疏勒河流域泥沙分布规律及水沙关系研究
|
摘要
泥沙是影响河流健康和水环境的重要因素之一,受气候变化和人类活动的影响,流域水文要素和下垫面条件发生了较大变化,尤其是实施大规模的水土保持措施后,部分河流的泥沙含量大幅减少,但在河西内陆河流域发源于祁连山西端的疏勒河流域,受降水条件和人类活动的影响,河流泥沙呈增加趋势。应用疏勒河流域实测长系列水文资料,采用水文统计法、差积曲线法、趋势检验法、突变检验法、非线性复相关模型法等方法,分析了流域泥沙时空分布规律及水沙关系,结果表明:疏勒河干流昌马堡站年输沙量为333. 5×104t,至下游潘家庄站减少到223. 5×104t;党河党城湾站年输沙量为76. 56×104t,至下游沙枣园站增加到121. 3×104t;疏勒河干流输沙量主要集中在汛期7～8月,占全年的81. 9%～84. 0%,党河流域输沙量主要集中在4～8月,占全年的92. 3%;流域泥沙变化总体呈增加趋势,突变点1998年以后,年输沙量增加了86. 3%～148. 2%。建立了潘家庄站降水—泥沙、径流—泥沙以及年输沙量—年径流量—年最大洪峰流量关系模型,相关系数达到0. 717～0. 858。流域出山口以上对泥沙的影响因素主要是降水,出山口以下主要是修建水库、水电站、引水工程、河道采砂等人类活动影响。随着国家对内陆河流域祁连山和河西走廊的日益关注,以及全国河长制的推行,河流生态健康已经提上日程,研究疏勒河流域泥沙分布规律及水沙关系,对国家实施西部生态安全战略、区域生态环境修复治理、水资源可持续利用等具有重要意义。
The river basin hydrological factors and underlying surface conditions which were affected by the climate change and human activities have been changed greatly. The sediment concentration was decreased significantly after the implementation of large-scale soil and water conservation measures in some parts of rivers. However,the river sediment presented a trend of increasing in the Shule River basin which is originated in the western Qilian Mountains in the Hexi Inland River Basin,Gansu Province,China due to precipitation and human activities. The time-space distribution law of the sediment and the relationship between the sediment and the water sand were analyzed systematically by using the data from four hydrological stations which include Changmabu,Panjiazhuang,Dangchengwan,and ShaZaoyuan in Shule River Basin during the time period from the establishment of the hydrometric stations to 2012. The spatiotemporal distribution law of river sediment was analyzed using hydrologic statistics. The annual sediment discharge of the main stream of the Shule River at Changmabu station is 333. 5 × 104t·a-1and it is then reduced to 223. 5 × 104t·a-1at Panjiazhuang station in the downstream. The annual sediment discharge of the Danghe River is 76. 56 × 104t·a-1at Dangchengwan station and it was then increased to 121. 3 × 104t·a-1at Shazaoyuan station in the downstream. The sediment discharge mainly happened in the flood season from July to August in the main stream of Shule River,which accounted for 81. 9%-84. 0% of its annual sediment discharge. The sediment discharge of the Danghe basin mainly happened from April to August,which accounted for 92. 3% of its annual sediment discharge. The sediment change trend was analyzed using Kandel rank correlation,Berman rank correlation and linear trend correlation. The sediment mutation is analyzed by the Man-Kendall method,order clustering method,Lee-Heghinan method. The results show that the change of sediment in the basin indicated an increasing trend and annual sediment charge was increased by 86. 3%-148. 2% after the mutation point in 1998. At the Panjiazhuang station,the relation model between precipitation and sediment,the relation model between runoff and sediment,and the relation model among annual sediment discharge,annual runoff,and annual maximum peak flow were established by using the method of linear correlation and nonlinear complex correlation and the result showed high correlation coefficients ranging from 0. 717 to 0. 858. Above the valley outlet,the precipitation is the main factor for the coming water and sediment. In order to reduce the soil erosion,the relevant authorities or departments should take actions to increase the soil and water conservation in the upstream areas,by implementing the ban on reclamation,mining and grazing,and preventing over-exploitation. Below the valley outlet,the water sediment is mainly influenced by human activities such as building reservoirs,constructing hydropower station,as well as water diversion engineering project and sand excavation in river courses. The water quantity in the downstream reaches is sharply reduced or depleted. The desertification of the Gobi Desert is serious and the ecological environment is deteriorated. The ecological water quantity should be appropriately increased in the middle and lower reaches in order to improve the ecological environment. With the increasing attention to the Qilian Mountain and the Hexi Corridor in the inland river basin,the choice of the Qilian Mountain as the national park system pilot and the implementation of the national river chief system,the river ecosystem health has been on the agenda. It has significance to study the watershed sediment distribution laws and water sediment relations to help execute the strategy of the western ecological security,and restore the regional ecological environment,and sustainably utilize water resources.
