农业景观中土坟的分布格局及其生态效应研究
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摘要
概述了土坟在地理环境、文化传统、不同政策影响下的分布格局;土坟在农业景观中产生的生态影响,主要为其对环境、生物多样性、生态系统服务方面产生的影响;预测了土坟在未来可能的农业景观发展的模式下的分布情景.土坟对景观产生的负面影响受关注较多,而其产生的正面生态效应大多不为人所重视;我国农业景观异质性普遍较低,目前研究主要集中在林地、草地等异质斑块、非农生境在农业景观中的作用,而关于土坟的生态研究相对薄弱.土坟作为特殊的农业景观组成要素发挥了多种生态效应,因此,研究土坟在农业景观中的分布格局及其生态效应可为以后的农业生产、生态保护提供一定的指导意义,即合理规划土坟的分布格局,在保护生态环境的前提下尽量减少对经济发展的影响,维持景观的可持续发展.
As a special but ubiquitous element of landscape in agricultural landscape,earth grave has many ecological effects on agricultural landscape. Agricultural landscape heterogeneity are generally lower,the present study focuses on heterogeneous patch,non-agricultural habitat such as forest land,grassland in the role of agricultural landscape,and ecology,the study of earth grave relatively weak. The negative impact of earth grave on landscape is more concerned,and the positive ecological effect of it is largely ignored. What is the pattern of the distribution pattern in different periods? Is there any positive influence on the biodiversity and ecosystem services of agricultural landscape? At present,these problems are not clear,and the solution to these problems is to explore the premise and basis of protecting the biodiversity of agricultural landscape and ecosystem services. The agricultural landscape offers many benefits for mankind,while the biodiversity of the agricultural landscape is declining and the ecosystem services are weakened. Therefore,it is of certain value to study the distribution pattern and ecological effect of the earth's grave to protect and develop agricultural landscape. This paper summarizes the distribution pattern of the earth grave under the influence of geographical environment,cultural tradition and different policies. The ecological impact of earth grave in agricultural landscape mainly affects the environment,biodiversity and ecosystem services. The distribution situation of earth grave in the future development of agricultural landscape is predicted. Conclusion:( 1) There are some differences in the distribution pattern of earth graves under different influence factors,and the earth graves distributed in agricultural landscape are divided into two forms: random dispersion distribution and centralized distribution.( 2) The ecological effect of earth grave inagricultural landscape has positive and negative effects,which has positive influence on biodiversity and soil water increase and cultural services. It has had a negative impact on supply services and the environment.( 3) The effects of earth grave on biodiversity and ecosystem services in landscape are different in different distribution patterns. The positive ecological effect of concentrated distribution and high degree of human management is obvious. In the future,if there is a ranch form,the earth grave can be set up to form a heterogeneous patch. Therefore,the study of the distribution pattern and ecological effect of earth grave in agricultural landscape can provide certain guiding significance for future agricultural production and ecological protection. That is,to reasonably plan the distribution pattern of earth grave and minimize the impact on economic development under the premise of protecting ecological environment,so as to maintain the sustainable development of landscape.
As a special but ubiquitous element of landscape in agricultural landscape,earth grave has many ecological effects on agricultural landscape. Agricultural landscape heterogeneity are generally lower,the present study focuses on heterogeneous patch,non-agricultural habitat such as forest land,grassland in the role of agricultural landscape,and ecology,the study of earth grave relatively weak. The negative impact of earth grave on landscape is more concerned,and the positive ecological effect of it is largely ignored. What is the pattern of the distribution pattern in different periods? Is there any positive influence on the biodiversity and ecosystem services of agricultural landscape? At present,these problems are not clear,and the solution to these problems is to explore the premise and basis of protecting the biodiversity of agricultural landscape and ecosystem services. The agricultural landscape offers many benefits for mankind,while the biodiversity of the agricultural landscape is declining and the ecosystem services are weakened. Therefore,it is of certain value to study the distribution pattern and ecological effect of the earth's grave to protect and develop agricultural landscape. This paper summarizes the distribution pattern of the earth grave under the influence of geographical environment,cultural tradition and different policies. The ecological impact of earth grave in agricultural landscape mainly affects the environment,biodiversity and ecosystem services. The distribution situation of earth grave in the future development of agricultural landscape is predicted. Conclusion:( 1) There are some differences in the distribution pattern of earth graves under different influence factors,and the earth graves distributed in agricultural landscape are divided into two forms: random dispersion distribution and centralized distribution.( 2) The ecological effect of earth grave inagricultural landscape has positive and negative effects,which has positive influence on biodiversity and soil water increase and cultural services. It has had a negative impact on supply services and the environment.( 3) The effects of earth grave on biodiversity and ecosystem services in landscape are different in different distribution patterns. The positive ecological effect of concentrated distribution and high degree of human management is obvious. In the future,if there is a ranch form,the earth grave can be set up to form a heterogeneous patch. Therefore,the study of the distribution pattern and ecological effect of earth grave in agricultural landscape can provide certain guiding significance for future agricultural production and ecological protection. That is,to reasonably plan the distribution pattern of earth grave and minimize the impact on economic development under the premise of protecting ecological environment,so as to maintain the sustainable development of landscape.
