龙门山前山断裂大地震原地重复发生的地质地貌证据
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摘要
龙门山前山断裂大地震是原地重复发生的吗?针对这一问题,对前山断裂的同震地表形变带进行了追踪,并选择5.12汶川地震区九龙、白鹿以及汉旺等3个地点开展了古地震探槽研究工作。调查结果是:前山断裂5.12地震地表形变带基本沿1:200000地质图上先存基岩断裂发育,但仅限于通济-安昌以南段;白鹿-八角一带同震地表形变带继承先存断层陡坎或断层沟谷发育;偏离先存断裂而被一些学者视为断裂全新世活动重要证据的永安附近T1阶地上线性陡坎实为废弃河岸;白鹿、汉旺探槽剖面揭示这两个地点5.12汶川地震之前至少有过一次古地震事件。这些研究结果表明前山断裂大地震是沿晚第四纪活动断裂原地重复发生的,此次地震是沿先存活动断裂又一次发生的大地震事件,为大地震原地复发模型提供了一个新的震例支持。在沿该断裂周边进行规划建设时应当合理避让。
Had severe earthquakes occurred repeatedly at the same place on Front-range fault, eastern thrust of the Longmenshan thrust fault system which was broken by the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake in China? To answer this question,we mapped co-seismic surface deformation produced by the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake and selectively excavated four trenches at Bailu,Jiulong,Hanwang,and Yong'an along the Front-range fault. The main results are as follows: 1 )The co-seismic surface deformation zone produced by the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake was basically coincident with the pre-existing fault,the Tongji - Anchang segment, showed on the Chinese Region Geological Map ( scales of 1 : 200,000). 2) The co-seismic rupturing was along the old faulting scarp or valley from Bailu to Bajiao. 3) The linear scarp near the village of Yong'an, departure from the pre-existing fault, was an abandoned riverside, which should not be used as an evidence of the recently proposed dextral strike-slip movement during the Late Quaternary. 4 )At least one paleo-earthquake was revealed by trenching in Bailu and Hanwang. Based on synthesizing these results, we considered that severe earthquakes were occurring repeatedly at the same location along the Late Quaternary active Front-range fault and the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake was the latest one. We thus suggest that the re-building location be away from the active Front-range fault.
Had severe earthquakes occurred repeatedly at the same place on Front-range fault, eastern thrust of the Longmenshan thrust fault system which was broken by the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake in China? To answer this question,we mapped co-seismic surface deformation produced by the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake and selectively excavated four trenches at Bailu,Jiulong,Hanwang,and Yong'an along the Front-range fault. The main results are as follows: 1 )The co-seismic surface deformation zone produced by the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake was basically coincident with the pre-existing fault,the Tongji - Anchang segment, showed on the Chinese Region Geological Map ( scales of 1 : 200,000). 2) The co-seismic rupturing was along the old faulting scarp or valley from Bailu to Bajiao. 3) The linear scarp near the village of Yong'an, departure from the pre-existing fault, was an abandoned riverside, which should not be used as an evidence of the recently proposed dextral strike-slip movement during the Late Quaternary. 4 )At least one paleo-earthquake was revealed by trenching in Bailu and Hanwang. Based on synthesizing these results, we considered that severe earthquakes were occurring repeatedly at the same location along the Late Quaternary active Front-range fault and the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake was the latest one. We thus suggest that the re-building location be away from the active Front-range fault.
