Synthesis of Glycosyl Phosphatidylinositol Anchors and Phosphatidyl-inositol-(3,4,5)-triphosphate
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myo-Inositol appears widely in Nature, most frequently as phosphorylated or phospholipid derivatives, but O-methyl and glycosyl inositols have also been identified and synthesized. The discovery that inositol derivatives containing phosphates, phospholipids, glycans or glycan bound proteins are involved or act as “second messengers” in various cell regulation systems, have dramatically increased the synthesis of these compounds. Most eukaryotic cells utilize glycosyl phosphatidylinositols (GPIs) to anchor proteins to the cell membrane. Partial structural data, accumulated for over 100 GPI membrane-anchored proteins from a variety of organisms, have led to the proposal of the generalized anchor structure Glycan-Manα-4GlcNH2α-6D-myo-inositol 1-phosphate. Only three of these structures have thus far been fully characterized, the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) from Trypanosoma and Leishmania, and the Thy-1 glycoprotein anchor from rat brain. We are now synthesizing parts of the Leishmania structure. Parts of the structures of Trypanosoma, Leishmania and the Thy-1 glycoprotein anchor, have already been synthesized by others.