地震波各向异性的研究进展
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摘要
地壳和上地幔矿物的优势取向的改变是产生地震波速各向异性的主要原因． 本文重点概述了在高温高压实验方面地震波各向异性的研究进展， 总结了它的研究成果， 并讨论了产生地震波各向异性的主要原因． 阐述了地震波各向异性在地球动力学中的意义
Plastic flow induces lattice preferred orientations that influence on seismic anisotropy in rock-forming minerals of crust and upper mantle. In the review of rapidly growing literature on seismic anisotropy,the accent is put on progress and achievements in the study of seismic anisotropy. The origin of anisotropy is discussed. Finally implications for seismic anisotropy in geodynamics are mentioned.
Plastic flow induces lattice preferred orientations that influence on seismic anisotropy in rock-forming minerals of crust and upper mantle. In the review of rapidly growing literature on seismic anisotropy,the accent is put on progress and achievements in the study of seismic anisotropy. The origin of anisotropy is discussed. Finally implications for seismic anisotropy in geodynamics are mentioned.
引文
〔1〕 Thomsen L. Weak elastic anisotropy . Geophysics , 1986 , 51 : 1954 .
〔2〕 Crampin S. The geologicalandindustrialimplications ofextensive- dilatancy anisotropy . Nature , 1987 , 328 :491 ～496 .
〔3〕 Crampin S. Effective anisotropic elastic contants for wave propagation through cracked solids. Geophys . J. R.astr. Soc., 1984 , 76 : 135 ～145 .
〔4〕魏修成, 董敏煜, 陈运泰. 非均匀各向异性介质中弹性波的传播. 地震学报, 1998 , 20 (6) : 561 ～572 .
〔5〕 Crampin S., Chesnokov E. M., Hipkin R. G. Seismic anisotropy - the state of the art: Ⅱ. Geophys . J. R.astr. Soc ., 1984 , 76 (1) : 1 ～16 .
〔6〕 Christensen N. I. Shear wave velocitiesin metamorphic rocksto 10 Kilobars . J. Geophys. Res., 1966 , 71 :3549 ～3556 .
〔7〕 Kern H., Wenk H. P. Fabric - related velocity anisotropy and shear wave splitting in rocks from Santa Rosemylonite, California . J. Geophys. Res ., 1990 , 95 : 11213 ～11223 .
〔8〕 Barruol G., Kern H. Seismic anisotropy and shear wave splitting in lower - crustal and upper - mantle rocksfrom the Ivrea Zone’s experimental and calculated data . Phys. Earth Planet. Inter ., 1996 , 95 : 175 ～194 .
〔9〕母润昌, 高平, 刘若新等. 华北地区韧性剪切带几种岩石的波速各向异性高温高压实验研究. 地球物理学报, 1995 , 38 (2) : 213 ～220 .
〔10〕 Siegesmund S., Takeshita T., Kern H. Anisotropy of Vp and Vsin an amphibolite ofthe deeper crust andits telationship to the mineralogical, microstructuraland textural characteristics ofthe rock . Tectonophysics,1989 , 157 (1) : 25 ～38 .
〔11〕金振民, Ji Shao - cheng , 金淑燕. 橄榄石晶格优选方位和上地幔地震波速各向异性, 地球物理学报,1994 , 37 (4) : 469 ～477 .
〔12〕嵇少丞, Mainprice D. 晶格优选定向和下地壳地震波速各向异性. 地震地质, 1989 , 11 (4) : 15 ～23 .
〔13〕 Song Xiao - dong , Richards P. G. Seismological evidence for differential rotational of the Earth’s innercore . Nature , 1996 , 382 : 221 ～224 .
〔14〕滕吉文, 张中杰, 王爱武等. 弹性介质各向异性研究沿革、现状与问题. 地球物理学进展, 1992 , 7(4) : 14 ～28 .
〔15〕何樵登, 张中杰. 横向各向同性介质中地震波及其数值模拟, 吉林大学出版社, 吉林, 1996 .