引文
1) 中国地震局地质研究所,中国石油天然气管道勘察设计院.兰州-成都输油管道工程沿线断裂活动性评价报告(内部工作报告).1999
1 唐荣昌,韩渭宾主编.四川活动断裂与地震.北京:地震出版社,1993． 123-132 Tang Rongchang, Han Weibin eds. Active Faults and Earthquakes in Sichuan Province. Beijing: Seismological Press, 1993． 123-132
2 Burchfiel B C, Chen Z, Lin Y et al. Tectonics of the Longmenshan and adjacent regions, Central China. International Geology Review, 1995, 37(8) : 661-735
3 李勇,周荣军,Densmore A L等著.青藏高原东缘大陆动力学过程与地质响应.北京:地质出版社,2006． 44-63 Li Yong,Zhou Rongjun, Densmore A L et al. Continental Dynamic Processes and Geological in the Eastern Margin of theQinghai-Tibet Plateau. Beijing: Geological Publishing House,2006． 44-63
4 唐荣昌,文德华,黄祖智等.松潘-龙门山地区主要活动断裂带第四纪活动特征.中国地震,199l,7(3) :64-71 Tang Rongchang, Wen Dehua, Huang Zhuzhi et al. The Quaternary activity characteristics of several major active faults in the Songpan-Longmenshan region. Earthquake Research in China, 1991 , 7 ( 3 ) :64-71
5 陈社发,邓起东,赵小麟等.龙门山中段推覆构造带及相关构造的演化历史和变形机制(一).地震地质,1994,16(4) :404-412 Chen Shefa, Deng Qidong, Zhao Xiaolin et al. Deformational characteristics, evolutionary history, and deformation mechanism of the middle Longmenshan thrust-nappes and related tectonics( Ⅰ ).Seismology and Geology, 1994, 16 (4) : 404-412
6 陈社发,邓起东,赵小麟等.龙门山中段推覆构造带及相关构造 的演化历史和变形机制(二).地震地质,1994,16(4) :413-421 Chen Shefa, Deng Qidong, Zhao Xiaolin et al. Deformational characteristics, evolutionary history, and deformation mechanism of the middle Longmenshan thrust-nappes and related tectonics ( Ⅱ ).Seismology and Geology, 1994,16 ( 4 ) : 413-421
7 赵小麟,邓起东,陈社发.龙门山 逆断裂带中段的构造地貌学研究.地震地质,1994,16(4) :422-428 Zhao Xiaolin,Deng Qidong,Chen Shefa. Tectonic geomorphology of the central segment of the Longmenshan thrust belt, Western Sichuan Southwestern China. Seismology and Geology, 1994,16 ( 4 ) : 422-428
8 邓起东,陈社发,赵小麟龙门山及其邻区的构造和地震活动及动力学.地震地质,1994,16(4) :389-403 Deng Qidong, Chen Shefa, Zhao Xiaolin. Tectonics, seismisity anddynamics of Longmenshan Mountains and its adjacent regions.Seismology and Geology, 1994,16 (4) : 389-403
9 杨晓平,蒋溥,宋方敏等.龙门山断裂带南段错断晚更新世以来地层的证据.地震地质,1999,21(4) :342-343 Yang Xiaoping,Jiang Pu,Song Fangmin et al. The evidence of the south Longmenshan Fault zones cutting Late Quaternary stratum. Seismology and Geology, 1999,21 (4) : 342-343
10 刘树根,罗志立,赵锡奎等.龙门山造山带-川西前陆盆地系统形成的动力学模式及模拟研究石油实验地质,2003,25(5) :432-438 Liu Shugen, Luo Zhili,Zhao Xikui et al. Study on the dynamic mode and its simulation in the formation of Longmen Mountain-West Sichuan foreland basin system. Petroleum Geology & Experiment,2003,25(5) : 432-438
11 徐锡伟,闻学泽,郑荣章等.川滇地区活动块体最新构造变动样式及其动力来源.中国科学(D辑),2003,33(增刊1) :151-162 Xu Xiwei, Wen Xueze, Zheng Rongzhang et al. Pattern of latest tectonic motion and its dynamics for active blocks in Sichuan-Yunnan region, China. Science in China ( Series D ) , 2003, 46(Supp1． 2) : 210-226
12 李传友,宋方敏,冉勇康.龙门山断裂带北段晚第四纪活动性讨论.地震地质,2004,26(2) :248-258 Li Chuanyou,Song Fangmin, Ran Yongkang. Late Quaternary activity and age constraint of the northern Longmenshan Fault zone.Seismology and Geology,2004,26 ( 2 ) : 248-258
13 马保起,苏刚,侯治华等.利用岷江阶地的变形估算龙门山断裂带中段晚第四纪滑动速率地震地质,2005,27(2) :234-242 Ma Baoqi,Su Gang, Hou Zhihua et al. Late Quaternary slip rate in the central part of the Longmenshan fault zone from terrace deformation along the Minjiang River. Seismology and Geology,2005,27(2) : 234-242
14 李勇,曹叔尤,周荣军等.晚新生代岷江下蚀速率及其对青藏高原东缘山脉隆升机制和形成时限的定量约束.地质学报,2005,79(1) :28-37 Li Yong,Cao Shuyou, Zhou Rongjun et al. Late Cenozoic Minjiang incision rate and its constraint on the uplift of the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Acta Geologica Sinica,2005,79( 1 ) : 28-37