引文
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[2]周传航.我国公墓墓葬发展和公墓土壤环境的影响因素研究[D].北京林业大学,2012.
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[9]卢训令,汤茜,梁国付,等.黄河下游平原不同非农生境中植物多样性[J].生态学报,2015,35(5):1527-1536.
[10]赵晓歌.殡葬方式改革与生态文明建设刍议[J].重庆科技学院学报(社会科学版),2009(8):71-71.
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[13]周鸿,赵丽昆.论殡葬与城市园林公墓的生态建设[J].思想战线,1998(5):64-69.
[14]何晓昕.风水探源[M].南京:东南大学出版社,1990.
[15]李冰,李桂文,陶恺.由中国传统殡葬观分析城市墓园的生态化设计[J].城市建筑,2009(7):126-128.
[16]马炳全.从土地管理制度的变化看家庭联产承包制的新发展[J].中国农村经济,1988(4):46-48.
[17]新华.土葬,火葬与环境卫生[J].中国城乡企业卫生,1987(2):11.
[18]吴建国,吕佳佳.土地利用变化对生物多样性的影响[J].生态环境学报,2008,17(3):1276-1281.
[19]Ernoult A. Species richness of hedgerow habitats in changing agricultural landscapes:areαandγdiversity shaped by the same factors?[J]. Landscape Ecology,2011,26(5):683-696.
[20]Groot J C J,Jellema A,Rossing W A H. Designing a hedgerow network in a multifunctional agricultural landscape:Balancing trade-offs among ecological quality,landscape character and implementation costs[J]. European Journal of Agronomy,2010,32(1):112-119.
[21]Ejp M,Moonen A C. Field margins in northern Europe:their functions and interactions with agriculture.[J]. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment,2002,89(1):5-21.
[22]Altieri M A. The ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems.[J]. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment,1999,74(1–3):19-31.
[23]李茂香.墓园绿化树种选择[J].安徽林业,2001(04):24.
[24]范学忠,杨丽,刘延水.乡村墓地建设景观生态林的思考[J].沈阳农业大学学报(社会科学版),2007,9(6):949-952.
[25]Hughes J F,Skaletsky H,Pyntikova T,et al. Chimpanzee and human Y chromosomes are remarkably divergent in structure and gene content[J]. Nature,2010,463(7280):536.
[26]Power A G,Godfray H C J,Beddington J R,et al. Ecosystem services and agriculture:tradeoffs and synergies[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,2010,365(1554):2959.
[27]Vitousek P M,Mooney H A,Lubchenco J,et al. Human Domination of Earth’s Ecosystems[M]. Urban Ecology. Springer US,2008:494-499.
[28]欧阳志云,郑华.生态系统服务的生态学机制研究进展[J].生态学报,2009,29(11):6183-6188.
[29]张凤荣,朱凤凯.基于功能分析的农村墓地集约利用与建设模式探析[J].地域研究与开发,2012,31(3):151-154.
[30]周其仁.还权赋能——成都土地制度改革探索的调查研究[J].国际经济评论,2010(2):54-92.
[31]刘占锋,傅伯杰,刘国华,等.土壤质量与土壤质量指标及其评价[J].生态学报,2006,26(3):901-913.
[32]唐海萍,陈姣,薛海丽.生态阈值:概念、方法与研究展望[J].植物生态学报,2015,39(9):932-940.
[33]Balvanera P,Pfisterer A B,Buchmann N,et al. Quantifying the evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning and services.[J]. Ecology Letters,2010,9(10):1146-1156.
[34]Raymond L,Ortiz-Martínez S A,Lavandero B. Temporal variability of aphid biological control in contrasting landscape contexts[J]. Biological Control,2015,90:148-156.
[35]傅伯杰,陈利顶.景观多样性的类型及其生态意义[J].地理学报,1996(5):454-462.
[2]周传航.我国公墓墓葬发展和公墓土壤环境的影响因素研究[D].北京林业大学,2012.
[3]肖笃宁,李秀珍.当代景观生态学的进展和展望[J].地理科学,1997,17(4):356-363.
[4]赵爽,宋博,丁圣彦,等.黄河下游农业景观中景观结构和生境特征对林表生蜘蛛多样性的影响[J].生态学报,2017,37(6):1816-1825.