〔16〕 Raitt R. W . Seismic refraction studies of the Mendocino fracture zone . Rep . M P L- U - 23/63 , Mar. Phys . Lab . Scripps Ins . Ocean . U. C. S. D.
〔17〕 Hess H. Seismic anisotropy of the upper most mantle under oceans . Nature , 1964 , 203 (9) : 629 ～631 .
〔18〕 Raitt R. W., Shor G. G., Francis T. J. G.et al. Anisotropy ofthe Pacific upper mantle . J. Geophys. Res., 1969 , 74 : 3095 ～3109 .
〔19〕 Shearer P., Orcutt J. Anisotropy in the oceaniclithosphere - theory and observations from the Ngendeiseismic refraction experimentin the south - west Pacific , Geophys . J. R.astr. Soc., 1985 , 80 : 493 ～526 .
〔20〕 Shor G. G., Raitt R. W ., Henry M.et al. Anisotropy and crustalstructure ofthe Cocos Plate . Geofisica International, 1973 , 13 : 337 ～362 .
〔21〕 Keen C. E., Tramontini C. Aseismic refraction survey on the mid - Atlantic ridge , Geophys . J. R.astr. Soc ., 1969 , 20 : 473 ～491 .
〔22〕 Ramford D. Refraction data in western Germany - a time - term interpretation . Z. Geophys., 1973 , 39 :907 ～927 .
〔23〕 Bamford D. Pn - velocity anisotripy in a continental uppermantle ,. Geophys . J. R.astr. Soc ., 1977 , 49(1) : 29 ～48 .
〔24〕 Babuska V., Plomerova J.and Sileny J. Spatial variations of Presiduals and deep structure ofthe Europeanlithosphere . Geophys . J. R.astr . Soc ., 1984 , 79 : 363 ～383 .
〔25〕 Bamford D., Jentsch M.and Prodehl C. Pn anisotripy studies in northern Britain and eastern and western United States , Geophys . J. R.astr. Soc., 1979 , 57 : 397 ～430 .
〔26〕 Chesnokov Y. M .and Nevskig M . V. Seismic anisotropy investigationsin the U S S R. Geophys. J. R.astr . Soc ., 1977 , 49 : 115 ～121 .
〔27〕 Vetter U.and Minster J. B. Pn velocity anisotropy in southern California . Bull. Seis. Soc. Am ., 1981 ,71 : 1511 ～1530 .
〔28〕 Cram pin S.and King D. W . Evidence for anisotropy in the upper mantle beneath Eurasia from the polarization ofthe higher mode seismic surface waves. Geophys. J. R.astr. Soc., 1977 , 49 (1) : 59 ～85 .
〔29〕 Ando M., Ishikawa Y. Observations of shear - wave velosity polarization anisotropy beneath Honshu , Japan : two masses different polarization in the upper mantle. J. Phys . Earth , 1982 , 30 : 191 ～199 .
〔30〕 Ando M., Ishikawa Y. and Wada H. S- wave anisotropy in the upper mantle under a volcanic area in Japan . Nature, 1980 , 286 : 43 ～46 .
〔31〕 Crampin S., Evans R.and Atkinson B. K. Earthquake prediction : a new physical basis. Geophys . J. R.astr . Soc ., 1984 , 76 (1) : 147 ～156 .
〔32〕 Crampin S. Booth D. C., Peacock S.and Fletcher J. Changesin shear wave splitting at Anza near the timeofthe North Palm Springs earthquake . J. Geophys . Res ., 1990 , 95 : 11197 ～11212 .
〔33〕 Shepherd T. J. Geological link between fluid inclusions , dilatant microcracks , and paleostress field . J. Geophys. Res., 1990 , 95 : 11115 ～11120 .
〔34〕 Li Yong - gang , Deng Da - liang and Henyey T. L. Shear - wave splitting observationsin the northern Los Angeles basin , southern California . Bull. Seis . Soc. Am ., 1994 , 84 (2) : 307 ～323 .
