逆冲型断裂同震地表变形定量分析的几个问题——以汶川M_S8.0地震为例
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摘要
2008年5月12日四川汶川发生MS8.0地震,发震断裂在地表形成以逆断为主的破裂变形带。同震地表变形带的定量分析对理解地震的构造行为具有重要意义。文中以汶川地震典型调查点为例探讨了逆断型同震地表破裂变形带测量分析中值得重视并容易误解的几个问题,分析了地貌面标志和线性标志等测量数据与构造变形参数的几何关系,给出了变形参数的求解方法和相互关系。同时,就多观测点的定量数据在区域断裂几何结构变化和运动学分析中的运用进行了讨论。
The Wenchuan earthquake(MS=8.0)of May 12,2008 in Sichuan Province,China produced surface ruptures along the seismogenic reverse faults.It is very important to analyze the co-seismic surface ruptures quantitatively for the comprehension of tectonic behavior of the great earthquake.We discuss several issues about the quantitative analysis of co-seismic surface ruptures produced by reverse faults with some examples from Wenchuan earthquake.With the geometric relations between the parameters of deformation and survey data from planar and linear geomorphologic benchmark,solution methods for those parameters are provided.The vertical slip,horizontal dip-slip and dip angles on survey profiles were measured to calculate the actual deformation of the fault.The relationship between the apparent deformation and the real value was provided quantitatively for oblique profiles and linear benchmarks.We also made some discussions on the application of the survey data to the analysis of regional structural geometry and kinematics.
The Wenchuan earthquake(MS=8.0)of May 12,2008 in Sichuan Province,China produced surface ruptures along the seismogenic reverse faults.It is very important to analyze the co-seismic surface ruptures quantitatively for the comprehension of tectonic behavior of the great earthquake.We discuss several issues about the quantitative analysis of co-seismic surface ruptures produced by reverse faults with some examples from Wenchuan earthquake.With the geometric relations between the parameters of deformation and survey data from planar and linear geomorphologic benchmark,solution methods for those parameters are provided.The vertical slip,horizontal dip-slip and dip angles on survey profiles were measured to calculate the actual deformation of the fault.The relationship between the apparent deformation and the real value was provided quantitatively for oblique profiles and linear benchmarks.We also made some discussions on the application of the survey data to the analysis of regional structural geometry and kinematics.
引文
陈运泰,许力生,张勇,等.2008.2008年5月12日汶川特大地震震源特性分析报告[R].http:∥www·csi·ac·cn/sichuan/chenyuntai.pdf.CHEN Yun-tai,XU Li-sheng,ZHANG Yong,et al.2008.Report on the Wenchuan large earthquake source of May12,2008[R].http:∥www·csi·ac·cn/sichuan/chenyuntai·pdf(in Chinese).
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徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.2008.汶川MS8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质,30(3):597-629.XU Xi-wei,WEN Xue-ze,YE Jian-qing,et al.2008.TheMS8.0Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seis-mogenic structure[J].Seismology and Geology,30(3):597-629(in Chinese).
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Angelier J,Lee J C,Chu HT,et al.2003b.Reconstruction of fault slip of the September21st,1999,Taiwan earthquakein the asphalted surface of a car park,and co-seismic slip partitioning[J].Journal of Structural Geology,25(3):345-350.
Chang Y F,Chen C C,Liang C Y.2007.The fractal geometry of the surface ruptures of the1999Chi-Chi earthquake,Taiwan[J].Geophysical Journal International,170(1):170-174.
Chen Y G,Chen W S,Lee J C,et al.2001.Surface rupture of1999Chi-Chi earthquake yields insights on active tecton-ics of central Taiwan[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,91(5):977-985.
Chen Y G,Chen W S,Wang Y,et al.2002.Geomorphic evidence for prior earthquakes:Lessons from the1999Chichiearthquake in central Taiwan[J].Geology,30(2):171-174.
Ji C,Hayes G.2008.Preliminary result of the May12,2008MW7.9Eastern Sichuan,China Earthquake[R].http:∥earthquake·usgs·gov/eqcenter/eqinthenews/2008/us2008ryan/finite_fault·php.
Kelson KⅠ,Kang K H,Page W D,et al.2001.Representative styles of deformation along the Chelungpu Fault fromthe1999Chi-Chi(Taiwan)earthquake:Geomorphic characteristics and responses of man-made structures[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,91(5):930-952.
Lee J C,Rubin C,Mueller K,et al.2004.Quantitative analysis of movement along an earthquake thrust scarp:a casestudy of a vertical exposure of the1999surface rupture of the Chelungpu Fault at Wufeng,western Taiwan[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,23(2):263-273.
Lee J C,Chu HT,Angelier J,et al.2002.Geometry and structure of northern surface ruptures of the1999MW=7·6Chi-Chi Taiwan earthquake:influence from inherited fold belt structures[J].Journal of Structural Geology,24:173-192.
Lee J C,Chen Y G,Sieh K,et al.2001.A vertical exposure of the1999surface rupture of the Chelungpu Fault atWufeng,western Taiwan:Structural and paleoseismic implications for an active trust fault[J].Bulletin of theSeismological Society of America,91(5):914-929.
Lee J C,Chan Y C.2007.Structure of the1999Chi-Chi earthquake rupture and interaction of thrust faults in the activefold belt of western Taiwan[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,31(3):226-239.
