灾后民众创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)与事件冲击量表(IES)的发展和应用
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摘要
本文简单回顾了国际上在创伤后应激障碍研究中较常使用的自评测量工具——事件冲击量表(IES)及其修改版(IES-R)和儿童版CRIES的发展和应用。并综合报道了在四川绵竹运用IES-R对956名受灾群众进行的测查结果。推论,5·12汶川地震后,将有大约一半的幸存者在一到两个月出现PTSD的主要症状,并具有比较显著的性别差异:女性的分数普遍高于男性,建议及早进行心理危机干预。
This article reviewed the development and application of a very popular self-evaluation tool: Impact of Event Scale (IES) and its revised version (IES-R), and reported some results on 956 survivors in using IES-R in Mianzhu, Sichuan. We referred that about half of the survivors will have the main symptoms of the PTSD and will have the significant differences in gender: female had high scores than male, who should accept the psychological intervention early.
This article reviewed the development and application of a very popular self-evaluation tool: Impact of Event Scale (IES) and its revised version (IES-R), and reported some results on 956 survivors in using IES-R in Mianzhu, Sichuan. We referred that about half of the survivors will have the main symptoms of the PTSD and will have the significant differences in gender: female had high scores than male, who should accept the psychological intervention early.
引文
Bhushan,B.&Kumar,J.S.(2007).Emotional distress and posttraumatic stress in children surviving the2004Tsunami.Journal of Loss and Trauma,12:245–257.
Dyregrov,A.,Kuterovac,G.,&Barath,A.(1996).Factor analysis of the impact of event scale with children in war.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,36,339–350.
Dyregrov,A.,&Raundalen,M.(1992).The impact of the Gulf war on the children of Irap.Paper presented at the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies World Conference.‘Trauma and Tragedy’Amsterdam,June.
Dyregrov,A.,&Yule,W.(1995).Screening measures:the development of the UNICEF screening battery.Paper at The Fourth European Conference on Traumatic Stress(May),Paris.
Elhai,J.D.,Gray,M.J.,Kashdan.T.B.,and Franklin,C.L.(2005).Which Instruments Are Most Commonly Used to Assess Traumatic Event Exposure and Posttraumatic Effects?:A Survey of Traumatic Stress Professional.Journal of Traumatic Stress.18,541–545.
Ehlers,A.,&Clark,D.M.(2000).A Cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder.Behaviour Research and Therapy.38:319–345.
Giannopoulou,I.,Smith,P.,Ecker,C.,Strouthos,M.,Dikaiakou,A.,&Yule,W.(2006).Factor Structure of the Children’s exposed to Earthquake.Personality and Individual Differences,40,1027–1037.
Gupta,L.,Dyregrove,A.,Gjestad,R.,&Mukanoheli,X.(1996).Trauma,exposure,and psychological reactions to genocide among Rwandan refugees.Paper presented at the12th Annual Convention of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies(November),San Francisco,CA.
Horowitz,M.(1986).Stress response syndromes.Northville.NJ:Jason Aronson.
Horowitz,M.J.,Wilner,N.,and Alvarenz,W.(1979).Impact of even scale:A measure of subjective stress.Psychosomatic Medicine41,209–218.
Joseph,S.A.,William,R.,Yule,W.,&Walker,A.(1992).Factor analysis of the Impact of Event Scale with Survivors of two disasters at sea.Personality and Individual Differences,13,693–697.
Kirk,A.&Dollar,S.C.(2001).Prevalence of traumatic events and PTSD symptomatology among a selected sample of undergraduate students.Journal of Social Work in Disability and Rehabilitation,1,53–65.
Kinize,J.D.,Sack,W.H.,Angell,R.H.,Manson,S.,&Rath,B.(1986).The psychiatric effects of massive trauma on Cambodian children:I.The Children.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,25,370–376.
Norris,F.H.(2002).Psychosocial consequences of disasters.PTSD Research Quarterly,13,1–3.
Norris,F.H.,Perilla,J.L.,Ibanez,G.E.,&Murphy,A.D.(2001).Sex differences in symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder:Does culture play a role?Journal of Traumatic Stress,14,7–28.
Pynoos,R.S.,Fredrick,C.,Nader,K.,Arroyo,W.,Steinberg,A.,eth,S.,et al.(1987).Life threat and posttraumatic stress in scholl-aged children.Archives of General Psychiatry,44,1057–1063.
Ranjan,S.&Saraswat,N.(2005).Tsunami in the cultural frame.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,39,840.
Saigh,P.A.(1991).The development of posttraumatic stress disorder following four different types of traumatization.Behavior Research and Therapy,29,213–216.
Saylor,C.F.,Swenson,C.C.,Reynolds,S.S.,&Taylor,M.(1999).The pediatric emotional distress scale:A brief screening measure for young children exposed to traumatic events.Journal of Clinical Child Psychology,28,70–81.
Schnurr,P.P.,Friedman,M.J.,&Bernardy,N.C.(2002).Research on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder:Epidemiology,pathophysiology,and assessment.Journal of Clinical Psychology,58,877–889.
Schwarzwald,J.,Solomon,Z.,Weisenberg,M.,&Mikulincer,M.(1987).Validation of the Impact of Event Scale for psychological sequelae of combat.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,55(2),251–256.