15 周荣军,李勇,Densmore A L等.青藏高原东缘活动构造.矿物岩石,2006,26(2) :40-51 Zhou Rongjun, Li Yong, Densmore A L et al. Active tectonics of the eastern margin of the Tibet Plateau. Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology,2006,26 ( 2 ) : 40-51
16 Densmore A L, Ellis M A, Li Yong et al. Active tectonics of the Beichuan and Pengguan faults at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Tectonics, 2007, 26: TC4005, doi: 10． 1029/2006TC 001987
17 许志琴,李化启,侯立玮等.青藏高原东缘龙门山-锦屏造山带的崛起--大型拆离断层和挤出机制.地质通报,2007,26(10) :1262-1276 Xu Zhiqin, Li Huaqi, Hou Liwei et al. Uplift of the Longmen-Jinping orogenic belt along the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Large-scale detachment faulting and extrusion mechanism.Geological Bulletin of China ,2007,26(10) : 1262-1276
18 贾秋鹏,贾东,朱艾斓等.青藏高原东缘龙门山冲断带与四川盆地的现今构造表现:数字地形和地震活动证据.地质科学,2007,42(1) :31-44 Jia Qiupeng, Jia Dong, Zhu Ailan et al. Active tectonics in the Longmen thrust belt to the Eastern Qinghai-Tibeltan Plateau and Sichuan Basin: Evidence from topography and seismicity. Chinese Journal of Geology,2007,42 ( 1 ) : 31-44
19 陈国光,计凤桔,周荣军等.龙门山断裂带晚第四纪活动性分段的初步研究.地震地质,2007,29(3) :657-673 Chen Guoguang,Ji Fengju,Zhou Rongjun et al. Primary research of activity segmentation of Longmenshan Fault zone since Late-Quaternary. Seismology and Geology,2007,29(3 ) : 657-673
20 张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽等.2008年汶川8． 0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因.地球物理学报,2008,51(4) :1066-1073 Zhang Peizhen, Xu Xiwei, Wen Xueze et al. Slip rates and recurrence intervals of the Longmenshan active fault zone, and tectinic implications for the machanism of the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake,2008, Sichuan, China. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2008 ,5． 1 (4) : 1066-1073
21 刘静,张智慧,文力等.汶川8级大地震同震破裂的特殊性及构造意义--多条平行断裂同时活动的反序型逆冲地震事件.地质学报,2008,82(12) :1707-1722 Liu Jing, Zhang Zhihui, Wen Li et al. The Ms8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake co-seismic rupture and its tectonic implications Anout-of-sequence thrusting event with slip partitioned on multiple faults. Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82( 12) : 1707-1722
22 徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青等.汶川Ms8 0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,2008,30(3) :597-629 Xu Xiwei, Wen Xueze, Ye Jianqing et al. The Ms8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure. Seismology and Geology,2008,30 ( 3 ) : 597-629
23 冉勇康,陈立春,陈桂华等.汶川Ms8． 0地震发震断裂大地震原地重复现象初析.地震地质,2008,30(3) :630-643 Ran Yongkang,Chen Lichun,Chen Guihua et al. Primary analyses of in-situ recurrence of large earthquake along seismogenic fault of the Ms8． 0 Wenchuan Earthquake. Seismology and Geology, 2008,30(3) : 630-643
24 陈立春,陈杰,刘进峰等.龙门山前山断裂北段晚第四纪活动性研究.地震地质,2008,30(3) :710-722 Chen Lichun, Chen Jie, Liu Jinfeng et al. Investigation of Late Quaternary activity along the northern range-front fault,Longmenshan. Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3 ) : 710-722
25 Schwartz D P, Coppersmith K J. Fault behavior and characteristic earthquakes: Examples from the Wasatch and San Andreas Fault Zones. Journal Geophysical Research, 1984 ,89( B7 ) : 5681-5698
26 Savage J C, Cockerham R S. Quasi-periodic occurrence of earth- quakes in the 1978 ～ 1986 Bishop-Mammoth Lakes Sequence,Eastern California. Bulletin of the Seismological Society America,1987,77(4) : 1347-1358
27 闻学泽著.活动断裂地震潜势的定量评估.北京:地震出版社,1995． 1-146 Wen Xueze. Quantitative Estimates of Seismic Potential on Active Faults. Beijing: Seismological Press, 1995． 1-146