〔35〕 Cram pin S. Booth D. C., krasnova M. A.etal. Shear wave polarizationsin the Peter First Rangeindicating crack - induced anisotropy in a thrust - fault regime , Geophys . J. R. astr. Soc ., 1986 , 84 : 401 ～412 .
〔36〕 Montagner J- P.and Tanimoto T. Global upper mantle tomography ofseismic velocities and anisotropies . J. Geophys . Res., 1991 , 96 ( B12) : 20337 ～20351 .
〔37〕 Forsyth D. W . The early structural evolution and anisotropy of the oceanic upper mantle . Geophys . J. R.astr. Soc ., 1975 , 43 : 103 ～162 .
〔38〕庄真, 邓大量. 太平洋盆地勒夫波和瑞利波不一致性的研究. 地球物理学报, 1988 , 31 (2) : 156 ～164 .
〔39〕 Woodhouse J. H.and Dziewonski A. M. Mapping the upper mantle : three - dimensional modeling of theearth structure by inversion of the seismic waveforms. J. Geophys. Res ., 1984 89 : 5953 ～5986 .
〔40〕 Babuska V.and Pros Z. Velocity anisotropy in granodiorite and quartzite due to the distribution of microcracks , Geophys. J. R.astr. Soc ., 1984 , 76 (1) : 121 ～127 .
〔41〕 Xu Ji- An , Zhang Yue - Ming , Hou Weiet al. Measurements of ultrasonic wave velocities at high tem perature and high pressure for window glass , pyrophylite and kimberlite up to 1400 ℃and 5 . 5 G Pa , high temperature - high pressure , 1994 , 26 : 375 ～384 .
〔42〕 Kern H., Gao Shan , Liu Qing - shen . Seismic propecties and densities of middle and lower crustalrocks exposed along the North China Geoscience Transect , Earth Planet. Sci. Let., 1996 , 139 : 339 ～355 .
〔43〕高山, 金振民, Kern H. 等. 大别超高压榴辉岩高温高压下地震波速和密度的初步实验研究- 对造山带地壳深部组成和莫霍面性质的启示, 科学通报, 1997 , 42 (8) : 862 ～864 .
〔44〕 Christensen N. I. The magnitude , sym metry and origin of upper mantle anisotropy based on fabric analysesof ultramafic tectonites , Geophys. J. R.astr. Soc ., 1984 , 76 : 89 ～111 .
〔45〕 Babuska V. Elastic anisotropy of rock - forming minerals. J. Geophys., 1981 , 50 (1) : 1 ～6 .
〔46〕 Babuska V. P- wave velocity anisotropy in crystalline rocks. Geophys. J. R.astr . Soc ., 1984 , 76 : 113～119 .
〔47〕 Sawamoto H., Weidner D. J., Sasaki S.and Kumazawa M. Single - crystalelastic properties ofthe modified spinel phase of magnesium orthosilicata . Science , 1984 , 224 : 749 ～751 .
〔48〕 Birch F. The velocity ofcompressional wavesin rock to 10 kilobars . J. Geophys. Res., 1960 , 65 : 1083 ～1102 .
〔49〕 Koshubin S. I., Pavlenkova N. I.and Yegorkin A. V. Crustal heterogeneity and velocity anisotropy fromseismic studies in the U S S R. Geophys . J. R.astr . Soc ., 1984 , 76 : 221 ～226 .
〔50〕 Kern H. Effect of high - low quartz transition on compressional and shear wave velocities in rocks under highpressure. Phys. Chem . Mineral.1979 , 4 : 161 ～167 .
〔51〕 Alexandrov K. S. and Ryzhova T. V. Elastic properties of rock - forming minerals : Layered silicates. Bull. Acad . Sci. U S S R, Geophys . Ser.1961 , 12 : 871 - ～875 ( English translation) .
