三峡库区危岩群发性机理与防治——以万州太白岩为例
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摘要
以太白岩危岩为例,研究获得了群发性危岩的形成条件,即泥岩和砂岩交互成层组合、陡峻的地形及高强度的降雨;揭示了危岩群发性机理演绎过程,包括从陡崖底部逐渐向崖顶演化的微观链和从临空面向山体内部演化的宏观链,陡崖砂岩底部的岩腔是危岩群发性机理的起搏器,宏观链中位于陡崖顶部的危岩块受到裂隙水压力作用易于破坏;针对单个危岩体,提出了2种荷载组合,基于极限平衡理论建立了危岩稳定性分析方法;基于危岩群发性机理,研发了危岩支撑-锚固联合治理技术和锚钉-锚杆(索)联合治理技术两类核心技术。
Perilous rock is a dominant geological hazard in Three Gorges Reservoir area of P.R.China.The Taibaiyan cliff at Wanzhou is a representative case of massive perilous rocks in the area.Using this cliff as an example,the conditions triggering massive perilous rocks were studied and described.This included examining the following three conditions: alternating layers of mudstone and sandstone;steep landforms such as cliffs or scarps;and intense rainfall.The massive development mechanism for perilous rocks was discussed,including micro-chained pattern gradual and interval evolution from the bottom to the summit of the cliffs individually as perilous rock,and a macro-chained pattern evolving stage by stage from the cliff face backward up the mountain.In some respects,rock cells below sandstone in cliffs serves as the pulsating valve of the massive development mechanism for perilous rock.In any micro-chained pattern,perilous rock situated on summits is the easiest to rupture due to the fissure pressure.For any single perilous rock,two load compositions were derived.In addition,methods for analyzing perilous rock stability were established in detail using the limit equilibrium principle.Two key techniques,a union scheme that both supports and anchors and a union scheme that nails and anchors,are proposed in light of the massive development mechanism for perilous rock.
Perilous rock is a dominant geological hazard in Three Gorges Reservoir area of P.R.China.The Taibaiyan cliff at Wanzhou is a representative case of massive perilous rocks in the area.Using this cliff as an example,the conditions triggering massive perilous rocks were studied and described.This included examining the following three conditions: alternating layers of mudstone and sandstone;steep landforms such as cliffs or scarps;and intense rainfall.The massive development mechanism for perilous rocks was discussed,including micro-chained pattern gradual and interval evolution from the bottom to the summit of the cliffs individually as perilous rock,and a macro-chained pattern evolving stage by stage from the cliff face backward up the mountain.In some respects,rock cells below sandstone in cliffs serves as the pulsating valve of the massive development mechanism for perilous rock.In any micro-chained pattern,perilous rock situated on summits is the easiest to rupture due to the fissure pressure.For any single perilous rock,two load compositions were derived.In addition,methods for analyzing perilous rock stability were established in detail using the limit equilibrium principle.Two key techniques,a union scheme that both supports and anchors and a union scheme that nails and anchors,are proposed in light of the massive development mechanism for perilous rock.
引文
[1]陈洪凯,唐红梅,叶四桥,等.危岩防治原理[M].北京:地震出版社,2006.
[2]RICHARD J C,STANLEY A S,David E S.Geomorphology[M].Cambridge:University Press ofCambridge,1984.
[3]JONES B L,CHINN S S W,Brice J C.Ololele rockavalanche,island of Kauai,Hawii[J].Geology,1984,12(4):209-211.
[4]RRGINALD L,HERMANNS,MANFRED R,STRECKER.Structural and lithological controls onlarge quaternary rock avalanche(sturzstroms)in aridnorthwestern argentina[J].GSA Bulletin,1999,111(6):934-948.
[5]BERTRAN P.The rock-avalanche of February 1995 atClaix(French Alps)[J].Geomorphology,2003,54(3):339-346.
[6]HUNGR O,EVANS S G,HAZZARD J.Magnitudeand frequency of rock falls and rock slides along themain transportation corridors of southwestern BritishColumbia[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1999,36(2):224-238.
[7]HUNGR O,EVANS S G.The occurrence andclassification of massive rock slope failure[J].Felsbau,2004,22(2):16-23.
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[9]CHEN H K,TANG H M,YE S Q.Research ondamage model of control fissure in perilous rock[J].Applied Mathematics and Mechanics,2006,27(7):967-974.
