中国大陆井水温对汶川8.0级、玉树7.1级、芦山7.0级和岷县6.6级地震响应特征的对比研究
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摘要
收集和统计了2008年汶川MS8.0地震、2010年玉树MS7.1地震和2013年芦山MS7.0、岷县MS6.6地震引起的中国大陆井水温同震响应现象,分析了其特征。结果显示:这4次地震对中国大陆地下流体影响显著,井水温同震响应特征有很大差异,后三次水温同震响应范围、幅度和持续时间远不及汶川地震,即使震级相差不大的玉树和芦山地震,同震响应的特征也不尽相同。最后探讨了这种现象的成因机理。
The study of co-seismic response is one of the most direct and effective methods of revealing the stress and strain response law of the crust,which a key issues in Earth science.To some extent,the co-seismic response of groundwater temperature reflects the crustal deformation and ground vibrations caused by subsurface deformation,pores,or fissure changes,and vertical migration of groundwater.The 2008 Wenchuan(MS 8.0),2010Yushu(MS 7.1),and 2013Lushan(MS 7.0),and Minxian(MS 6.6)earthquakes had substantial impacts on subsurface fluids in the Chinese mainland;however,the co-seismic response characteristics caused by the four earthquakes differed significantly.The range,magnitude,and duration caused by the last three earthquakes were far lower than those of the Wenchuan earthquake.Although the response characteristics caused by the Yushu and Lushan earthquakes differed,they had essentially the same magnitude. The co-seismic effect caused by the Wenchuan earthquake was significantly higher than that of the other earthquakes.Although seismic responses were noted throughout the entire Chinese mainland after the Wenchuan earthquake,similar shock responses were detected mainly near the epicenters of the earthquakes.The co-seismic effects caused by the same-magnitude Yushu and Lushan earthquakes also differed.For example,the effect was observed in North China,central China,Sichuan,Yunnan,and Tibet after the Yushu earthquake;however,that of the Lushan earthquake was concentrated mainly near the epicenter in Sichuan,Yunnan,Chongqing,and other areas.Therefore,the influence of Yushu earthquake may be much larger than the Lushan earthquakes.The co-seismic amplitude of the Wenchuan earthquake was generally higher than that of the other three earthquakes;however,it was significantly higher near the epicenter of the earthquake.The depth of sensors in the well water had a very strong influence on co-seismic response because the co-seismic direction and magnitude differed when the water temperature sensor was placed at different depths in the same well. This phenomenon may be related to epicentral distance and magnitude and may be affected by the rupture mechanism and the stress and strain sensitive extent response to aquifer media of the observation points.
The study of co-seismic response is one of the most direct and effective methods of revealing the stress and strain response law of the crust,which a key issues in Earth science.To some extent,the co-seismic response of groundwater temperature reflects the crustal deformation and ground vibrations caused by subsurface deformation,pores,or fissure changes,and vertical migration of groundwater.The 2008 Wenchuan(MS 8.0),2010Yushu(MS 7.1),and 2013Lushan(MS 7.0),and Minxian(MS 6.6)earthquakes had substantial impacts on subsurface fluids in the Chinese mainland;however,the co-seismic response characteristics caused by the four earthquakes differed significantly.The range,magnitude,and duration caused by the last three earthquakes were far lower than those of the Wenchuan earthquake.Although the response characteristics caused by the Yushu and Lushan earthquakes differed,they had essentially the same magnitude. The co-seismic effect caused by the Wenchuan earthquake was significantly higher than that of the other earthquakes.Although seismic responses were noted throughout the entire Chinese mainland after the Wenchuan earthquake,similar shock responses were detected mainly near the epicenters of the earthquakes.The co-seismic effects caused by the same-magnitude Yushu and Lushan earthquakes also differed.For example,the effect was observed in North China,central China,Sichuan,Yunnan,and Tibet after the Yushu earthquake;however,that of the Lushan earthquake was concentrated mainly near the epicenter in Sichuan,Yunnan,Chongqing,and other areas.Therefore,the influence of Yushu earthquake may be much larger than the Lushan earthquakes.The co-seismic amplitude of the Wenchuan earthquake was generally higher than that of the other three earthquakes;however,it was significantly higher near the epicenter of the earthquake.The depth of sensors in the well water had a very strong influence on co-seismic response because the co-seismic direction and magnitude differed when the water temperature sensor was placed at different depths in the same well. This phenomenon may be related to epicentral distance and magnitude and may be affected by the rupture mechanism and the stress and strain sensitive extent response to aquifer media of the observation points.