〔52〕 Anderson D. L. Theory ofthe earth . Blackwell Scientific Publications , 1989 .
〔53〕 Nicolas A.and Christensen N. Formation of anisotropy in upper mantle peridotites- review , In : Fuchs K.and Froidevaux C.ed ., Composition , structure and dynamics of the lithosphere - asthenosphere systems, Geodynamics Ser ., Amer . Geophys. Union , Washington , D. C., 1987 , 16 : 111 ～123 .
〔54〕 Karato S.and Wu P. Rheology ofthe upper mantle : a synthesis. Sciense, 1993 , 260 : 771 ～778 .
〔55〕 Karato S. I., Zhang Shuqing and Wenk H. R. Superplasticity in earth’s lower mantle : evidence fromseismic anisotropy and rock physics, Science , 1995 , 270 : 458 ～461 .
〔56〕 Karato Shun - ichiro Seismic anisotropy duetolattice preferred orientation of minerals: kinematic or dynamic ? In : High - pressure research in mineral physics, edited by Manghnani M. H.and Syono Y., Terra Scientific Publishing Company , Tokyo/ American Geophysical Union , Washington D. C., 1987 , pp455 ～471 .
〔57〕 Robertson J. D.and Corrigan D. Radiation studies on a shear - wave vibrator in near - surface shale . Geophysics , 1983 , 48 (1) : 19 ～26 .
〔58〕 Crampin S. Areview of wave motionin anisotropic and cracked elastic media . Wave Motion , 1981 , 3 : 343～391 .
〔59〕 Ji S. C.and Mainprice D. Natural deformation fabrics of plagiocluse : implicationsfor slip systems and seismic anisotropy . Tectonophysics, 1988 , 147 (1 ～2) : 145 ～163 .
〔60〕 Jin Z. M., Green I I H. W.and Borch R. S. Microstructures of olivine and stresses in the upper mantlebeneath Eastern China . Tectonophysics , 1989 , 169 (1 ～3) : 23 ～50 .
〔61〕 Lafrance B., White J. C.and Williams P. F. Naturalcalcite c - axis fabrics: an alternate interpretation . Tectonophysics, 1994 , 229 (1) : 1 ～18 .
〔62〕 Tanimoto T.and Anderson D. L. Mapping convection in mantle . Geophys . Res. Lett., 1984 , 287 ～290 .
〔63〕金振民、金淑燕、李隽波. 地球动力学和地震学的桥梁- 变形岩石组构与波速各向异性关系. 地球科学进展, 1990 , 5 : 39 ～42 .
〔2〕 Crampin S. The geologicalandindustrialimplications ofextensive- dilatancy anisotropy . Nature , 1987 , 328 :491 ～496 .
〔3〕 Crampin S. Effective anisotropic elastic contants for wave propagation through cracked solids. Geophys . J. R.astr. Soc., 1984 , 76 : 135 ～145 .
〔4〕魏修成, 董敏煜, 陈运泰. 非均匀各向异性介质中弹性波的传播. 地震学报, 1998 , 20 (6) : 561 ～572 .
〔5〕 Crampin S., Chesnokov E. M., Hipkin R. G. Seismic anisotropy - the state of the art: Ⅱ. Geophys . J. R.astr. Soc ., 1984 , 76 (1) : 1 ～16 .
〔6〕 Christensen N. I. Shear wave velocitiesin metamorphic rocksto 10 Kilobars . J. Geophys. Res., 1966 , 71 :3549 ～3556 .
〔7〕 Kern H., Wenk H. P. Fabric - related velocity anisotropy and shear wave splitting in rocks from Santa Rosemylonite, California . J. Geophys. Res ., 1990 , 95 : 11213 ～11223 .
〔8〕 Barruol G., Kern H. Seismic anisotropy and shear wave splitting in lower - crustal and upper - mantle rocksfrom the Ivrea Zone’s experimental and calculated data . Phys. Earth Planet. Inter ., 1996 , 95 : 175 ～194 .