The river basin hydrological factors and underlying surface conditions which were affected by the climate change and human activities have been changed greatly. The sediment concentration was decreased significantly after the implementation of large-scale soil and water conservation measures in some parts of rivers. However,the river sediment presented a trend of increasing in the Shule River basin which is originated in the western Qilian Mountains in the Hexi Inland River Basin,Gansu Province,China due to precipitation and human activities. The time-space distribution law of the sediment and the relationship between the sediment and the water sand were analyzed systematically by using the data from four hydrological stations which include Changmabu,Panjiazhuang,Dangchengwan,and ShaZaoyuan in Shule River Basin during the time period from the establishment of the hydrometric stations to 2012. The spatiotemporal distribution law of river sediment was analyzed using hydrologic statistics. The annual sediment discharge of the main stream of the Shule River at Changmabu station is 333. 5 × 104t·a-1and it is then reduced to 223. 5 × 104t·a-1at Panjiazhuang station in the downstream. The annual sediment discharge of the Danghe River is 76. 56 × 104t·a-1at Dangchengwan station and it was then increased to 121. 3 × 104t·a-1at Shazaoyuan station in the downstream. The sediment discharge mainly happened in the flood season from July to August in the main stream of Shule River,which accounted for 81. 9%-84. 0% of its annual sediment discharge. The sediment discharge of the Danghe basin mainly happened from April to August,which accounted for 92. 3% of its annual sediment discharge. The sediment change trend was analyzed using Kandel rank correlation,Berman rank correlation and linear trend correlation. The sediment mutation is analyzed by the Man-Kendall method,order clustering method,Lee-Heghinan method. The results show that the change of sediment in the basin indicated an increasing trend and annual sediment charge was increased by 86. 3%-148. 2% after the mutation point in 1998. At the Panjiazhuang station,the relation model between precipitation and sediment,the relation model between runoff and sediment,and the relation model among annual sediment discharge,annual runoff,and annual maximum peak flow were established by using the method of linear correlation and nonlinear complex correlation and the result showed high correlation coefficients ranging from 0. 717 to 0. 858. Above the valley outlet,the precipitation is the main factor for the coming water and sediment. In order to reduce the soil erosion,the relevant authorities or departments should take actions to increase the soil and water conservation in the upstream areas,by implementing the ban on reclamation,mining and grazing,and preventing over-exploitation. Below the valley outlet,the water sediment is mainly influenced by human activities such as building reservoirs,constructing hydropower station,as well as water diversion engineering project and sand excavation in river courses. The water quantity in the downstream reaches is sharply reduced or depleted. The desertification of the Gobi Desert is serious and the ecological environment is deteriorated. The ecological water quantity should be appropriately increased in the middle and lower reaches in order to improve the ecological environment. With the increasing attention to the Qilian Mountain and the Hexi Corridor in the inland river basin,the choice of the Qilian Mountain as the national park system pilot and the implementation of the national river chief system,the river ecosystem health has been on the agenda. It has significance to study the watershed sediment distribution laws and water sediment relations to help execute the strategy of the western ecological security,and restore the regional ecological environment,and sustainably utilize water resources.
引文
[1]柳葳,许有鹏,黄云.气候变暖对新疆降水和径流影响分析[J].干旱区地理,2005,28(5):597-602.[LIU Wei,XU Youpeng,HUANG Yun. Effects of global warming on precipitation and runoff volume in Xinjiang[J]. Arid Land Geography,2005,28(5):597-602.]
[2]徐宗学,张玲,阮本清.北京地区降水量时空分布规律分析[J].干旱区地理,2006,29(2):186-192.[XU Zongxue,ZANG Ling,RUAN Benqing. Analysis on the spatiotemporal distribution of precipitation in the Beijing Region[J]. Arid Land Geography,2006,29(2):186-192.]
[3]牛最荣,高前兆,扈祥来,等.甘肃时段暴雨主要统计参数的水平分布规律研究[J].干旱区地理,2004,27(3):310-314.[NIU Zuirong,GAO Qianzhao,HU Xianglai,et al. Study on the horizontal distribution of the main statistical parameters of rainstorms in Gansu Province in 5 durations[J]. Arid Land Geography,2004,27(3):310-314.]
