629~644.
[24]陈运泰,黄立人,林邦慧,等.利用大地测量资料反演的1976年唐山地震的位错模式[J].地球物理学报,1979,3:201~217.
[25]赵少荣.利用大地测量资料反演的1976年唐山地震双断层位错模式[J].测绘学报,1995,24(4):250~258.
[26]孙荀英,刘激扬,王仁.1976年唐山地震震时和震后变形的模拟[J].地球物理学报,1994,37(1):46~55.
[27]Pollitz F F.Postseismic relaxation theory on the sphericalearth[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,1992,82:422~453.
[28]Pollitz F F,Sacks I S.Viscosity structure beneath northeastIceland[J].J Geophys Res,1996,101:17771-17793.
[29]Pollitz F F.Gravitational viscoelastic postseismic relaxationon a layered spherical Earth[J].J Geophys Res,1997,102:17921~17941.
[30]Pollitz F F,Rgmann R B,Segall P.Joint estimation of after-slip rate and postseismic relaxation following the 1989 LomaPrieta earthquake[J].J Geophys Res,1998,103:26 975~26992.
[31]Pollitz F F.Post-seismic relaxation theory on a laterally heter-ogeneous viscoelastic model[J].Geophys J Int,2003,155:57~78.
[32]沈正康,万永革,甘卫军,等.东昆仑活动断裂带大地震之间的黏弹性应力触发研究[J].地球物理学报,2003,46(6):786~795.
[33]徐锡伟,吴卫民,张先康,等.首都圈地壳结构最新构造活动与地震[J].北京:科学出版社,2002.
[34]陈祖安,白武明,林邦慧,等.1966年以来华北地区一系列七级大震破裂过程的数值模拟[J].地球物理学报,2003,46(3):373~381.
[35]张之立,李钦祖,谷继成,等.唐山地震破裂过程的雁行断裂模式及理论和实验的模拟[J].地震学报,1989,3:291~301.
[36]国家地震局《一九七六年唐山地震编辑组》.一九七六年唐山地震[M].北京:地震出版社,1982.
[2]Rybicki K.The elastic residual field of a very long strike slipfault in the presence of a discontinuity[J].Bull Seism SocAm,1971,61:79~92.
[3]Rybicki K.Dislocations and their geophysical application inContinuum Theories in Solid Earth Physics[J].Teisseyre R,PWH-Polish Scientific Publishers,Warsaw,1986,18~175.
[4]Sato R.Crustal deformation due to dislocation in a multi-lay-ered medium[J].J Phys Earth,1971,19:29~46.
[5]Sato R,Matsu'ura M.Static deformation due to the fault sprea-ding over several layers in a multi-layered medium,Part I:Displacement[J].J Phys Earth,1973,21:227~249.
[6]Okada Y.Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults ina half space[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,1985,75:1135~1154.
[7]Okada Y.Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults ina half space[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,1992,82:1018~1040.
[8]Roth F.Deformations in a layered crust due to a system ofcracks:Modeling the effect of dike injections or dilatancy[J].J Geophys Res,1993,98:4543~4551.
[9]Fernandez J,Yu T T,Rundle J B.Horizontal viscoelastic-gravitational displace-ment due to a rectangular dippingthrust fault in a layered earth model[J].J Geophys Res,1996,101:13581~13594.
[10]Thatcher W,Rundle J B.A viscoelastic coupling model forthe cyclic deformation due to periodically repeated earthquakesat subduction zones[J].J Geophys Res,1984,89:7631~7640.
[11]Savage J C,Lisowski M,Svarc J L.Postseismic deformationfollowing the 1989(M=7.1)Loma Prieta,California,earth-quake[J].J Geophys Res,1994,99:13757~13765.
[12]Hudnut K W,Shen Z,Murrays M,et al.Co-seismic dis-placements for the 1994 Northridge,California,Earthquake[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,1996,86:19~36.