〔9〕母润昌, 高平, 刘若新等. 华北地区韧性剪切带几种岩石的波速各向异性高温高压实验研究. 地球物理学报, 1995 , 38 (2) : 213 ～220 .
〔10〕 Siegesmund S., Takeshita T., Kern H. Anisotropy of Vp and Vsin an amphibolite ofthe deeper crust andits telationship to the mineralogical, microstructuraland textural characteristics ofthe rock . Tectonophysics,1989 , 157 (1) : 25 ～38 .
〔11〕金振民, Ji Shao - cheng , 金淑燕. 橄榄石晶格优选方位和上地幔地震波速各向异性, 地球物理学报,1994 , 37 (4) : 469 ～477 .
〔12〕嵇少丞, Mainprice D. 晶格优选定向和下地壳地震波速各向异性. 地震地质, 1989 , 11 (4) : 15 ～23 .
〔13〕 Song Xiao - dong , Richards P. G. Seismological evidence for differential rotational of the Earth’s innercore . Nature , 1996 , 382 : 221 ～224 .
〔14〕滕吉文, 张中杰, 王爱武等. 弹性介质各向异性研究沿革、现状与问题. 地球物理学进展, 1992 , 7(4) : 14 ～28 .
〔15〕何樵登, 张中杰. 横向各向同性介质中地震波及其数值模拟, 吉林大学出版社, 吉林, 1996 .
〔16〕 Raitt R. W . Seismic refraction studies of the Mendocino fracture zone . Rep . M P L- U - 23/63 , Mar. Phys . Lab . Scripps Ins . Ocean . U. C. S. D.
〔17〕 Hess H. Seismic anisotropy of the upper most mantle under oceans . Nature , 1964 , 203 (9) : 629 ～631 .
〔18〕 Raitt R. W., Shor G. G., Francis T. J. G.et al. Anisotropy ofthe Pacific upper mantle . J. Geophys. Res., 1969 , 74 : 3095 ～3109 .
〔19〕 Shearer P., Orcutt J. Anisotropy in the oceaniclithosphere - theory and observations from the Ngendeiseismic refraction experimentin the south - west Pacific , Geophys . J. R.astr. Soc., 1985 , 80 : 493 ～526 .
〔20〕 Shor G. G., Raitt R. W ., Henry M.et al. Anisotropy and crustalstructure ofthe Cocos Plate . Geofisica International, 1973 , 13 : 337 ～362 .
〔21〕 Keen C. E., Tramontini C. Aseismic refraction survey on the mid - Atlantic ridge , Geophys . J. R.astr. Soc ., 1969 , 20 : 473 ～491 .
〔22〕 Ramford D. Refraction data in western Germany - a time - term interpretation . Z. Geophys., 1973 , 39 :907 ～927 .
〔23〕 Bamford D. Pn - velocity anisotripy in a continental uppermantle ,. Geophys . J. R.astr. Soc ., 1977 , 49(1) : 29 ～48 .
〔24〕 Babuska V., Plomerova J.and Sileny J. Spatial variations of Presiduals and deep structure ofthe Europeanlithosphere . Geophys . J. R.astr . Soc ., 1984 , 79 : 363 ～383 .
〔25〕 Bamford D., Jentsch M.and Prodehl C. Pn anisotripy studies in northern Britain and eastern and western United States , Geophys . J. R.astr. Soc., 1979 , 57 : 397 ～430 .
〔26〕 Chesnokov Y. M .and Nevskig M . V. Seismic anisotropy investigationsin the U S S R. Geophys. J. R.astr . Soc ., 1977 , 49 : 115 ～121 .
〔27〕 Vetter U.and Minster J. B. Pn velocity anisotropy in southern California . Bull. Seis. Soc. Am ., 1981 ,71 : 1511 ～1530 .