[4]姚章民.珠江流域主要河流泥沙变化分析[J].水文,2013,33(4):80-83.[YAO Zhangmin. Major rivers in the Pearl River Basin sediment change analysis[J]. Journal of China Hydrology,2013,33(4):80-83.]
[5]牛赟,刘贤德,敬文茂,等.祁连山大野口流域气温、降水、河川径流特征分析[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(5):931-938.[NIU Yun,LIU Xiande,JING Wenmao,et al. Feature analysis of temperature and precipitation and river runoff at Dayekou Basin of Qilian Mountains[J]. Arid Land Geography,2014,37(5):931-938.]
[6]牛最荣,赵文智,刘进琪,等.甘肃渭河流域气温、降水和径流变化特征及趋势研究[J].冰川冻土,2012,32(2):73-83.[NIU Zuirong,ZHAO Wenzhi,LIU Jinqi,et al. Study on change characteristics and tendency of temperature,precipitation and runoff in Weihe River Basin in Gansu[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,32(2):73-83.]
[7]李常斌,王帅兵,杨林山,等. 1951—2010年洮河流域水文气象要素变化的时空特征[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(5):1259-1266.[LI Changbin,WANG Shuaibing,YANG Linshan,et al. Spatial and temporal variation of main hydrologic meteorological elements in the Taohe River Basin from 1951 to 2010[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(5):1259-1266.]
[8]史红玲,胡春宏,王延贵,等.黄河流域水沙变化趋势分析及原因探讨[J].人民黄河,2014,36(4):1-5.[SHI Hongling,HU Chunhong,WANG Yangui,et al. Analysis on variation trends of runoff and sediment of the Yellow River Basin and reasons discussion[J]. Yellow River,2014,36(4):1-5.]
[9]常继青,牛最荣.甘肃黄河流域与疏勒河流域降水径流变化特性对比分析[J].水文,2014,34(5):94-96.[CHANG Jiqing,NIU Zuirong. The Yellow River Basin in Gansu Province and characteristic analysis of Shule River Basin rainfall runoff change[J].Journal of China Hydrology,2014,34(5):94-96.]
[10]崔亮,陈学林,安冬,等. 60年来黑河流域东部子水系中上游径流量、输沙量变化特征分析[J].水文,2015,35(1):82-87.[CUI Liang,CHEN Xuelin,AN Dong,et al. Change characteristics of runoff and sediment runoff in upper and middle reaches of eastern Heihe River Basin in 60 years[J]. Hydrology,2015,35(1):82-87.]
[11]师长兴,邵文伟,范小黎,等.黄河内蒙古段洪峰特征及水沙关系变化[J].地理科学进展,2012,31(9):1124-1132.[SHI Changxing,SHAO Wenwei,FAN Xiaoli,et al. A study on characteristics and sediment rating curves of floods in the Inner Mongolian reach of the Yellow River[J]. Progress in Geography,2012,31(9):1124-1132.]
[12]徐立萍.吉林省河流泥沙分布规律分析[J].东北水利水电,2015,(2):29-30.[XU Liping. Analysis of rivers sediment distribution law in Jilin Province[J]. Water Resources&Hydropower of Northeast,2015,(2):29-30.]
[13]刘淑燕,余新晓,信忠保,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区典型流域土地利用变化对水沙关系的影响[J].地理科学进展,2010,29(5):565-571.[LIU Shuyan,YU Xinxiao,XIN Zhongbao,et al. Effects of land use change on runoff-sediment relationship at watershed in the loess hilly region[J]. Progress in Geography,2010,29(5):565-571.]
[14]孙悦,李栋梁. 1975—2011年渭河上游径流演变规律及对气候驱动因子的响应[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(2):413-423.[SUN Yue,LI Dongliang. Features and response to climate-driven factors of the runoff in the upper reaches of the Weihe River during 1975-2011[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(2):413-423.]
[15]晏清洪,原翠萍,雷廷武,等.降水和水土保持对黄土区流域水沙关系的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2013,11(4):9-16.[YAN Qinghong,YUAN Cuiping,LEI Tingwu,et al. Effects of precipitation and erosion control practices on the rainfall-runoff-sediment delivery relationships of typical watersheds in the hilly-gully region on the Loess Plateau[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,11(4):9-16.]
[16]李怀恩,沈冰,樊尔兰.黑河流域水沙关系模型及其应用[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1999,5(4):62-65.[LI Huai’en,SHEN Bing,FAN Erlan. Relationship between sediment and runoff in Heihe Basin and its application[J]. Journal of Soil Erosion and Soil and Water Conservation,1999,5(4):62-65.]