Smith,P.,Perrin,S.,Dyregrov,A.,&Yule,W.(2003).Principal components analysis of the impact of event scale with children in war.Personality and Individual Differences,34,315–322.
Solomon,Z.,Mikulincer,M.,&Avitzur,E.(1988).Coping,locus of control,social support,and combat related posttraumatic stress disorder:A Prospective study.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,55,279–285.
Weiss,D.S.,&Marmar,C.R.(1997).The Impact of Event Scale-Revised.In J.P.Wilson,&T.M.Keane(Eds.),Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD.New York:The Guilford Press.
Yule,W.(2002).Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.In M.Rutter&E.Taylor(Eds.),Child and adolescent psychiatry(4th ed.,pp.520–528).Oxford:Blackwell Publications.
Dyregrov,A.,Kuterovac,G.,&Barath,A.(1996).Factor analysis of the impact of event scale with children in war.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,36,339–350.
Dyregrov,A.,&Raundalen,M.(1992).The impact of the Gulf war on the children of Irap.Paper presented at the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies World Conference.‘Trauma and Tragedy’Amsterdam,June.
Dyregrov,A.,&Yule,W.(1995).Screening measures:the development of the UNICEF screening battery.Paper at The Fourth European Conference on Traumatic Stress(May),Paris.
Elhai,J.D.,Gray,M.J.,Kashdan.T.B.,and Franklin,C.L.(2005).Which Instruments Are Most Commonly Used to Assess Traumatic Event Exposure and Posttraumatic Effects?:A Survey of Traumatic Stress Professional.Journal of Traumatic Stress.18,541–545.
Ehlers,A.,&Clark,D.M.(2000).A Cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder.Behaviour Research and Therapy.38:319–345.
Giannopoulou,I.,Smith,P.,Ecker,C.,Strouthos,M.,Dikaiakou,A.,&Yule,W.(2006).Factor Structure of the Children’s exposed to Earthquake.Personality and Individual Differences,40,1027–1037.
Gupta,L.,Dyregrove,A.,Gjestad,R.,&Mukanoheli,X.(1996).Trauma,exposure,and psychological reactions to genocide among Rwandan refugees.Paper presented at the12th Annual Convention of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies(November),San Francisco,CA.
Horowitz,M.(1986).Stress response syndromes.Northville.NJ:Jason Aronson.
Horowitz,M.J.,Wilner,N.,and Alvarenz,W.(1979).Impact of even scale:A measure of subjective stress.Psychosomatic Medicine41,209–218.
Joseph,S.A.,William,R.,Yule,W.,&Walker,A.(1992).Factor analysis of the Impact of Event Scale with Survivors of two disasters at sea.Personality and Individual Differences,13,693–697.
Kirk,A.&Dollar,S.C.(2001).Prevalence of traumatic events and PTSD symptomatology among a selected sample of undergraduate students.Journal of Social Work in Disability and Rehabilitation,1,53–65.
Kinize,J.D.,Sack,W.H.,Angell,R.H.,Manson,S.,&Rath,B.(1986).The psychiatric effects of massive trauma on Cambodian children:I.The Children.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,25,370–376.
Norris,F.H.(2002).Psychosocial consequences of disasters.PTSD Research Quarterly,13,1–3.
Norris,F.H.,Perilla,J.L.,Ibanez,G.E.,&Murphy,A.D.(2001).Sex differences in symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder:Does culture play a role?Journal of Traumatic Stress,14,7–28.
Pynoos,R.S.,Fredrick,C.,Nader,K.,Arroyo,W.,Steinberg,A.,eth,S.,et al.(1987).Life threat and posttraumatic stress in scholl-aged children.Archives of General Psychiatry,44,1057–1063.
Ranjan,S.&Saraswat,N.(2005).Tsunami in the cultural frame.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,39,840.
Saigh,P.A.(1991).The development of posttraumatic stress disorder following four different types of traumatization.Behavior Research and Therapy,29,213–216.
Saylor,C.F.,Swenson,C.C.,Reynolds,S.S.,&Taylor,M.(1999).The pediatric emotional distress scale:A brief screening measure for young children exposed to traumatic events.Journal of Clinical Child Psychology,28,70–81.
Schnurr,P.P.,Friedman,M.J.,&Bernardy,N.C.(2002).Research on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder:Epidemiology,pathophysiology,and assessment.Journal of Clinical Psychology,58,877–889.
Schwarzwald,J.,Solomon,Z.,Weisenberg,M.,&Mikulincer,M.(1987).Validation of the Impact of Event Scale for psychological sequelae of combat.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,55(2),251–256.
Smith,P.,Perrin,S.,Dyregrov,A.,&Yule,W.(2003).Principal components analysis of the impact of event scale with children in war.Personality and Individual Differences,34,315–322.
Solomon,Z.,Mikulincer,M.,&Avitzur,E.(1988).Coping,locus of control,social support,and combat related posttraumatic stress disorder:A Prospective study.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,55,279–285.
Weiss,D.S.,&Marmar,C.R.(1997).The Impact of Event Scale-Revised.In J.P.Wilson,&T.M.Keane(Eds.),Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD.New York:The Guilford Press.
Yule,W.(2002).Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.In M.Rutter&E.Taylor(Eds.),Child and adolescent psychiatry(4th ed.,pp.520–528).Oxford:Blackwell Publications.
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