〔28〕 Cram pin S.and King D. W . Evidence for anisotropy in the upper mantle beneath Eurasia from the polarization ofthe higher mode seismic surface waves. Geophys. J. R.astr. Soc., 1977 , 49 (1) : 59 ～85 .
〔29〕 Ando M., Ishikawa Y. Observations of shear - wave velosity polarization anisotropy beneath Honshu , Japan : two masses different polarization in the upper mantle. J. Phys . Earth , 1982 , 30 : 191 ～199 .
〔30〕 Ando M., Ishikawa Y. and Wada H. S- wave anisotropy in the upper mantle under a volcanic area in Japan . Nature, 1980 , 286 : 43 ～46 .
〔31〕 Crampin S., Evans R.and Atkinson B. K. Earthquake prediction : a new physical basis. Geophys . J. R.astr . Soc ., 1984 , 76 (1) : 147 ～156 .
〔32〕 Crampin S. Booth D. C., Peacock S.and Fletcher J. Changesin shear wave splitting at Anza near the timeofthe North Palm Springs earthquake . J. Geophys . Res ., 1990 , 95 : 11197 ～11212 .
〔33〕 Shepherd T. J. Geological link between fluid inclusions , dilatant microcracks , and paleostress field . J. Geophys. Res., 1990 , 95 : 11115 ～11120 .
〔34〕 Li Yong - gang , Deng Da - liang and Henyey T. L. Shear - wave splitting observationsin the northern Los Angeles basin , southern California . Bull. Seis . Soc. Am ., 1994 , 84 (2) : 307 ～323 .
〔35〕 Cram pin S. Booth D. C., krasnova M. A.etal. Shear wave polarizationsin the Peter First Rangeindicating crack - induced anisotropy in a thrust - fault regime , Geophys . J. R. astr. Soc ., 1986 , 84 : 401 ～412 .
〔36〕 Montagner J- P.and Tanimoto T. Global upper mantle tomography ofseismic velocities and anisotropies . J. Geophys . Res., 1991 , 96 ( B12) : 20337 ～20351 .
〔37〕 Forsyth D. W . The early structural evolution and anisotropy of the oceanic upper mantle . Geophys . J. R.astr. Soc ., 1975 , 43 : 103 ～162 .
〔38〕庄真, 邓大量. 太平洋盆地勒夫波和瑞利波不一致性的研究. 地球物理学报, 1988 , 31 (2) : 156 ～164 .
〔39〕 Woodhouse J. H.and Dziewonski A. M. Mapping the upper mantle : three - dimensional modeling of theearth structure by inversion of the seismic waveforms. J. Geophys. Res ., 1984 89 : 5953 ～5986 .
〔40〕 Babuska V.and Pros Z. Velocity anisotropy in granodiorite and quartzite due to the distribution of microcracks , Geophys. J. R.astr. Soc ., 1984 , 76 (1) : 121 ～127 .
〔41〕 Xu Ji- An , Zhang Yue - Ming , Hou Weiet al. Measurements of ultrasonic wave velocities at high tem perature and high pressure for window glass , pyrophylite and kimberlite up to 1400 ℃and 5 . 5 G Pa , high temperature - high pressure , 1994 , 26 : 375 ～384 .
〔42〕 Kern H., Gao Shan , Liu Qing - shen . Seismic propecties and densities of middle and lower crustalrocks exposed along the North China Geoscience Transect , Earth Planet. Sci. Let., 1996 , 139 : 339 ～355 .
〔43〕高山, 金振民, Kern H. 等. 大别超高压榴辉岩高温高压下地震波速和密度的初步实验研究- 对造山带地壳深部组成和莫霍面性质的启示, 科学通报, 1997 , 42 (8) : 862 ～864 .
〔44〕 Christensen N. I. The magnitude , sym metry and origin of upper mantle anisotropy based on fabric analysesof ultramafic tectonites , Geophys. J. R.astr. Soc ., 1984 , 76 : 89 ～111 .