[17]郑明国,蔡强国,程琴娟.一种新的流域水沙关系模型及其在年际时间尺度的应用[J].地理研究,2007,26(4):745-754.[ZHENG Mingguo,CAI Qiangguo,CHENG Qinjuan. One new sediment yield model for single storm events and its application at annual time scale[J]. Geographical Research,2007,26(4):745-754.]
[18]李计生,胡兴林,黄维东,等.河西走廊疏勒河流域出山径流变化规律及趋势预测[J].冰川冻土,2015,37(3):803-810.[LI Jisheng,HU Xinglin,HUANG Weidong,et al. Variation and trend prediction of the mountain runoffs of the trunk streams of the Shule River Basin,Hexi Corridor[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2015,37(3):803-810.]
[19]师光玉,赵红.陕西省黄河流域泥沙流失变化分析[J].水文,2006,26(2):91-94.[SHI Guangyu,ZHAO Hong. The Yellow River silt erosion in Shaanxi change analysis[J]. Journal of China Hydrology,2006,26(2):91-94.]
[20]王毓森.水文时间序列趋势与突变分析系统开发与应用[J].甘肃科技,2016,32(9):36-37.[WANG Yusen. Hydrological time series trend and mutation analysis system development and application[J]. Journal of Gansu Science and Technology,2016,32(9):36-37.]
[21]王毓森,黄维东,崔亮,等.黑河流域东部子水系近60年来泥沙演变规律分析[J].甘肃水利水电技术,2016,52(1):5-8.[WANG Yusen,HUANG Weidong,CUI Liang,et al. About 60years in Heihe River Basin in eastern sub-drainage sediment evolution law analysis[J]. Journal of Water Resources and Hydropower Technology in Gansu Province,2016,52(1):5-8.]
[2]徐宗学,张玲,阮本清.北京地区降水量时空分布规律分析[J].干旱区地理,2006,29(2):186-192.[XU Zongxue,ZANG Ling,RUAN Benqing. Analysis on the spatiotemporal distribution of precipitation in the Beijing Region[J]. Arid Land Geography,2006,29(2):186-192.]
[3]牛最荣,高前兆,扈祥来,等.甘肃时段暴雨主要统计参数的水平分布规律研究[J].干旱区地理,2004,27(3):310-314.[NIU Zuirong,GAO Qianzhao,HU Xianglai,et al. Study on the horizontal distribution of the main statistical parameters of rainstorms in Gansu Province in 5 durations[J]. Arid Land Geography,2004,27(3):310-314.]
[4]姚章民.珠江流域主要河流泥沙变化分析[J].水文,2013,33(4):80-83.[YAO Zhangmin. Major rivers in the Pearl River Basin sediment change analysis[J]. Journal of China Hydrology,2013,33(4):80-83.]
[5]牛赟,刘贤德,敬文茂,等.祁连山大野口流域气温、降水、河川径流特征分析[J].干旱区地理,2014,37(5):931-938.[NIU Yun,LIU Xiande,JING Wenmao,et al. Feature analysis of temperature and precipitation and river runoff at Dayekou Basin of Qilian Mountains[J]. Arid Land Geography,2014,37(5):931-938.]
[6]牛最荣,赵文智,刘进琪,等.甘肃渭河流域气温、降水和径流变化特征及趋势研究[J].冰川冻土,2012,32(2):73-83.[NIU Zuirong,ZHAO Wenzhi,LIU Jinqi,et al. Study on change characteristics and tendency of temperature,precipitation and runoff in Weihe River Basin in Gansu[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,32(2):73-83.]
[7]李常斌,王帅兵,杨林山,等. 1951—2010年洮河流域水文气象要素变化的时空特征[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(5):1259-1266.[LI Changbin,WANG Shuaibing,YANG Linshan,et al. Spatial and temporal variation of main hydrologic meteorological elements in the Taohe River Basin from 1951 to 2010[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(5):1259-1266.]
[8]史红玲,胡春宏,王延贵,等.黄河流域水沙变化趋势分析及原因探讨[J].人民黄河,2014,36(4):1-5.[SHI Hongling,HU Chunhong,WANG Yangui,et al. Analysis on variation trends of runoff and sediment of the Yellow River Basin and reasons discussion[J]. Yellow River,2014,36(4):1-5.]
