英汉商务合同的词汇重复对比研究
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摘要
一般来说,英语中的重复具有修饰或强调作用。根据本文作者的初步观察,重复在英语商务合同中经常使用。为此,本文分析了英汉商务合同中的重复模式,主要是词汇重复模式,探讨了合同文本中词汇重复的功能,并由此发现了一些启示。
本文运用的理论框架是Karoly(1999)的词汇重复理论。Karoly的词汇重复理论是在Hoey的语篇中的词汇重复理论的基础上发展而来的。她将词汇重复类型划分为九种:简单重复、派生重复、简单同义、派生同义、简单反义、派生反义、上下义词、部分整体词、情景关系词。她认为词汇衔接形式就是各种词汇重复形式,重复作为一种有效的衔接手段,在语篇组织上发挥着重要的衔接作用。
本文从句际和句内两个层面比较了英汉商务合同中的词汇重复模式的异同。本文首先在从各种商务教材、网站上搜寻英语商务合同30篇及其汉语译本30篇、汉语商务合同30篇,再分别从这三类合同文本中提取30个条款形成由90个合同条款组成的语料库,并将其作为研究对象,然后分析、对比这三类商务合同条款中的词汇重复,并计算主要词汇重复类型在三类合同文本中所占的比例。统计结果表明,三类合同文本中主要的词汇重复类型是简单重复、简单同义、派生重复和派生同义。在英语商务合同中,将这四种重复类型按照出现比例的高低顺序是简单重复、派生重复、简单同义和派生同义;在汉语译本商务合同和汉语商务合同,这四种重复类型出现比例的高低顺序是简单重复、简单同义、派生重复和派生同义。
本文基于商务合同的篇章特点的视角分析了英汉商务合同中词汇重复模式的功能。商务合同属于法律文本。法律文本的语言,不管是在形式上还是在内容上,都要求严谨、准确。商务合同中的词汇重复能够很好地组织商务合同文本的篇章,并能够保证商务合同语言的准确性和严谨性。另外,商务合同中的词汇重复是合同篇章组织的重要衔接手段,这不仅表现在句与句之间,还表现在句子内部。
根据英汉商务合同中词汇重复的对比研究结果,我们得到如下启示:
首先,与其他类型文本的组织相比,汉语商务合同文本的构成具有突出的形合特点,英语商务合同文本因其特有的词汇重复模式而呈现出的不同形合手段。在汉语译本商务合同和汉语商务合同中,为保证内容上的一致性和连贯性,具有最强的篇章衔接作用的简单重复的使用频率最高,在形式上构成明显的形式标记,体现了汉语商务合同文本组织特有的形合特点。
其次,在翻译英语商务合同时,应将一些派生重复或派生同义翻译成符合汉语表达习惯的简单重复或简单同义重复。派生重复和派生同义重复在英语商务合同中出现的比例高于它们在汉语译本合同和汉语商务合同中出现的比例,而简单重复和简单同义重复在汉语译本合同和汉语商务合同中的比例高于在英语商务合同中的比例。
简而言之,本文对比分析了英语商务合同、汉语译本商务合同和汉语商务合同中的词汇重复模式的异同。这对英汉商务合同语言特点的研究提供了一个新的视角,对英汉商务合同的篇章组织和语言特点有了进一步了解,给英汉商务合同的翻译带来了一定的启示作用。
Repetition in English is usually considered as a rhetoric device, or a means of emphasis. According to the present author's observation, the frequency of use of repetition in contractual texts is rather high. This thesis analyzes lexical repetition patterns in English business contracts, their Chinese translated contracts and Chinese business contracts, and probes the functions of lexical repetition and brings about some implications concerned.
The theory applied in this research is Karoly's (1999) lexical repetition theory. Karoly, based on Hoey's lexis pattern theory, classifies lexical repetition into several types: SR (simple repetition), DR (derived repetition), SS (simple synonymy), DS (derived synonymy), SO (simple opposites), DO (derived opposites), H (hyponymy), M (meronymy) and IR (instantial relations). Karoly points out that lexical cohesion is various forms of repetition so that that repetition is a powerful cohesive device and plays an important role in text organization.
