高速公路汽车防撞雷达信道分析
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摘要
随着高速公路的迅速发展，防止汽车相撞已引起了世界各国的广泛关注，因此急需找到一种能有效解决汽车碰撞问题的方法。针对这一现状，本文介绍了一种高速公路汽车防撞雷达系统。该防撞雷达系统主要是用于高速公路上多雾天气防止车辆前后追尾相撞，而不考虑车辆与其前方的非车辆障碍物之间的防撞问题，设计只完成最基本的险情探测和预警功能的前视防撞雷达。工作于C频段，收发一体，具有结构简单、体积小、重量轻的特点。
本文结合大量的框图、电路图、波形图，详细阐述了高速公路汽车防撞雷达的系统结构、工作原理、工作流程。并根据信号的工作频段和各分机电路的主要功能，将整机系统分为射频信道、中频调制解调和终端处理三大部分。对实现系统的各部分电路及终端的信号处理方法作了较为详细的介绍。重点分析了防撞雷达的射频信道部分。给出了射频信道各部分组成框图、系统的主要技术指标及各参数选取的考虑。对射频信道链路及测距精度进行了详细的分析和计算，给出了理论计算结果、讨论了影响测距精度的几个因素。探讨了汽车防撞雷达的电磁兼容性问题，提出了解决电磁兼容性问题的几种措施。研究了射频信道中的自动增益控制(AGC)技术。另外对系统的双工体制及天馈线也进行了分析和讨论。本雷达系统的甲机信道是一个典型的C频段无线通信系统收发信道，配合适当的终端设备，可用于容量相当的通信系统及测控系统。而乙机信道是一个无人职守的转发器信道，除了直接可用于接力通信系统中外，如果增添适当终端设备还可构成具有遥控功能的数据报告平台，论文给出了本防撞雷达射频信道应用在其它系统中的实例。
最后本文对射频信道的主要指标进行了测试，给出了测试结果。根据测试结果，对本文提出的高速公路汽车防撞雷达系统存在的问题提出了改进意见和措施，对未来更高阶段的汽车防撞雷达的发展趋势做了展望。
With the rapid development of the expressway, automobile anti-collision has been received considerable attention all over the world. So it is essential to find out an effective way to solve the automobile anti-collision. This paper introduces an automobile anti-collision radar system on the expressway. The automobile anti-collision radar is mainly applied to prevent the vehicle from colliding back and force under the fog weather condition with no consideration of the other obstacle's anti-collision before the vehicle. It is only designed to achieve its basic application of danger condition detecting and collision warning. The anti-collision radar works in the C frequency band which has some features such as simple architecture, small volume and light weight.
With the illustrations of many block diagrams, circuit schematics and waveform figures, this paper expatiates the system architecture, working principle and working flow of the expressway automobile anti-collision radar. The whole system is divided into three parts according to the signal frequency, i.e., RF channel, IF modulation and demodulation,digital terminal. This paper particularly introduces each circuit schematics and terminal signal processing methods. The radio frequency channel is analyzed in detail. The paper gives the structure block diagrams, main technology parameters and their choice. The radio frequency link and range precision is analyzed and calculated in detail. The theory calculation results and several factors which affect range precision are also discussed. In this paper electromagnetism compatibility and the methods to avoid it are proposed. The AGC technology in the radio frequency channel is also studied. In addition the duplex system, antenna and feeder line are discussed. The first channel of the anti-collision radar system is a typical C frequency band wireless communication transmitting and receiving channel. It can be applied to the considerable communication and measurement&control system. The second channel is a transponder with no guard. It can be used in the relay communication system and can be composed into a data platform with remote control if additional terminal equipment is added. Its application in other systems is also discussed.
Finally the main parameters of the radio frequency channel are tested and the results are given. According to the results, the paper puts forward the improving opinion and measure for the expressway automobile anti-collision radar. Finally we make outlook for the progress of the more advanced automobile anti-collision radar.
本文结合大量的框图、电路图、波形图，详细阐述了高速公路汽车防撞雷达的系统结构、工作原理、工作流程。并根据信号的工作频段和各分机电路的主要功能，将整机系统分为射频信道、中频调制解调和终端处理三大部分。对实现系统的各部分电路及终端的信号处理方法作了较为详细的介绍。重点分析了防撞雷达的射频信道部分。给出了射频信道各部分组成框图、系统的主要技术指标及各参数选取的考虑。对射频信道链路及测距精度进行了详细的分析和计算，给出了理论计算结果、讨论了影响测距精度的几个因素。探讨了汽车防撞雷达的电磁兼容性问题，提出了解决电磁兼容性问题的几种措施。研究了射频信道中的自动增益控制(AGC)技术。另外对系统的双工体制及天馈线也进行了分析和讨论。本雷达系统的甲机信道是一个典型的C频段无线通信系统收发信道，配合适当的终端设备，可用于容量相当的通信系统及测控系统。而乙机信道是一个无人职守的转发器信道，除了直接可用于接力通信系统中外，如果增添适当终端设备还可构成具有遥控功能的数据报告平台，论文给出了本防撞雷达射频信道应用在其它系统中的实例。
最后本文对射频信道的主要指标进行了测试，给出了测试结果。根据测试结果，对本文提出的高速公路汽车防撞雷达系统存在的问题提出了改进意见和措施，对未来更高阶段的汽车防撞雷达的发展趋势做了展望。
With the rapid development of the expressway, automobile anti-collision has been received considerable attention all over the world. So it is essential to find out an effective way to solve the automobile anti-collision. This paper introduces an automobile anti-collision radar system on the expressway. The automobile anti-collision radar is mainly applied to prevent the vehicle from colliding back and force under the fog weather condition with no consideration of the other obstacle's anti-collision before the vehicle. It is only designed to achieve its basic application of danger condition detecting and collision warning. The anti-collision radar works in the C frequency band which has some features such as simple architecture, small volume and light weight.