[10]CHEN H K,TANG H M.Method to calculate fatiguefracture life of control fissure in perilous rock[J].Applied Mathematics and Mechanics.2007,28(5):643-649.
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[13]CHEN H K,TANG H M.Chained mechanism andmoving routine for perilous rock to avalanche in thearea of the Three Gorges Reservoir of China[J].TheProceedings of the China Association for Sciencf andTechnology,2006,3(1):501-506.
[14]唐红梅.拉剪型危岩发育过程的模型试验[J].重庆大学学报,2006,29(6):115-119.TANG HONG-MEI.Testing research on developmentof perilous rock in tension-shear fracture[J].Journalof Chongqing University,2006,29(6):115-119.
[15]陈洪凯,唐红梅,胡明,等.危岩锚固计算方法研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(8):1121-1327.CHEN HONG-KAI,TANG HONG-MEI,HUMING,et al.Research on anchorage calculationmethod for unstable,rock[J].Chinese Journal of RockMechanics and Engineering,2005,24(8):1121-1327.
[16]唐红梅,叶四桥,陈洪凯.危岩主控结构面应力强度因子求解分析[J].地下空间与工程学报,2006,2(3):393-397.TANG HONG-MEI,YE SI-QIAO,CHEN HONG-KAI.Analysis on solution of stress strength factor ofcontrol fissure in unstable rock[J].Chinese Journal ofUnderground Space and Engineering,2006,2(3):393-397.
[17]陈洪凯,唐红梅.长江三峡水库区危岩分类及宏观判据研究[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2005,16(4):53-57.CHEN HONG-KAI,TANG HONG-MEI.Classification and identify of perilous rock in the area ofthe Three Gorges Reservoir[J].The Chinese Jourrnalof Geological Hazard and Control,2005,16(4):53-57.
[18]唐红梅.危岩拦石墙计算方法研究[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2005,16(3):12-15.TANG HONG-MEI.Research on calculation methodfor block-rock wall[J].The Chinese Journal ofGeological Hazard and Control,2005,16(3):12-15.
[19]陈洪凯,唐红梅.三峡库区危岩发育规律研究[C]∥第二届全国岩土与工程学术大会论文集.北京:科学出版社,2006:837-842.
[20]陈洪凯,胡明,唐红梅.危岩锚固机理的断裂力学分析[J].重庆建筑大学学报,2006,28(5):101-105.CHEN HONG-KAI,HU MING,TANG HONG-MEI.Fracture mechanism analysis of control fissure ofbolted perilous rock[J].Journal of Chongqing JianzhuUniversity,2006,28(5):101-105.
[21]陈洪凯,唐红梅.三峡水库区危岩防治技术[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2005,16(2):105-110.CHEN HONG-KAI,TANG HONG-MEI.Research oncontrol techniques to unstable dangerous rock mass inthe Three Gorges Reservoir area[J].The ChineseJournal of Gedogical Hazarol and Control,2005,16(2):105-110.
[22]陈洪凯,唐红梅.危岩主控结构面强度参数计算方法[J].工程地质学报,2007,16(1):37-41.CHEN HONG-KAI,TANG HONG-MEI.Method forcalculation strength parameters of structural planescontrolling the rock block stability[J].Journal ofEngineering Geology,2007,16(1):37-41.
[2]RICHARD J C,STANLEY A S,David E S.Geomorphology[M].Cambridge:University Press ofCambridge,1984.
[3]JONES B L,CHINN S S W,Brice J C.Ololele rockavalanche,island of Kauai,Hawii[J].Geology,1984,12(4):209-211.
[4]RRGINALD L,HERMANNS,MANFRED R,STRECKER.Structural and lithological controls onlarge quaternary rock avalanche(sturzstroms)in aridnorthwestern argentina[J].GSA Bulletin,1999,111(6):934-948.
[5]BERTRAN P.The rock-avalanche of February 1995 atClaix(French Alps)[J].Geomorphology,2003,54(3):339-346.
[6]HUNGR O,EVANS S G,HAZZARD J.Magnitudeand frequency of rock falls and rock slides along themain transportation corridors of southwestern BritishColumbia[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1999,36(2):224-238.