[5]王玉婷,丁圣彦,梁国付.农田背景下景观结构对半自然生境生物多样性的多尺度影响[J].地理科学进展,2014,33(12):1704-1716.
[6]Tews J,Brose U,Grimm V,et al. Animal Species Diversity Driven by Habitat Heterogeneity/Diversity:The Importance of Keystone Structures[J]. Journal of Biogeography,2010,31(1):79-92.
[7]Fahrig L,Baudry J,Brotons L,et al. Functional landscape heterogeneity and animal biodiversity in agricultural landscapes[J].Ecology Letters,2011,14(2):101-112.
[8]冯舒,汤茜,卢训令,等.农业景观中非农景观要素结构特征对植物物种多样性的影响——以封丘县为例[J].生态学报,2017,37(5):1549-1560.
[9]卢训令,汤茜,梁国付,等.黄河下游平原不同非农生境中植物多样性[J].生态学报,2015,35(5):1527-1536.
[10]赵晓歌.殡葬方式改革与生态文明建设刍议[J].重庆科技学院学报(社会科学版),2009(8):71-71.
[11]温朝霞,黄苏萍.从生态文明的视角看我国殡葬改革的发展[J].探求,2005(5):22-23.
[12]孙翊君.浅谈新农村建设中的殡葬改革[J].法制与社会,2007(10):642-644.
[13]周鸿,赵丽昆.论殡葬与城市园林公墓的生态建设[J].思想战线,1998(5):64-69.
[14]何晓昕.风水探源[M].南京:东南大学出版社,1990.
[15]李冰,李桂文,陶恺.由中国传统殡葬观分析城市墓园的生态化设计[J].城市建筑,2009(7):126-128.
[16]马炳全.从土地管理制度的变化看家庭联产承包制的新发展[J].中国农村经济,1988(4):46-48.
[17]新华.土葬,火葬与环境卫生[J].中国城乡企业卫生,1987(2):11.
[18]吴建国,吕佳佳.土地利用变化对生物多样性的影响[J].生态环境学报,2008,17(3):1276-1281.
[19]Ernoult A. Species richness of hedgerow habitats in changing agricultural landscapes:areαandγdiversity shaped by the same factors?[J]. Landscape Ecology,2011,26(5):683-696.
[20]Groot J C J,Jellema A,Rossing W A H. Designing a hedgerow network in a multifunctional agricultural landscape:Balancing trade-offs among ecological quality,landscape character and implementation costs[J]. European Journal of Agronomy,2010,32(1):112-119.
[21]Ejp M,Moonen A C. Field margins in northern Europe:their functions and interactions with agriculture.[J]. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment,2002,89(1):5-21.
[22]Altieri M A. The ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems.[J]. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment,1999,74(1–3):19-31.
[23]李茂香.墓园绿化树种选择[J].安徽林业,2001(04):24.
[24]范学忠,杨丽,刘延水.乡村墓地建设景观生态林的思考[J].沈阳农业大学学报(社会科学版),2007,9(6):949-952.
[25]Hughes J F,Skaletsky H,Pyntikova T,et al. Chimpanzee and human Y chromosomes are remarkably divergent in structure and gene content[J]. Nature,2010,463(7280):536.
[26]Power A G,Godfray H C J,Beddington J R,et al. Ecosystem services and agriculture:tradeoffs and synergies[J].Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,2010,365(1554):2959.
[27]Vitousek P M,Mooney H A,Lubchenco J,et al. Human Domination of Earth’s Ecosystems[M]. Urban Ecology. Springer US,2008:494-499.
[28]欧阳志云,郑华.生态系统服务的生态学机制研究进展[J].生态学报,2009,29(11):6183-6188.
[29]张凤荣,朱凤凯.基于功能分析的农村墓地集约利用与建设模式探析[J].地域研究与开发,2012,31(3):151-154.
[30]周其仁.还权赋能——成都土地制度改革探索的调查研究[J].国际经济评论,2010(2):54-92.
[31]刘占锋,傅伯杰,刘国华,等.土壤质量与土壤质量指标及其评价[J].生态学报,2006,26(3):901-913.
[32]唐海萍,陈姣,薛海丽.生态阈值:概念、方法与研究展望[J].植物生态学报,2015,39(9):932-940.
[33]Balvanera P,Pfisterer A B,Buchmann N,et al. Quantifying the evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning and services.[J]. Ecology Letters,2010,9(10):1146-1156.
[34]Raymond L,Ortiz-Martínez S A,Lavandero B. Temporal variability of aphid biological control in contrasting landscape contexts[J]. Biological Control,2015,90:148-156.
[35]傅伯杰,陈利顶.景观多样性的类型及其生态意义[J].地理学报,1996(5):454-462.