〔45〕 Babuska V. Elastic anisotropy of rock - forming minerals. J. Geophys., 1981 , 50 (1) : 1 ～6 .
〔46〕 Babuska V. P- wave velocity anisotropy in crystalline rocks. Geophys. J. R.astr . Soc ., 1984 , 76 : 113～119 .
〔47〕 Sawamoto H., Weidner D. J., Sasaki S.and Kumazawa M. Single - crystalelastic properties ofthe modified spinel phase of magnesium orthosilicata . Science , 1984 , 224 : 749 ～751 .
〔48〕 Birch F. The velocity ofcompressional wavesin rock to 10 kilobars . J. Geophys. Res., 1960 , 65 : 1083 ～1102 .
〔49〕 Koshubin S. I., Pavlenkova N. I.and Yegorkin A. V. Crustal heterogeneity and velocity anisotropy fromseismic studies in the U S S R. Geophys . J. R.astr . Soc ., 1984 , 76 : 221 ～226 .
〔50〕 Kern H. Effect of high - low quartz transition on compressional and shear wave velocities in rocks under highpressure. Phys. Chem . Mineral.1979 , 4 : 161 ～167 .
〔51〕 Alexandrov K. S. and Ryzhova T. V. Elastic properties of rock - forming minerals : Layered silicates. Bull. Acad . Sci. U S S R, Geophys . Ser.1961 , 12 : 871 - ～875 ( English translation) .
〔52〕 Anderson D. L. Theory ofthe earth . Blackwell Scientific Publications , 1989 .
〔53〕 Nicolas A.and Christensen N. Formation of anisotropy in upper mantle peridotites- review , In : Fuchs K.and Froidevaux C.ed ., Composition , structure and dynamics of the lithosphere - asthenosphere systems, Geodynamics Ser ., Amer . Geophys. Union , Washington , D. C., 1987 , 16 : 111 ～123 .
〔54〕 Karato S.and Wu P. Rheology ofthe upper mantle : a synthesis. Sciense, 1993 , 260 : 771 ～778 .
〔55〕 Karato S. I., Zhang Shuqing and Wenk H. R. Superplasticity in earth’s lower mantle : evidence fromseismic anisotropy and rock physics, Science , 1995 , 270 : 458 ～461 .
〔56〕 Karato Shun - ichiro Seismic anisotropy duetolattice preferred orientation of minerals: kinematic or dynamic ? In : High - pressure research in mineral physics, edited by Manghnani M. H.and Syono Y., Terra Scientific Publishing Company , Tokyo/ American Geophysical Union , Washington D. C., 1987 , pp455 ～471 .
〔57〕 Robertson J. D.and Corrigan D. Radiation studies on a shear - wave vibrator in near - surface shale . Geophysics , 1983 , 48 (1) : 19 ～26 .
〔58〕 Crampin S. Areview of wave motionin anisotropic and cracked elastic media . Wave Motion , 1981 , 3 : 343～391 .
〔59〕 Ji S. C.and Mainprice D. Natural deformation fabrics of plagiocluse : implicationsfor slip systems and seismic anisotropy . Tectonophysics, 1988 , 147 (1 ～2) : 145 ～163 .
〔60〕 Jin Z. M., Green I I H. W.and Borch R. S. Microstructures of olivine and stresses in the upper mantlebeneath Eastern China . Tectonophysics , 1989 , 169 (1 ～3) : 23 ～50 .
〔61〕 Lafrance B., White J. C.and Williams P. F. Naturalcalcite c - axis fabrics: an alternate interpretation . Tectonophysics, 1994 , 229 (1) : 1 ～18 .
〔62〕 Tanimoto T.and Anderson D. L. Mapping convection in mantle . Geophys . Res. Lett., 1984 , 287 ～290 .
〔63〕金振民、金淑燕、李隽波. 地球动力学和地震学的桥梁- 变形岩石组构与波速各向异性关系. 地球科学进展, 1990 , 5 : 39 ～42 .
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