28 邓起东,陈立春,冉勇康活动构造定量研究与应用.地学前缘,2004,11(4) :383-392 Deng Qidong, Chen Lichun, Ran Rongkang. Quantitative studies and applications of active tectonics. Earth Science Frontiers, 2004,11(4) : 383-392
1 唐荣昌,韩渭宾主编.四川活动断裂与地震.北京:地震出版社,1993． 123-132 Tang Rongchang, Han Weibin eds. Active Faults and Earthquakes in Sichuan Province. Beijing: Seismological Press, 1993． 123-132
2 Burchfiel B C, Chen Z, Lin Y et al. Tectonics of the Longmenshan and adjacent regions, Central China. International Geology Review, 1995, 37(8) : 661-735
3 李勇,周荣军,Densmore A L等著.青藏高原东缘大陆动力学过程与地质响应.北京:地质出版社,2006． 44-63 Li Yong,Zhou Rongjun, Densmore A L et al. Continental Dynamic Processes and Geological in the Eastern Margin of theQinghai-Tibet Plateau. Beijing: Geological Publishing House,2006． 44-63
4 唐荣昌,文德华,黄祖智等.松潘-龙门山地区主要活动断裂带第四纪活动特征.中国地震,199l,7(3) :64-71 Tang Rongchang, Wen Dehua, Huang Zhuzhi et al. The Quaternary activity characteristics of several major active faults in the Songpan-Longmenshan region. Earthquake Research in China, 1991 , 7 ( 3 ) :64-71
5 陈社发,邓起东,赵小麟等.龙门山中段推覆构造带及相关构造的演化历史和变形机制(一).地震地质,1994,16(4) :404-412 Chen Shefa, Deng Qidong, Zhao Xiaolin et al. Deformational characteristics, evolutionary history, and deformation mechanism of the middle Longmenshan thrust-nappes and related tectonics( Ⅰ ).Seismology and Geology, 1994, 16 (4) : 404-412
6 陈社发,邓起东,赵小麟等.龙门山中段推覆构造带及相关构造 的演化历史和变形机制(二).地震地质,1994,16(4) :413-421 Chen Shefa, Deng Qidong, Zhao Xiaolin et al. Deformational characteristics, evolutionary history, and deformation mechanism of the middle Longmenshan thrust-nappes and related tectonics ( Ⅱ ).Seismology and Geology, 1994,16 ( 4 ) : 413-421
7 赵小麟,邓起东,陈社发.龙门山 逆断裂带中段的构造地貌学研究.地震地质,1994,16(4) :422-428 Zhao Xiaolin,Deng Qidong,Chen Shefa. Tectonic geomorphology of the central segment of the Longmenshan thrust belt, Western Sichuan Southwestern China. Seismology and Geology, 1994,16 ( 4 ) : 422-428
8 邓起东,陈社发,赵小麟龙门山及其邻区的构造和地震活动及动力学.地震地质,1994,16(4) :389-403 Deng Qidong, Chen Shefa, Zhao Xiaolin. Tectonics, seismisity anddynamics of Longmenshan Mountains and its adjacent regions.Seismology and Geology, 1994,16 (4) : 389-403
9 杨晓平,蒋溥,宋方敏等.龙门山断裂带南段错断晚更新世以来地层的证据.地震地质,1999,21(4) :342-343 Yang Xiaoping,Jiang Pu,Song Fangmin et al. The evidence of the south Longmenshan Fault zones cutting Late Quaternary stratum. Seismology and Geology, 1999,21 (4) : 342-343
10 刘树根,罗志立,赵锡奎等.龙门山造山带-川西前陆盆地系统形成的动力学模式及模拟研究石油实验地质,2003,25(5) :432-438 Liu Shugen, Luo Zhili,Zhao Xikui et al. Study on the dynamic mode and its simulation in the formation of Longmen Mountain-West Sichuan foreland basin system. Petroleum Geology & Experiment,2003,25(5) : 432-438
11 徐锡伟,闻学泽,郑荣章等.川滇地区活动块体最新构造变动样式及其动力来源.中国科学(D辑),2003,33(增刊1) :151-162 Xu Xiwei, Wen Xueze, Zheng Rongzhang et al. Pattern of latest tectonic motion and its dynamics for active blocks in Sichuan-Yunnan region, China. Science in China ( Series D ) , 2003, 46(Supp1． 2) : 210-226
12 李传友,宋方敏,冉勇康.龙门山断裂带北段晚第四纪活动性讨论.地震地质,2004,26(2) :248-258 Li Chuanyou,Song Fangmin, Ran Yongkang. Late Quaternary activity and age constraint of the northern Longmenshan Fault zone.Seismology and Geology,2004,26 ( 2 ) : 248-258
13 马保起,苏刚,侯治华等.利用岷江阶地的变形估算龙门山断裂带中段晚第四纪滑动速率地震地质,2005,27(2) :234-242 Ma Baoqi,Su Gang, Hou Zhihua et al. Late Quaternary slip rate in the central part of the Longmenshan fault zone from terrace deformation along the Minjiang River. Seismology and Geology,2005,27(2) : 234-242