[13]Sagiya T,Thatcher W.Coseismic slip resolution along a plateboundary megathrust:the Nankait rough,southwest Japan[J].J Geophys Res,1999,104:1111~1129.
[14]Savage J C,Svarc J L,Prescott W H.Geodetic estimates offault slip rates in the SanFrancisco Bay area[J].J GeophysRes,1999,104:4995~5002.
[15]Gupta A,Scholz C H.Utility of elastic models inpredictingfault displacement fields[J].J Geophys Res,1998,103:823~834.
[16]Hashimoto M,Jackson D D.Plate tectonics and crustal de-formation around the Japanese islands[J].J Geophys Res,1993,98:16149~16166.
[17]Miyazaki S,Heki K.Crustal velocity field of southwest Ja-pan:Subduction and arc-arc collision[J].J Geophys Res,2001,106:4305~4326.
[18]Fred F Pollitz.Coseismic deformation from earthquake faul-ting on a layered spherical earth[J].Geophys.J Int,1996,125:1~14.
[19]Savage J C.Displacement field for an edge dislocation in a lay-ered half-space[J].J Geophys Res,1998,103:2439~2446.
[20]S Cesca,L L A Vermeersen,Sabadini R.Influence of lithos-pheric and mantle stratification on co-and post-seismic de-formation due to finite faults[J].Geophys J Int,2000,143:575~581.
[21]Bonafede M,B Parenti,Rivalta E.On strike slip faulting inlayered media[J].Geophys J Int,2002,149:698~723.
[22]Rivalta E,Mangiavillamo W,Bonafede M.The edge disloca-tion problem in a layered elastic medium[J].Geophys J Int,2002,149:508~523.
[23]Zhao S,Muller R D,Takahashi Y,et al.3-D finite-elementmodeling of deformation and stress associated with faulting:effect of inhomogeneous crustal structures[J].Geophys JInt,2004,157:629~644.
[24]陈运泰,黄立人,林邦慧,等.利用大地测量资料反演的1976年唐山地震的位错模式[J].地球物理学报,1979,3:201~217.
[25]赵少荣.利用大地测量资料反演的1976年唐山地震双断层位错模式[J].测绘学报,1995,24(4):250~258.
[26]孙荀英,刘激扬,王仁.1976年唐山地震震时和震后变形的模拟[J].地球物理学报,1994,37(1):46~55.
[27]Pollitz F F.Postseismic relaxation theory on the sphericalearth[J].Bull Seism Soc Am,1992,82:422~453.
[28]Pollitz F F,Sacks I S.Viscosity structure beneath northeastIceland[J].J Geophys Res,1996,101:17771-17793.
[29]Pollitz F F.Gravitational viscoelastic postseismic relaxationon a layered spherical Earth[J].J Geophys Res,1997,102:17921~17941.
[30]Pollitz F F,Rgmann R B,Segall P.Joint estimation of after-slip rate and postseismic relaxation following the 1989 LomaPrieta earthquake[J].J Geophys Res,1998,103:26 975~26992.
[31]Pollitz F F.Post-seismic relaxation theory on a laterally heter-ogeneous viscoelastic model[J].Geophys J Int,2003,155:57~78.
[32]沈正康,万永革,甘卫军,等.东昆仑活动断裂带大地震之间的黏弹性应力触发研究[J].地球物理学报,2003,46(6):786~795.
[33]徐锡伟,吴卫民,张先康,等.首都圈地壳结构最新构造活动与地震[J].北京:科学出版社,2002.
[34]陈祖安,白武明,林邦慧,等.1966年以来华北地区一系列七级大震破裂过程的数值模拟[J].地球物理学报,2003,46(3):373~381.
[35]张之立,李钦祖,谷继成,等.唐山地震破裂过程的雁行断裂模式及理论和实验的模拟[J].地震学报,1989,3:291~301.
[36]国家地震局《一九七六年唐山地震编辑组》.一九七六年唐山地震[M].北京:地震出版社,1982.
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