This thesis, based on a self-created corpus, investigates the lexical repetition patterns of three kinds of contractual texts at inter-sentential level and at intra-sentential level. For convenience, only one clause is chosen for the investigation from each of thirty English business contracts, and their Chinese translated contracts, and thirty Chinese business contracts, which are quoted from textbooks or Internet. a calculation of some main repetition links shows that SR, SS, DR, and DS are the four main lexical repetition types in the three kinds of business contracts. The ranking order of the percentages of the four lexical repetition types in English business contracts, from the highest to the lowest, is SR, DR, SS, and DS, whilst SR, SS, DR, and DS in Chinese translated contracts and Chinese business contracts.
This thesis then analyzes the functions of these lexical repetition patterns in contractual texts, mainly from the perspective of textual organization of business contracts, which is a subcategory of legal documents. It is observed that lexical repetition plays an important role in organizing contractual texts and in keeping preciseness as well; lexical repetition, especially SR, functions as an important cohesive device in business contractual texts; lexical repetition occurs not only at inter-sentential level but also at intra-sentential level, which contributes to the cohesion and coherence of a text.
A few other conclusions have been obtained from the investigation. Firstly, compared with other genres, the organization of business contracts in Chinese is more hypotactic than paratactic while distinguishably hypotactic in English for their use of particular lexical repetition patterns. In Chinese contractual texts, SR at both inter-sentential and intra-sentential levels forms an obvious form marker, and the large number of SRs in the three kinds of contracts indicates hypotaxis in both English and Chinese business contracts. Secondly, since the percentages of DR and DS in English business contracts are higher than those in both Chinese rendition of English business contracts and Chinese business contracts, the translator should render some English derived words into Chinese SR or SS in translating.
In all, this thesis analyzes lexical repetition patterns in English business contracts, Chinese renditions of English business contracts, and Chinese business contracts, and thus provides a new perspective for the study of contractual language. This contrastive study may help us have a relatively comprehensive understanding of English and Chinese contractual languages, and get some implications for drafting and translating English and Chinese business contracts.
本文运用的理论框架是Karoly(1999)的词汇重复理论。Karoly的词汇重复理论是在Hoey的语篇中的词汇重复理论的基础上发展而来的。她将词汇重复类型划分为九种:简单重复、派生重复、简单同义、派生同义、简单反义、派生反义、上下义词、部分整体词、情景关系词。她认为词汇衔接形式就是各种词汇重复形式,重复作为一种有效的衔接手段,在语篇组织上发挥着重要的衔接作用。
本文从句际和句内两个层面比较了英汉商务合同中的词汇重复模式的异同。本文首先在从各种商务教材、网站上搜寻英语商务合同30篇及其汉语译本30篇、汉语商务合同30篇,再分别从这三类合同文本中提取30个条款形成由90个合同条款组成的语料库,并将其作为研究对象,然后分析、对比这三类商务合同条款中的词汇重复,并计算主要词汇重复类型在三类合同文本中所占的比例。统计结果表明,三类合同文本中主要的词汇重复类型是简单重复、简单同义、派生重复和派生同义。在英语商务合同中,将这四种重复类型按照出现比例的高低顺序是简单重复、派生重复、简单同义和派生同义;在汉语译本商务合同和汉语商务合同,这四种重复类型出现比例的高低顺序是简单重复、简单同义、派生重复和派生同义。
本文基于商务合同的篇章特点的视角分析了英汉商务合同中词汇重复模式的功能。商务合同属于法律文本。法律文本的语言,不管是在形式上还是在内容上,都要求严谨、准确。商务合同中的词汇重复能够很好地组织商务合同文本的篇章,并能够保证商务合同语言的准确性和严谨性。另外,商务合同中的词汇重复是合同篇章组织的重要衔接手段,这不仅表现在句与句之间,还表现在句子内部。
根据英汉商务合同中词汇重复的对比研究结果,我们得到如下启示:
首先,与其他类型文本的组织相比,汉语商务合同文本的构成具有突出的形合特点,英语商务合同文本因其特有的词汇重复模式而呈现出的不同形合手段。在汉语译本商务合同和汉语商务合同中,为保证内容上的一致性和连贯性,具有最强的篇章衔接作用的简单重复的使用频率最高,在形式上构成明显的形式标记,体现了汉语商务合同文本组织特有的形合特点。
其次,在翻译英语商务合同时,应将一些派生重复或派生同义翻译成符合汉语表达习惯的简单重复或简单同义重复。派生重复和派生同义重复在英语商务合同中出现的比例高于它们在汉语译本合同和汉语商务合同中出现的比例,而简单重复和简单同义重复在汉语译本合同和汉语商务合同中的比例高于在英语商务合同中的比例。
简而言之,本文对比分析了英语商务合同、汉语译本商务合同和汉语商务合同中的词汇重复模式的异同。这对英汉商务合同语言特点的研究提供了一个新的视角,对英汉商务合同的篇章组织和语言特点有了进一步了解,给英汉商务合同的翻译带来了一定的启示作用。