14 李勇,曹叔尤,周荣军等.晚新生代岷江下蚀速率及其对青藏高原东缘山脉隆升机制和形成时限的定量约束.地质学报,2005,79(1) :28-37 Li Yong,Cao Shuyou, Zhou Rongjun et al. Late Cenozoic Minjiang incision rate and its constraint on the uplift of the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Acta Geologica Sinica,2005,79( 1 ) : 28-37
15 周荣军,李勇,Densmore A L等.青藏高原东缘活动构造.矿物岩石,2006,26(2) :40-51 Zhou Rongjun, Li Yong, Densmore A L et al. Active tectonics of the eastern margin of the Tibet Plateau. Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology,2006,26 ( 2 ) : 40-51
16 Densmore A L, Ellis M A, Li Yong et al. Active tectonics of the Beichuan and Pengguan faults at the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Tectonics, 2007, 26: TC4005, doi: 10． 1029/2006TC 001987
17 许志琴,李化启,侯立玮等.青藏高原东缘龙门山-锦屏造山带的崛起--大型拆离断层和挤出机制.地质通报,2007,26(10) :1262-1276 Xu Zhiqin, Li Huaqi, Hou Liwei et al. Uplift of the Longmen-Jinping orogenic belt along the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Large-scale detachment faulting and extrusion mechanism.Geological Bulletin of China ,2007,26(10) : 1262-1276
18 贾秋鹏,贾东,朱艾斓等.青藏高原东缘龙门山冲断带与四川盆地的现今构造表现:数字地形和地震活动证据.地质科学,2007,42(1) :31-44 Jia Qiupeng, Jia Dong, Zhu Ailan et al. Active tectonics in the Longmen thrust belt to the Eastern Qinghai-Tibeltan Plateau and Sichuan Basin: Evidence from topography and seismicity. Chinese Journal of Geology,2007,42 ( 1 ) : 31-44
19 陈国光,计凤桔,周荣军等.龙门山断裂带晚第四纪活动性分段的初步研究.地震地质,2007,29(3) :657-673 Chen Guoguang,Ji Fengju,Zhou Rongjun et al. Primary research of activity segmentation of Longmenshan Fault zone since Late-Quaternary. Seismology and Geology,2007,29(3 ) : 657-673
20 张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽等.2008年汶川8． 0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因.地球物理学报,2008,51(4) :1066-1073 Zhang Peizhen, Xu Xiwei, Wen Xueze et al. Slip rates and recurrence intervals of the Longmenshan active fault zone, and tectinic implications for the machanism of the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake,2008, Sichuan, China. Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2008 ,5． 1 (4) : 1066-1073
21 刘静,张智慧,文力等.汶川8级大地震同震破裂的特殊性及构造意义--多条平行断裂同时活动的反序型逆冲地震事件.地质学报,2008,82(12) :1707-1722 Liu Jing, Zhang Zhihui, Wen Li et al. The Ms8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake co-seismic rupture and its tectonic implications Anout-of-sequence thrusting event with slip partitioned on multiple faults. Acta Geologica Sinica,2008,82( 12) : 1707-1722
22 徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青等.汶川Ms8 0地震地表破裂带及其发震构造.地震地质,2008,30(3) :597-629 Xu Xiwei, Wen Xueze, Ye Jianqing et al. The Ms8． 0 Wenchuan earthquake surface ruptures and its seismogenic structure. Seismology and Geology,2008,30 ( 3 ) : 597-629
23 冉勇康,陈立春,陈桂华等.汶川Ms8． 0地震发震断裂大地震原地重复现象初析.地震地质,2008,30(3) :630-643 Ran Yongkang,Chen Lichun,Chen Guihua et al. Primary analyses of in-situ recurrence of large earthquake along seismogenic fault of the Ms8． 0 Wenchuan Earthquake. Seismology and Geology, 2008,30(3) : 630-643
24 陈立春,陈杰,刘进峰等.龙门山前山断裂北段晚第四纪活动性研究.地震地质,2008,30(3) :710-722 Chen Lichun, Chen Jie, Liu Jinfeng et al. Investigation of Late Quaternary activity along the northern range-front fault,Longmenshan. Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3 ) : 710-722
25 Schwartz D P, Coppersmith K J. Fault behavior and characteristic earthquakes: Examples from the Wasatch and San Andreas Fault Zones. Journal Geophysical Research, 1984 ,89( B7 ) : 5681-5698
26 Savage J C, Cockerham R S. Quasi-periodic occurrence of earth- quakes in the 1978 ～ 1986 Bishop-Mammoth Lakes Sequence,Eastern California. Bulletin of the Seismological Society America,1987,77(4) : 1347-1358
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