[7]HUNGR O,EVANS S G.The occurrence andclassification of massive rock slope failure[J].Felsbau,2004,22(2):16-23.
[8]BRAATHEN A,BLIKRA L H,KARLSEN S S.Rock-slope failure in Norway:type,geometry,deformation mechanisms and stability[J].NorweigianJournal of Geology,2004,84:67-88.
[9]CHEN H K,TANG H M,YE S Q.Research ondamage model of control fissure in perilous rock[J].Applied Mathematics and Mechanics,2006,27(7):967-974.
[10]CHEN H K,TANG H M.Method to calculate fatiguefracture life of control fissure in perilous rock[J].Applied Mathematics and Mechanics.2007,28(5):643-649.
[11]CHEN H K,TANG H M.Research on duration forperilous rock to form[J].Weas Transactions onApplied and Theoretical Mechanics,2006,(12):169-173.
[12]陈洪凯,唐红梅,刘光华,等.危岩锚固-支撑联合计算方法研究[J].岩土工程学报,2004,26(3):383-388.CHEN HONG-KAI,TANG HONG-MEI,LIU G H,et al.Research on calculation method of support-anchorage union to unstable rock[J].Chinese Journalof Geotechnical Engineering,2004,26(3):383-388.
[13]CHEN H K,TANG H M.Chained mechanism andmoving routine for perilous rock to avalanche in thearea of the Three Gorges Reservoir of China[J].TheProceedings of the China Association for Sciencf andTechnology,2006,3(1):501-506.
[14]唐红梅.拉剪型危岩发育过程的模型试验[J].重庆大学学报,2006,29(6):115-119.TANG HONG-MEI.Testing research on developmentof perilous rock in tension-shear fracture[J].Journalof Chongqing University,2006,29(6):115-119.
[15]陈洪凯,唐红梅,胡明,等.危岩锚固计算方法研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(8):1121-1327.CHEN HONG-KAI,TANG HONG-MEI,HUMING,et al.Research on anchorage calculationmethod for unstable,rock[J].Chinese Journal of RockMechanics and Engineering,2005,24(8):1121-1327.
[16]唐红梅,叶四桥,陈洪凯.危岩主控结构面应力强度因子求解分析[J].地下空间与工程学报,2006,2(3):393-397.TANG HONG-MEI,YE SI-QIAO,CHEN HONG-KAI.Analysis on solution of stress strength factor ofcontrol fissure in unstable rock[J].Chinese Journal ofUnderground Space and Engineering,2006,2(3):393-397.
[17]陈洪凯,唐红梅.长江三峡水库区危岩分类及宏观判据研究[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2005,16(4):53-57.CHEN HONG-KAI,TANG HONG-MEI.Classification and identify of perilous rock in the area ofthe Three Gorges Reservoir[J].The Chinese Jourrnalof Geological Hazard and Control,2005,16(4):53-57.
[18]唐红梅.危岩拦石墙计算方法研究[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2005,16(3):12-15.TANG HONG-MEI.Research on calculation methodfor block-rock wall[J].The Chinese Journal ofGeological Hazard and Control,2005,16(3):12-15.
[19]陈洪凯,唐红梅.三峡库区危岩发育规律研究[C]∥第二届全国岩土与工程学术大会论文集.北京:科学出版社,2006:837-842.
[20]陈洪凯,胡明,唐红梅.危岩锚固机理的断裂力学分析[J].重庆建筑大学学报,2006,28(5):101-105.CHEN HONG-KAI,HU MING,TANG HONG-MEI.Fracture mechanism analysis of control fissure ofbolted perilous rock[J].Journal of Chongqing JianzhuUniversity,2006,28(5):101-105.
[21]陈洪凯,唐红梅.三峡水库区危岩防治技术[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2005,16(2):105-110.CHEN HONG-KAI,TANG HONG-MEI.Research oncontrol techniques to unstable dangerous rock mass inthe Three Gorges Reservoir area[J].The ChineseJournal of Gedogical Hazarol and Control,2005,16(2):105-110.
[22]陈洪凯,唐红梅.危岩主控结构面强度参数计算方法[J].工程地质学报,2007,16(1):37-41.CHEN HONG-KAI,TANG HONG-MEI.Method forcalculation strength parameters of structural planescontrolling the rock block stability[J].Journal ofEngineering Geology,2007,16(1):37-41.
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