三峡库区典型流域藻类的演替、聚集与水华状态的研究
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摘要
水华是水体严重富营养化的表现,“水华”暴发时大量浮游藻类聚集在水域表面,破坏了周围的环境,影响鱼类等水生生物的生存和人类对水的利用,所带来的危害很严重,尤其是对三峡水库这种大规模流域体系中的水环境危害极其严重。三峡水库形成后,库区内长江与次级河流的流速减缓、自净化能力降低、温差变小以及光照增强,从而在沿江两岸水域形成独特的消落带,在河口汇入段形成更平缓的回水区,这些都将直接影响藻类演替、增殖和聚集行为,进而成为三峡流域水华暴发的重要诱发因子。
通过对三峡库区典型流域的长江和嘉陵江水体中藻类的特征和季节演替规律进行调查,发现2006年11月~2007年10月浮游藻类共7门,50属,108种及其变种。藻类种群构成中硅藻占绝对优势(51.8%),其次为绿藻和蓝藻,其他较少。硅藻细胞密度所占百分比相当高,春季嘉陵江水体中硅藻密度所占比例高于长江,秋季低于长江,其他季节差别不大;绿藻细胞密度所占比例较低,长江和嘉陵江分别不超过10.12%和10.71%,生长高峰时期均出现在春季;长江水体中蓝藻春、冬季节细胞密度所占比例最高,秋季所占比例最低(近似0%),嘉陵江蓝藻以春、夏季所占比例最高。
针对三峡库区典型流域两江的浮游藻类的生长特点,本文结合实验室模拟的方法,探讨了三峡成库后主要环境因子(氮磷比、光照强度和流速)对藻类群落结构的演替和聚集行为的影响。在不同TN/TP和光照强度的静水表层中主要藻类为蓝、绿藻,优势种为蓝藻门的水华微囊藻,总体上蓝藻的聚集参数θ大于绿藻;在流速大于0.03m·s-1的动态水体中蓝、绿藻聚集参数迅速下降,优势藻类不再明显。对水质的生态学评价结果表明:水华微囊藻聚集参数θ与生物多样性指数d拟合的可决系数R2在0.81以上,反映出优势藻聚集能力与水体环境质量的反比关系。作为水质污染和营养水平评价依据的指数d不能直接表征水华污染状态,因此,在参数θ的基础上构建了描述水华污染状态的函数G,将函数G应用于对实验结果和实际流域水华污染的评价,结果表明,水华状态函数G确实能有效和半定量刻划水华污染程度。
Algae bloom reflects the over eutrophication of water. When algal bloom outbreaks, phytoplankton cluster on the surface of water, jeopardizing the surrounding environment and endangering human beings’water consumption and the survival of fish and other aquatic organisms. It brought about serious damages, particularly to water environment of Three Gorges reservoir—the large-scale water in the basin system. After the Three-Gorges reservoir’s erection, the flow velocity of Yangtze River and branch rivers becoming slower, the self-clean capacity of the water body decreased, the temperature difference lessened and the light intensity strengthened, the water-level-fluctuating zones formed along both sides of the river and the more gentle backwater area formed in estuary abouchement section—all these will have a direct impact on algae succession, proliferation and clustering behavior, thereby becoming the important factor of algal bloom outbreak in the Three-Gorges reservoir.
Based on studying the algae characteristics and seasonal succession laws of Three-Gorges reservoir area typical of the Yangtze River and Jialing River Basin water, the author found that there were 7 planktonic algae, 50 genera and 108 species (including varieties) from November 2006 to October 2007. In the composition of algae community, the Bacillariophyta has the absolute domination (51.8%), then are Cyanophyta and Chlorophyta, and the proportion of others, less. Bacillariophyta cell density percentage was quite high. The Bacillariophyta density of Jialing River water accounted for a higher proportion in spring and a lower proportion in autumn compared with Yangtze River and differences in other seasons were not obvious. The cell density proportion of Cyanophyta in Yangtze and the Jialing River, comparatively low, were not more than 10.12% and 10.71% respectively and the growth peak occurred in spring. Cell density percentage of Chlorophyta in Yangtze River both in spring and winter was the highest, and its proportion in autumn was the lowest (approximately 0%). Chlorophyta in Jialing River in spring and summer occupied the highest proportion.
According to planktonic algae’s growth characteristics in Yangtze River and Jialing River Typical of Three Gorges reservoir area, the thesis, integrating laboratory simulation method, studied systematically the impact of the major environmental factors (ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus, light intensity and velocity) after the formation of Three Gorges reservoir on the succession of algae community structure and aggregation behavior. Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta are the main algae types in static water, regardless the levels of TN/TP ratio and light intensity, while the dominant algae species is the Microcystis flos-aquae of Chlorophyta. In general, the clustering parameterθof Chlorophyta is bigger than that of Cyanophyta. However, the clustering parameter of both Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta decreases rapidly and the dominancy of the Microcystis flos-aquae starts to disappear when the flow velocity in the dynamic water is over 0.03m·s-1. The ecological assessment of water quality reveals that for all cases the correlation coefficient of (R2) between th biodiversity index (d) and clustering parameter (θ) is greater than 0.81, and water quality is inversely proportional to the clustering ability of the domiant algae species. Since the index d is an assessment critcrion of water quality as well as the nutrient level, and cannot be directly used to evaluate algal bloom, a function (G) is constructed on the basis of the parameterθ. The function G is used to assess the lab data and the actual water pollution in the river. The results indicate that function G can effectively represent the state of algal bloom in a semi-quantitative way.
