喀斯特天坑内孔雀藓科植物垂直分布特征及其与环境因子关系的研究
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摘要
喀斯特天坑是一种独特的负地貌,拥有巨大而封闭的空间,形成了适于植物生长发育的特殊生境。为了探索喀斯特天坑内孔雀藓科植物垂直分布特征及环境因子的影响,以贵州猴耳天坑为代表(坑口直径300 m,坑深280 m),通过野外调查、室内分析鉴定以及典范对应分析(Canonical Correspondence Analysis,CCA)等方法对该天坑内12个样点孔雀藓科植物的分布与主要环境因子的关系进行研究,并进行与其它样地的比较(喀斯特石漠化地带、天坑边缘地带),探讨其在垂直空间上的分布特征。结果表明:(1)共采集到天坑内孔雀藓科植物3属9种,占中国该科物种总数的47.37%,贵州该科物种总数的69.23%,其中黄边孔雀藓(Hypopterygiumflavo-limbatum C.Muell)较常见,分布于6个样点,出现频率为50%;(2)空气湿度、光照度、林冠郁闭度以及人为干扰度是影响贵州猴耳天坑内孔雀藓科植物分布的主要环境因子,其余环境因子影响程度依次为土壤含水量>土壤p H>坡度>空气温度;(3)孔雀藓科植物物种丰富度:喀斯特天坑内>天坑边缘地带>喀斯特石漠化地带;(4)孔雀藓科植物在垂直分布格局上呈现以天坑底部为生物多样性的中心,由坑口至坑底种类分布逐渐增加,是喀斯特石漠化山区生物天然的避难所。
The karst Tiankeng is an unique negative landform with a huge and enclosed space,which forms a special habitat suitable for bryophyte growth and development.In order to study the relationship between environmental factors and distribution of Hypopterygiaceae,and their vertical distribution characteristics in Monkey-Ear Tiankeng(diameter of 300 m,and depth of 280 m) in Guizhou Province,12 sampling sites in the Tiankeng were investigated in our fieldwork,and laboratory analysis and Canonical Correspondence Analysis(CCA) were used,and compared with the bryoflora of other sampling sites like karst rocky desertificated zone and Tiankeng marginal zone.The results showed that:(1) There were three genera and nine species of Hypopterygiaceae in the Tiankeng,accounting for 47.37% of the total species of this family in China,and accounting for 69.23% of the total species of this family in Guizhou,of which the Hypopterygiumflavo-limbatum C.Muell was more common species in six spots with a frequency of occurrence 50%;(2) Air humidity,light,canopy density,and human disturbance were the main environmental factors affecting the distribution ofHypopterygiaceae in the Monkey-Ear Tiankeng.The descending order in the influence of environmental factors was soil water content,soil p H,gradient,and air temperature;(3) The descending order in species richness of Hypopterygiaceae was karst Tiankeng,Tiankeng marginal zone,and desertification area;(4) In the vertical distribution pattern,the Hypopterygiaceae showed that the bottom of the Tiankengwas the center of biodiversity,and the distribution from the crater to the bottom was gradually increasing.It is a natural refuge for karst rocky desertification.
The karst Tiankeng is an unique negative landform with a huge and enclosed space,which forms a special habitat suitable for bryophyte growth and development.In order to study the relationship between environmental factors and distribution of Hypopterygiaceae,and their vertical distribution characteristics in Monkey-Ear Tiankeng(diameter of 300 m,and depth of 280 m) in Guizhou Province,12 sampling sites in the Tiankeng were investigated in our fieldwork,and laboratory analysis and Canonical Correspondence Analysis(CCA) were used,and compared with the bryoflora of other sampling sites like karst rocky desertificated zone and Tiankeng marginal zone.The results showed that:(1) There were three genera and nine species of Hypopterygiaceae in the Tiankeng,accounting for 47.37% of the total species of this family in China,and accounting for 69.23% of the total species of this family in Guizhou,of which the Hypopterygiumflavo-limbatum C.Muell was more common species in six spots with a frequency of occurrence 50%;(2) Air humidity,light,canopy density,and human disturbance were the main environmental factors affecting the distribution ofHypopterygiaceae in the Monkey-Ear Tiankeng.The descending order in the influence of environmental factors was soil water content,soil p H,gradient,and air temperature;(3) The descending order in species richness of Hypopterygiaceae was karst Tiankeng,Tiankeng marginal zone,and desertification area;(4) In the vertical distribution pattern,the Hypopterygiaceae showed that the bottom of the Tiankengwas the center of biodiversity,and the distribution from the crater to the bottom was gradually increasing.It is a natural refuge for karst rocky desertification.
引文
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2.朱学稳.中国的喀斯特天坑及其科学与旅游价值[J].科技导报,2001(10):60-67.Zhu X W.China's Karst Tiankeng and its value for science and tourism[J].Science and Technology Review,2001(10):60-63.
3.王鹏.天坑研究现状及有关问题的思考[J].陕西地质,2017,35(2):7-12.Wang P.The research status on sinkholes and some related problems[J].Geology of Shanxi,2017,35(2):7-12.
4.简小枚,税伟,陈毅萍,等.云南中度退化的喀斯特天坑草地植物群落优势种种间关系[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(2):492-500.Jian X M,Shui W,Chen Y P,et al.Interspecific relationships of dominant species in the grassland communityof moderately degraded Tiankeng of Yunnan,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2018,29(2):492-500.
5.Kranjc A.An example of karst terminology evolution:from“Dolina”to“Tiankeng”[J].Carsologica Sinica,2009,28(2):170-174.
