地震灾后病媒生物危害风险快速评估与应急控制
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摘要
目的通过快速评估掌握地震灾后病媒生物危害风险,确定首要控制对象与应急控制措施,预防病媒传染病流行。方法于2008年5月17日(震后第6天)起对四川平武县南坝镇采用目测观察法、人物访谈法和病症主动监测法等方法进行病媒生物危害风险快速评估,并根据评估结果因地制宜采取环境综合治理和杀虫药物控制措施。结果南坝镇8个监测点平均蝇密度为40只/m2,粪便与垃圾百米路径指数分别为25和15,未发现蚊与鼠的侵害,确定了蝇类为首要控制对象。通过采取环境卫生治理、垃圾收集与集中处理、人畜粪便和尸体卫生处理、重点环境滞留喷洒与空间喷雾消毒杀虫、健康教育等综合措施,使震区与安置区环境卫生得到明显改善,1周后蝇密度明显下降,为0.5~4只/m2,粪便与垃圾百米路径指数分别下降至0和5;灾后16 d内腹泻病例维持在较低水平,5月18-28日灾民的腹泻罹患率为3.61‰~11.22‰。结论通过病媒生物危害快速评估,确定重点控制对象,因地制宜采取综合和应急控制措施,尤其采用重点环境滞留喷洒消毒杀虫,能有效预防与控制病媒传染病流行。
Objective To determine potential risks of vector for communicable diseases transmission,an initial control target and emergency control measures after a massive earthquake in Nanba Town,Pingwu County,Sichuan Province.Methods Visual detection,personal interviews and initiative disease surveillance were applied to rapid survey and evaluation on risks of vector in five days later after the earthquake.Results The housefly was considered as the initial control target for none of mosquito or rodent detected in the area.The average density of housefly was 40 per square meter.The Dejecta Route Index(DRI) and Waste Route Index(WRI) were 25 and 15 respectively.The integrated measures,including the environmental sanitation,solid waste collection and disposal,corpse disposal,setting up field latrine and feces treatment,health education,spot residual spread and ULV space spray,were implemented.The environmental health in the area and tents was improved evidently,the DRI and WRI decreased to 0 and 5 respectively,and the average density of houseflies decreased to 0.5 to 4 per square meter.Cases of diarrhea were maintained low in the camps after the earthquake.Conclusion Integrated and emergency control measures according to local conditions after rapid assessment of the risk of vector and affirming the initial control target were effective to prevent and control the epidemic of vector-borne diseases after earthquake.
Objective To determine potential risks of vector for communicable diseases transmission,an initial control target and emergency control measures after a massive earthquake in Nanba Town,Pingwu County,Sichuan Province.Methods Visual detection,personal interviews and initiative disease surveillance were applied to rapid survey and evaluation on risks of vector in five days later after the earthquake.Results The housefly was considered as the initial control target for none of mosquito or rodent detected in the area.The average density of housefly was 40 per square meter.The Dejecta Route Index(DRI) and Waste Route Index(WRI) were 25 and 15 respectively.The integrated measures,including the environmental sanitation,solid waste collection and disposal,corpse disposal,setting up field latrine and feces treatment,health education,spot residual spread and ULV space spray,were implemented.The environmental health in the area and tents was improved evidently,the DRI and WRI decreased to 0 and 5 respectively,and the average density of houseflies decreased to 0.5 to 4 per square meter.Cases of diarrhea were maintained low in the camps after the earthquake.Conclusion Integrated and emergency control measures according to local conditions after rapid assessment of the risk of vector and affirming the initial control target were effective to prevent and control the epidemic of vector-borne diseases after earthquake.
引文
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[2]ZAROCOSTAS J.WHO praises Bam response but warns of dis-ease[J].Lancet,2004,363:218.
[3]AKBARI ME,FARSHAD AA,ASADI-LARI M.The devasta-tion of Bam:an overview of health issues 1 month after the earth-quake[J].Public Health,2004,118:403-408.
[4]LAI SHIH-WEI,LIU CHIU-SHONG,LI CHIA-ING,et al.Post-earthquake illness and disease after the Chi-Chi earthquake[J].European J Internal Medicine,2000,11:353?354.
[5]VAHABOGLUH,GUNDES S,KARADENIZLI A,et al.Transi-ent increase in diarrheal diseases after the devastating earthquakein Kocaeli,Turkey:Results of an infectious disease surveillancestudy[J].Clinical Infectious Diseases,2001,31:1386?1389.
[6]SENCAN I,SAHIN I,KAYA D,et al.Assessment of HAV andHEV seroprevalence in children living in post-earthquake campsfrom Duzce,Turkey[J].European Journal of Epidemiology,2004,19:461-465.
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