With the illustrations of many block diagrams, circuit schematics and waveform figures, this paper expatiates the system architecture, working principle and working flow of the expressway automobile anti-collision radar. The whole system is divided into three parts according to the signal frequency, i.e., RF channel, IF modulation and demodulation,digital terminal. This paper particularly introduces each circuit schematics and terminal signal processing methods. The radio frequency channel is analyzed in detail. The paper gives the structure block diagrams, main technology parameters and their choice. The radio frequency link and range precision is analyzed and calculated in detail. The theory calculation results and several factors which affect range precision are also discussed. In this paper electromagnetism compatibility and the methods to avoid it are proposed. The AGC technology in the radio frequency channel is also studied. In addition the duplex system, antenna and feeder line are discussed. The first channel of the anti-collision radar system is a typical C frequency band wireless communication transmitting and receiving channel. It can be applied to the considerable communication and measurement&control system. The second channel is a transponder with no guard. It can be used in the relay communication system and can be composed into a data platform with remote control if additional terminal equipment is added. Its application in other systems is also discussed.
Finally the main parameters of the radio frequency channel are tested and the results are given. According to the results, the paper puts forward the improving opinion and measure for the expressway automobile anti-collision radar. Finally we make outlook for the progress of the more advanced automobile anti-collision radar.
引文
[1] 丁鹭飞，耿富录．雷达原理．西安电子科技大学出版社，2002年
[2] M.I斯科尔尼克(著)，谢卓(译)．雷达手册．国防工业出版社，1978年6月
[3] 《雷达接收设备》编写组．雷达接收设备．国防工业出版社，1977年6月
[4] M.施瓦茨．信息传输调制和噪声．人民邮电出版社,1988年5月
[5] 沈允春．扩谱技术．国防工业出版社，1995年7月
[6] 张建辉．毫米波汽车防撞雷达的研究．南京理工大学博士论文，2001年7月
[7] 管致中，夏恭恪．信号与线性系统高等教育出版社，1992年
[8] 谢嘉奎，宣月清．电子线路．高等教育出版社，1987年8月
[9] Roy Blake. Electronic and Communication Systems. 电子工业出版社，2002年
[10] Klotz, H. Rohling; 24GHz Radar Sensors for Automotive Applications 5th International Conference on Radar Systems, Brest, France, May 1999;
[11] [美]Reinhold Ludwig，王子宇等译．射频电路设计—理论与应用．电子工业出版社,2002年
[12] 张建辉，刘国岁，顾红，苏卫民．编码步进调频连续波信号在汽车防撞雷达中的应用．电子学报，2001年第7期
[13] 王虹，杨春金．智能化微波汽车防撞系统研究．交通与计算机，1995年4月
[14] 胡玉祥，田成方，胡玉明．同步被动式测距法在汽车防撞系统中的应用．北方工业大学学报，1994年第1期
[15] J.Shefer, R.J.Klensch,H.C.Johnson. Clutter-free Radar for Cars Wireless World. May 1974,pp117-130.
[16] Jerry D.Woll. VORD Collision Warning Radar. IEEE International Radar Conference.1995.
[17] William David; FMCW MMW Radar for Automotive Longitudinal Control, California PATH Research Report, May 1997
[18] 周朝栋．线天线理论与工程．西安出版社．1988年
[19] 高温江．螺旋天线的一种宽带匹配技术．全国第五届遥感遥测遥控技术年会论文集(上集)，1995年3月
[20] 程震先，恽雪如．汽车防撞雷达的数据处理．北京理工大学学报，1995年5月
[21] 徐淑正．基于DSP的汽车防撞雷达信号的产生与采集．山东大学硕士学位论文，2000年12月
[22] R. Doerfler, W. Hosp, M. Kunert; Development of automotive radar applications in Siemens AT-an example for modern development processes 6th International Conference ATA, Florence, 1999;
[23] P. Fancher and R.Ervin, "Implications of Intelligent Cruise Control (ICC)Systems for the Driver's Supervisory Role", Proceedings of the First World Congress on Applications of Transport Telematics and Telematics and Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems,1994
[24] D.M.Grimes and T.O.Jones, "Automotive Station Keeping and Braking Radars:A Review".Microwave Journal,October 1975.