Ma K F,Lee C T,Tsai Y B,et al.1999.The Chi-Chi,Taiwan earthquake:large surface displacements on an inlandthrust fault[J].EOS,80(50):605-611.
Sladen A.2008.Preliminary Result05/12/2008(MW7.9),East Sichuan[R].http:∥www·tectonics·caltech·edu/slip_history/2008_e_sichuan/e_sichuan·html.
USGS.2008.Magnitude7.9-Eastern Sichuan,China[R].http:∥neic·usgs·gov/neis/eq_depot/2008/eq_080512_ryan/.
Xu X W,Yu G H,Klinger Y,et al.2006.Reevaluation of surface rupture parameters and faulting segmentation of the2001Kunlunshan earthquake(MW7·8),northern Tibetan Plateau,China[J].Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth,111(B5),doi10·1029/2004jb003488.
王卫民,姚振兴.2008.再谈汶川8.0级地震震源破裂过程[R].http:∥www·csi·ac·cn/sichuan/sichuan080512_110.htm.WANG Wei-min,YAO Zhen-xing.2008.Reissaes for the rupture process of theMS8.0Wenchuan earthquake[R].http:∥www·csi·ac·cn/sichuan/sichuan080512_110.htm.
徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.2008.汶川MS8.0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造[J].地震地质,30(3):597-629.XU Xi-wei,WEN Xue-ze,YE Jian-qing,et al.2008.TheMS8.0Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seis-mogenic structure[J].Seismology and Geology,30(3):597-629(in Chinese).
中国地震信息网.2008.四川汶川县MS8.0地震地震参数[R].http://www.csi.ac.cn/sichuan/sichuan080512_cs1.htm.China Seismic Information Net.2008.Seismological parameters for theMS8.0Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan[R].http://www.csi.ac.cn/sichuan/sichuan080512_cs1.htm(in Chinese).
Angelier J,Lee J C,Hu J C,et al.2003a.Three-dimensional deformation along the rupture trace of the September21st,1999,Taiwan earthquake:a case study in the Kuangfu school[J].Journal of Structural Geology,25(3):351-370.
Angelier J,Lee J C,Chu HT,et al.2003b.Reconstruction of fault slip of the September21st,1999,Taiwan earthquakein the asphalted surface of a car park,and co-seismic slip partitioning[J].Journal of Structural Geology,25(3):345-350.
Chang Y F,Chen C C,Liang C Y.2007.The fractal geometry of the surface ruptures of the1999Chi-Chi earthquake,Taiwan[J].Geophysical Journal International,170(1):170-174.
Chen Y G,Chen W S,Lee J C,et al.2001.Surface rupture of1999Chi-Chi earthquake yields insights on active tecton-ics of central Taiwan[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,91(5):977-985.
Chen Y G,Chen W S,Wang Y,et al.2002.Geomorphic evidence for prior earthquakes:Lessons from the1999Chichiearthquake in central Taiwan[J].Geology,30(2):171-174.
Ji C,Hayes G.2008.Preliminary result of the May12,2008MW7.9Eastern Sichuan,China Earthquake[R].http:∥earthquake·usgs·gov/eqcenter/eqinthenews/2008/us2008ryan/finite_fault·php.
Kelson KⅠ,Kang K H,Page W D,et al.2001.Representative styles of deformation along the Chelungpu Fault fromthe1999Chi-Chi(Taiwan)earthquake:Geomorphic characteristics and responses of man-made structures[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,91(5):930-952.
Lee J C,Rubin C,Mueller K,et al.2004.Quantitative analysis of movement along an earthquake thrust scarp:a casestudy of a vertical exposure of the1999surface rupture of the Chelungpu Fault at Wufeng,western Taiwan[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,23(2):263-273.
Lee J C,Chu HT,Angelier J,et al.2002.Geometry and structure of northern surface ruptures of the1999MW=7·6Chi-Chi Taiwan earthquake:influence from inherited fold belt structures[J].Journal of Structural Geology,24:173-192.
Lee J C,Chen Y G,Sieh K,et al.2001.A vertical exposure of the1999surface rupture of the Chelungpu Fault atWufeng,western Taiwan:Structural and paleoseismic implications for an active trust fault[J].Bulletin of theSeismological Society of America,91(5):914-929.
Lee J C,Chan Y C.2007.Structure of the1999Chi-Chi earthquake rupture and interaction of thrust faults in the activefold belt of western Taiwan[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,31(3):226-239.
Ma K F,Lee C T,Tsai Y B,et al.1999.The Chi-Chi,Taiwan earthquake:large surface displacements on an inlandthrust fault[J].EOS,80(50):605-611.
Sladen A.2008.Preliminary Result05/12/2008(MW7.9),East Sichuan[R].http:∥www·tectonics·caltech·edu/slip_history/2008_e_sichuan/e_sichuan·html.
USGS.2008.Magnitude7.9-Eastern Sichuan,China[R].http:∥neic·usgs·gov/neis/eq_depot/2008/eq_080512_ryan/.
Xu X W,Yu G H,Klinger Y,et al.2006.Reevaluation of surface rupture parameters and faulting segmentation of the2001Kunlunshan earthquake(MW7·8),northern Tibetan Plateau,China[J].Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth,111(B5),doi10·1029/2004jb003488.
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