Repetition in English is usually considered as a rhetoric device, or a means of emphasis. According to the present author's observation, the frequency of use of repetition in contractual texts is rather high. This thesis analyzes lexical repetition patterns in English business contracts, their Chinese translated contracts and Chinese business contracts, and probes the functions of lexical repetition and brings about some implications concerned.
The theory applied in this research is Karoly's (1999) lexical repetition theory. Karoly, based on Hoey's lexis pattern theory, classifies lexical repetition into several types: SR (simple repetition), DR (derived repetition), SS (simple synonymy), DS (derived synonymy), SO (simple opposites), DO (derived opposites), H (hyponymy), M (meronymy) and IR (instantial relations). Karoly points out that lexical cohesion is various forms of repetition so that that repetition is a powerful cohesive device and plays an important role in text organization.
This thesis, based on a self-created corpus, investigates the lexical repetition patterns of three kinds of contractual texts at inter-sentential level and at intra-sentential level. For convenience, only one clause is chosen for the investigation from each of thirty English business contracts, and their Chinese translated contracts, and thirty Chinese business contracts, which are quoted from textbooks or Internet. a calculation of some main repetition links shows that SR, SS, DR, and DS are the four main lexical repetition types in the three kinds of business contracts. The ranking order of the percentages of the four lexical repetition types in English business contracts, from the highest to the lowest, is SR, DR, SS, and DS, whilst SR, SS, DR, and DS in Chinese translated contracts and Chinese business contracts.
This thesis then analyzes the functions of these lexical repetition patterns in contractual texts, mainly from the perspective of textual organization of business contracts, which is a subcategory of legal documents. It is observed that lexical repetition plays an important role in organizing contractual texts and in keeping preciseness as well; lexical repetition, especially SR, functions as an important cohesive device in business contractual texts; lexical repetition occurs not only at inter-sentential level but also at intra-sentential level, which contributes to the cohesion and coherence of a text.
A few other conclusions have been obtained from the investigation. Firstly, compared with other genres, the organization of business contracts in Chinese is more hypotactic than paratactic while distinguishably hypotactic in English for their use of particular lexical repetition patterns. In Chinese contractual texts, SR at both inter-sentential and intra-sentential levels forms an obvious form marker, and the large number of SRs in the three kinds of contracts indicates hypotaxis in both English and Chinese business contracts. Secondly, since the percentages of DR and DS in English business contracts are higher than those in both Chinese rendition of English business contracts and Chinese business contracts, the translator should render some English derived words into Chinese SR or SS in translating.
In all, this thesis analyzes lexical repetition patterns in English business contracts, Chinese renditions of English business contracts, and Chinese business contracts, and thus provides a new perspective for the study of contractual language. This contrastive study may help us have a relatively comprehensive understanding of English and Chinese contractual languages, and get some implications for drafting and translating English and Chinese business contracts.
引文
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