通过对三峡库区典型流域的长江和嘉陵江水体中藻类的特征和季节演替规律进行调查,发现2006年11月~2007年10月浮游藻类共7门,50属,108种及其变种。藻类种群构成中硅藻占绝对优势(51.8%),其次为绿藻和蓝藻,其他较少。硅藻细胞密度所占百分比相当高,春季嘉陵江水体中硅藻密度所占比例高于长江,秋季低于长江,其他季节差别不大;绿藻细胞密度所占比例较低,长江和嘉陵江分别不超过10.12%和10.71%,生长高峰时期均出现在春季;长江水体中蓝藻春、冬季节细胞密度所占比例最高,秋季所占比例最低(近似0%),嘉陵江蓝藻以春、夏季所占比例最高。
针对三峡库区典型流域两江的浮游藻类的生长特点,本文结合实验室模拟的方法,探讨了三峡成库后主要环境因子(氮磷比、光照强度和流速)对藻类群落结构的演替和聚集行为的影响。在不同TN/TP和光照强度的静水表层中主要藻类为蓝、绿藻,优势种为蓝藻门的水华微囊藻,总体上蓝藻的聚集参数θ大于绿藻;在流速大于0.03m·s-1的动态水体中蓝、绿藻聚集参数迅速下降,优势藻类不再明显。对水质的生态学评价结果表明:水华微囊藻聚集参数θ与生物多样性指数d拟合的可决系数R2在0.81以上,反映出优势藻聚集能力与水体环境质量的反比关系。作为水质污染和营养水平评价依据的指数d不能直接表征水华污染状态,因此,在参数θ的基础上构建了描述水华污染状态的函数G,将函数G应用于对实验结果和实际流域水华污染的评价,结果表明,水华状态函数G确实能有效和半定量刻划水华污染程度。
Algae bloom reflects the over eutrophication of water. When algal bloom outbreaks, phytoplankton cluster on the surface of water, jeopardizing the surrounding environment and endangering human beings’water consumption and the survival of fish and other aquatic organisms. It brought about serious damages, particularly to water environment of Three Gorges reservoir—the large-scale water in the basin system. After the Three-Gorges reservoir’s erection, the flow velocity of Yangtze River and branch rivers becoming slower, the self-clean capacity of the water body decreased, the temperature difference lessened and the light intensity strengthened, the water-level-fluctuating zones formed along both sides of the river and the more gentle backwater area formed in estuary abouchement section—all these will have a direct impact on algae succession, proliferation and clustering behavior, thereby becoming the important factor of algal bloom outbreak in the Three-Gorges reservoir.
Based on studying the algae characteristics and seasonal succession laws of Three-Gorges reservoir area typical of the Yangtze River and Jialing River Basin water, the author found that there were 7 planktonic algae, 50 genera and 108 species (including varieties) from November 2006 to October 2007. In the composition of algae community, the Bacillariophyta has the absolute domination (51.8%), then are Cyanophyta and Chlorophyta, and the proportion of others, less. Bacillariophyta cell density percentage was quite high. The Bacillariophyta density of Jialing River water accounted for a higher proportion in spring and a lower proportion in autumn compared with Yangtze River and differences in other seasons were not obvious. The cell density proportion of Cyanophyta in Yangtze and the Jialing River, comparatively low, were not more than 10.12% and 10.71% respectively and the growth peak occurred in spring. Cell density percentage of Chlorophyta in Yangtze River both in spring and winter was the highest, and its proportion in autumn was the lowest (approximately 0%). Chlorophyta in Jialing River in spring and summer occupied the highest proportion.
According to planktonic algae’s growth characteristics in Yangtze River and Jialing River Typical of Three Gorges reservoir area, the thesis, integrating laboratory simulation method, studied systematically the impact of the major environmental factors (ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus, light intensity and velocity) after the formation of Three Gorges reservoir on the succession of algae community structure and aggregation behavior. Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta are the main algae types in static water, regardless the levels of TN/TP ratio and light intensity, while the dominant algae species is the Microcystis flos-aquae of Chlorophyta. In general, the clustering parameterθof Chlorophyta is bigger than that of Cyanophyta. However, the clustering parameter of both Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta decreases rapidly and the dominancy of the Microcystis flos-aquae starts to disappear when the flow velocity in the dynamic water is over 0.03m·s-1. The ecological assessment of water quality reveals that for all cases the correlation coefficient of (R2) between th biodiversity index (d) and clustering parameter (θ) is greater than 0.81, and water quality is inversely proportional to the clustering ability of the domiant algae species. Since the index d is an assessment critcrion of water quality as well as the nutrient level, and cannot be directly used to evaluate algal bloom, a function (G) is constructed on the basis of the parameterθ. The function G is used to assess the lab data and the actual water pollution in the river. The results indicate that function G can effectively represent the state of algal bloom in a semi-quantitative way.
引文
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