[9]常继青,牛最荣.甘肃黄河流域与疏勒河流域降水径流变化特性对比分析[J].水文,2014,34(5):94-96.[CHANG Jiqing,NIU Zuirong. The Yellow River Basin in Gansu Province and characteristic analysis of Shule River Basin rainfall runoff change[J].Journal of China Hydrology,2014,34(5):94-96.]
[10]崔亮,陈学林,安冬,等. 60年来黑河流域东部子水系中上游径流量、输沙量变化特征分析[J].水文,2015,35(1):82-87.[CUI Liang,CHEN Xuelin,AN Dong,et al. Change characteristics of runoff and sediment runoff in upper and middle reaches of eastern Heihe River Basin in 60 years[J]. Hydrology,2015,35(1):82-87.]
[11]师长兴,邵文伟,范小黎,等.黄河内蒙古段洪峰特征及水沙关系变化[J].地理科学进展,2012,31(9):1124-1132.[SHI Changxing,SHAO Wenwei,FAN Xiaoli,et al. A study on characteristics and sediment rating curves of floods in the Inner Mongolian reach of the Yellow River[J]. Progress in Geography,2012,31(9):1124-1132.]
[12]徐立萍.吉林省河流泥沙分布规律分析[J].东北水利水电,2015,(2):29-30.[XU Liping. Analysis of rivers sediment distribution law in Jilin Province[J]. Water Resources&Hydropower of Northeast,2015,(2):29-30.]
[13]刘淑燕,余新晓,信忠保,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区典型流域土地利用变化对水沙关系的影响[J].地理科学进展,2010,29(5):565-571.[LIU Shuyan,YU Xinxiao,XIN Zhongbao,et al. Effects of land use change on runoff-sediment relationship at watershed in the loess hilly region[J]. Progress in Geography,2010,29(5):565-571.]
[14]孙悦,李栋梁. 1975—2011年渭河上游径流演变规律及对气候驱动因子的响应[J].冰川冻土,2014,36(2):413-423.[SUN Yue,LI Dongliang. Features and response to climate-driven factors of the runoff in the upper reaches of the Weihe River during 1975-2011[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2014,36(2):413-423.]
[15]晏清洪,原翠萍,雷廷武,等.降水和水土保持对黄土区流域水沙关系的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2013,11(4):9-16.[YAN Qinghong,YUAN Cuiping,LEI Tingwu,et al. Effects of precipitation and erosion control practices on the rainfall-runoff-sediment delivery relationships of typical watersheds in the hilly-gully region on the Loess Plateau[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,11(4):9-16.]
[16]李怀恩,沈冰,樊尔兰.黑河流域水沙关系模型及其应用[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1999,5(4):62-65.[LI Huai’en,SHEN Bing,FAN Erlan. Relationship between sediment and runoff in Heihe Basin and its application[J]. Journal of Soil Erosion and Soil and Water Conservation,1999,5(4):62-65.]
[17]郑明国,蔡强国,程琴娟.一种新的流域水沙关系模型及其在年际时间尺度的应用[J].地理研究,2007,26(4):745-754.[ZHENG Mingguo,CAI Qiangguo,CHENG Qinjuan. One new sediment yield model for single storm events and its application at annual time scale[J]. Geographical Research,2007,26(4):745-754.]
[18]李计生,胡兴林,黄维东,等.河西走廊疏勒河流域出山径流变化规律及趋势预测[J].冰川冻土,2015,37(3):803-810.[LI Jisheng,HU Xinglin,HUANG Weidong,et al. Variation and trend prediction of the mountain runoffs of the trunk streams of the Shule River Basin,Hexi Corridor[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2015,37(3):803-810.]
[19]师光玉,赵红.陕西省黄河流域泥沙流失变化分析[J].水文,2006,26(2):91-94.[SHI Guangyu,ZHAO Hong. The Yellow River silt erosion in Shaanxi change analysis[J]. Journal of China Hydrology,2006,26(2):91-94.]
[20]王毓森.水文时间序列趋势与突变分析系统开发与应用[J].甘肃科技,2016,32(9):36-37.[WANG Yusen. Hydrological time series trend and mutation analysis system development and application[J]. Journal of Gansu Science and Technology,2016,32(9):36-37.]
[21]王毓森,黄维东,崔亮,等.黑河流域东部子水系近60年来泥沙演变规律分析[J].甘肃水利水电技术,2016,52(1):5-8.[WANG Yusen,HUANG Weidong,CUI Liang,et al. About 60years in Heihe River Basin in eastern sub-drainage sediment evolution law analysis[J]. Journal of Water Resources and Hydropower Technology in Gansu Province,2016,52(1):5-8.]