[25] A. Hoess et al., Design and realization of a novel, synchronized 77 GHz radar network for automotive use 2002 IMS Workshop on circuit and antenna technologies for automotive radars, Seattle, USA, June 3, 2002
[26] H.-J. Siweris; Semiconductor solutions for low cost millimeter-wave automotive radar frontends 2002 IMS Workshop on circuit and antenna technologies for automotive radars, Seattle, USA, June 3, 2002
[27] 陈祝明，丁义元，向敬成．扫频非线性对线性调频连续波雷达测距精度和距离分辨力的影响．电子学报，1999年第9期．
[28] 王光国．毫米波雷达防撞装置[J]．公路交通科技，1995(6)．
[29] 余成波，万文略，郑有根．汽车激光雷达自动防撞微机控制系统的研制[J]．仪器仪表学报，第22卷第4期．
[30] 贺乐厅，孙利生，翟羽健．汽车防撞雷达实验系统的研制．工业与自动化装置．2003年，第1卷，第三期．
[31] Jhong Sam Lee Leonard,E.Miller著．许希斌等译．CDMA系统工程手册．人民邮电出版社,2001年2月
[2] M.I斯科尔尼克(著)，谢卓(译)．雷达手册．国防工业出版社，1978年6月
[3] 《雷达接收设备》编写组．雷达接收设备．国防工业出版社，1977年6月
[4] M.施瓦茨．信息传输调制和噪声．人民邮电出版社,1988年5月
[5] 沈允春．扩谱技术．国防工业出版社，1995年7月
[6] 张建辉．毫米波汽车防撞雷达的研究．南京理工大学博士论文，2001年7月
[7] 管致中，夏恭恪．信号与线性系统高等教育出版社，1992年
[8] 谢嘉奎，宣月清．电子线路．高等教育出版社，1987年8月
[9] Roy Blake. Electronic and Communication Systems. 电子工业出版社，2002年
[10] Klotz, H. Rohling; 24GHz Radar Sensors for Automotive Applications 5th International Conference on Radar Systems, Brest, France, May 1999;
[11] [美]Reinhold Ludwig，王子宇等译．射频电路设计—理论与应用．电子工业出版社,2002年
[12] 张建辉，刘国岁，顾红，苏卫民．编码步进调频连续波信号在汽车防撞雷达中的应用．电子学报，2001年第7期
[13] 王虹，杨春金．智能化微波汽车防撞系统研究．交通与计算机，1995年4月
[14] 胡玉祥，田成方，胡玉明．同步被动式测距法在汽车防撞系统中的应用．北方工业大学学报，1994年第1期
[15] J.Shefer, R.J.Klensch,H.C.Johnson. Clutter-free Radar for Cars Wireless World. May 1974,pp117-130.
[16] Jerry D.Woll. VORD Collision Warning Radar. IEEE International Radar Conference.1995.
[17] William David; FMCW MMW Radar for Automotive Longitudinal Control, California PATH Research Report, May 1997
[18] 周朝栋．线天线理论与工程．西安出版社．1988年
[19] 高温江．螺旋天线的一种宽带匹配技术．全国第五届遥感遥测遥控技术年会论文集(上集)，1995年3月
[20] 程震先，恽雪如．汽车防撞雷达的数据处理．北京理工大学学报，1995年5月
[21] 徐淑正．基于DSP的汽车防撞雷达信号的产生与采集．山东大学硕士学位论文，2000年12月
[22] R. Doerfler, W. Hosp, M. Kunert; Development of automotive radar applications in Siemens AT-an example for modern development processes 6th International Conference ATA, Florence, 1999;
[23] P. Fancher and R.Ervin, "Implications of Intelligent Cruise Control (ICC)Systems for the Driver's Supervisory Role", Proceedings of the First World Congress on Applications of Transport Telematics and Telematics and Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems,1994
[24] D.M.Grimes and T.O.Jones, "Automotive Station Keeping and Braking Radars:A Review".Microwave Journal,October 1975.
[25] A. Hoess et al., Design and realization of a novel, synchronized 77 GHz radar network for automotive use 2002 IMS Workshop on circuit and antenna technologies for automotive radars, Seattle, USA, June 3, 2002
[26] H.-J. Siweris; Semiconductor solutions for low cost millimeter-wave automotive radar frontends 2002 IMS Workshop on circuit and antenna technologies for automotive radars, Seattle, USA, June 3, 2002
[27] 陈祝明，丁义元，向敬成．扫频非线性对线性调频连续波雷达测距精度和距离分辨力的影响．电子学报，1999年第9期．
[28] 王光国．毫米波雷达防撞装置[J]．公路交通科技，1995(6)．
[29] 余成波，万文略，郑有根．汽车激光雷达自动防撞微机控制系统的研制[J]．仪器仪表学报，第22卷第4期．
[30] 贺乐厅，孙利生，翟羽健．汽车防撞雷达实验系统的研制．工业与自动化装置．2003年，第1卷，第三期．
[31] Jhong Sam Lee Leonard,E.Miller著．许希斌等译．CDMA系统工程手册．人民邮电出版社,2001年2月