6.James J M.Giant dolines of the muller plateau,Papua New Guinea[J].Cave and Karst Science,2005,32(2/3):85-92.
7.王登富,张朝晖.赤水河上游主要森林植被中苔藓物种多样性研究[J].植物研究,2013,33(5):558-563.Wang D F,Zhang Z H.Species diversity of bryophytes in main forest vegetations in upper reach of Chishui River[J].Bulletin of Botanical Research,2013,33(5):558-563.
8.申家琛,张朝晖,王智慧.石漠化程度对苔藓植物多样性及其结皮土壤化学性质的影响[J].生态学报,2018,38(17),doi:10.5846/stxb201710181875.Shen J C,Zhang Z H,Wang Z H.The effects of rocky desertification degree on bryophyte diversity and soil chemical properties of crusts[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(17),doi:10.5846/stxb201710181875.
9.刘荣相,王智慧,张朝晖.贵州贞丰喀斯特石漠峰丛苔藓植物群落生态特征[J].植物研究,2009,29(6):734-741.Liu R X,Wang Z H,Zhang Z H.Ecological characteristics of bryophyte communities from karst rock desertification peak cluster in Zhenfeng of Guizhou Province[J].Bulletin of Botanical Research,2009,29(6):734-741.
10.刘荣相,王智慧,张朝晖.苔藓植物对贵州丹寨汞矿区汞污染的生态监测[J].生态学报,2011,31(6):1558-1566.Liu R X,Wang Z H,Zhang Z H.Ecological monitoring of bryophytes for mercury pollution in Danzhai mercury mine area,Guizhou Province,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(6):1558-1566.
11.杨再超,王智慧,张朝晖.金矿区苔藓结皮表土原生动物群落与环境因子的关系[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(8):1525-1530.Yang Z C,Wang Z H,Zhang Z H.Protozoa communities in moss crust in gold mine area of southwest Guizhou and their relations with environmental factors[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2009,28(8):1525-1530.
12.杨再超,王智慧,张朝晖.藓类附生原生动物群落对汞铊矿重金属污染的监测[J].环境科学学报,2010,30(7):1486-1491.Yang Z C,Wang Z H,Zhang Z H.Monitoring of heavy metal pollution by moss-dwelling protozoa communities in a Hg-Tlmineralized area[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2010,30(7):1486-1491.
13.Rambo T R,Muir P S.Bryophyte species associations with coarse woody debris and stand ages in oregon[J].The Bryologist,1998,101(3):366-376.
14.Vanderpoorten A,Engels P,Sotiaux A.Trends in diversity and abundance of obligate epiphytic bryophytes in a highly managed landscape[J].Ecography,2004,27(5):567-576.
15.曹同,郭水良,娄玉霞,等.苔藓植物多样性及其保护[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2011.Cao T,Guo S L,Lou Y X,et al.Bryophyte diversity and conservation[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2011.
16.Eldridge D J,Tozer M E.Environmental factors relating to the distribution of terricolous bryophytes and lichens in semi-arid Eastern Australia[J].The Bryologist,1997,100(1):28-39.
17.税伟,陈毅萍,简小枚,等.喀斯特原生天坑垂直梯度上植物多样性特征---以云南沾益天坑为例[J].山地学报,2018,36(1):53-62.Shui W,Chen Y P,Jian X M,et al.Plant diversity characteristics of original karst tiankeng along vertical gradient:a case study of Zhanyitiankeng in Yunnan Province,China[J].Mountain Research,2018,36(1):53-62.
18.江洪,何斌,骆强.百里杜鹃国家森林公园苔藓植物分布及对环境因子关系研究[J].生态科学,2015,34(4):31-36.Jiang H,He B,Luo Q.A study of the relationship between the distribution of bryophytes and the environmental factors in Baili Azalea national forest park[J].Ecological Science,2015,34(4):31-36.
19.李军峰,贾少华,王智慧,等.喀斯特石漠化过程中苔藓植物多样性及分布与环境关系[J].生态科学,2015,34(1):68-73.Li J F,Jia S H,Wang Z H,et al.The diversity of bryophytes and their distribution associated with environmental factors during the process of karst rocky desertification[J].Ecological Science,2015,34(1):68-73.
20.刘蔚秋,戴小华,王永繁,等.影响广东黑石顶树附生苔藓分布的环境因子[J].生态学报,2008,28(3):1080-1088.Liu W Q,Dai X H,Wang Y F,et al.Analysis of environmental factors affecting the distribution of epiphytic bryophyteat Heishiding nature reserve,Guangdong Province[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(3):1080-1088.
21.郝占庆,郭水良,叶吉.长白山北坡木本植物分布与环境关系的典范对应分析[J].植物生态学报,2003,27(6):733-741.Hao Z Q,Guo S L,Ye J.Canonical correspondence analysis onrelationship ofwoody plantswith their environments on the northern slope of Changbai Mountain[J].Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2003,27(6):733-741.
22.陈旭,卜兆君,王升忠,等.长白山哈泥泥炭地7种苔藓分布与环境关系研究[J].湿地科学,2008,6(2):310-315.Chen X,Bu Z J,Wang S Z,et al.Relationships between distribution of 7 bryophyte species and environmental factors in Hani peat landin Changbai Mountains[J].Wetland Science,2008,6(2):310-315.
23.郭水良,曹同.长白山森林生态系统树附生苔藓植物分布与环境关系研究[J].生态学报,2000,20(6):922-931.Guo S L,Cao T.Studies on relationships of epiphytic bryophytes and environmental factors in forest ecosystemsin Changbai Mountainforests[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2000,20(6):922-931.
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