引文
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[11]邓孝.地下水垂直运动的地温场数值模拟与实例剖析[J].地质科学,1989,(1):131-14l.DENG Xiao.Temperature Field Numerical Simulation and Analysis of Examples of Vertical Ground Water Movement[J].Geological Sciences,1989,(1):131-14l.(in Chinese)
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[13]罗晓容.断裂开启与地层中温压瞬态变化的数学模拟[J].石油与天然气地质,1999,20(1):1-6.LUO Xiao-rong.Mathematical Modeling of Temperaturepressure Transient Variation in Opening Fractures and Sedimentary Formations[J].Oil&Gas Geology,1999,20(1):1-6.(in Chinese)
[14]鱼金子,车用太,朱清钟,等.北京太平庄井水的超远强震异常(远兆)研究[J].地震研究,1998,21(1):42-49.YU Jin-zi,CHEYong-tai,ZHU Qing-zhou,et al.Study on Groundwater Anomalifes at Taipingzhuang Well,Beijing before Strong Earthquake Occurred in Ultra-far Places[J].Journal of Seismological Research,1998,21(1):42-49.(in Chinese)
[15]陈大庆,刘耀炜.我国在井-含水层系统对地震波同震响应方面的研究进展[J].国际地震动态,2006,(7):27-31.CHEN Da-qing,LIU Yao-wei.Summaries of the Research of the Co-seismic Response of Well-aquifer Systems to Seismic Waves in China[J].Recent Developments in World Seismology,2006,(7):2-31.(in Chinese)
[16]赵刚,何案华,王军,等.地热前兆台网对汶川地震的同震响应及震后调整[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2009,29(2):28-32 .ZHAO Gang,HE An-hua,WANG Jun,et al.Co-seismic Response and Postseismic Effect of Geotherm on Wenchuan MS8 .0Earthquake[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2009,29(2):28-32.(in Chinese)
[17]赵刚,马文娟,王军,等.我国地热前兆观测台网的现状及对汶川地震的响应[J].地震研究,2009,32(3):248-252.ZHAO Gang,MA Wen-juan,WANG Jun,et al.Geothermal Earthquake Precursor Network and Its Response to MS8 .0Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2009,32(3):248-252.(in Chinese)
[18]邱鹏成,王永刚,杨广华,等.汶川8.0级地震前后表层水温的异常变化研究[J].西北地震学报,2010,32(4):367-375.QIU Peng-cheng,WANG Yong-gang,YANG Guang-hua,et al.Research on the Anomalous Changes of Water Surface Temperature before and after Wenchuan MS8 .0Earthquake[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2010,32(4):367-375 .(in Chinese)
[19]贾鹏,张希张晓亮,等.汶川地震前后川滇及其邻区GPS水平运动演化特征[J].西北地震学报,2012,34(3):264-263.JIA Peng,ZHANG Xi,ZHANG Xiao-liang,et al.Evolution Features of Crustal Horizontal Movement from GPS Observation in Sichuan-Yunnan Region and Its Adjacent Area before and after the Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2012,34(3):264-263.(in Chinese)
[20]孙小龙,刘耀炜.塔院井水位和水温的同震响应特征及其机理探讨[J].中国地震,2008,24(2):105-115.SUN Xiao-long,LIU Yao-wei.Characteristics and Mechanism of Co-seismic Responses in the Tayuan Well[J].Earthquake Research in China,2008,24(2):105-115.(in Chinese)
[21]杨竹转,邓志辉,陶京玲,等.北京塔院井数字化观测水温的同震效应研究[J].地震学报,2007,29(2):203-213.YANG Zhu-zhuan,DENG Zhi-hui,TAO Jing-ling,et al.Co-seismic Effects of Water Temperature Based on Digital Observation from Tayuan Well,Beijing[J].Acta Seismologica Sinic,2007,29(2):203-213.(in Chinese)
[22]刘耀炜.动力加载作用与地下水物理动态过程研究[D].北京:中国地震局地球物理研究所,2009.LIU Yao-wei.Dynamic loading and Physical Dynamics Process of Groundwater[D].Beijing:Institute of Geophysics,CEA,2009.(in Chinese)
[2]SKD Y,C Y Wang.Pore Pressure Generation in Sedimentary Basins,Overloading Versus Geothermal[J].J.G.R.,1996,91:2158-2162.
[3]Valiva M Hamza.Tectonic Leakage of Fault Bounded Aquifers Subject to Non-isothermal Recharge:a Mechanism Generating Thermal Precursors to Seismic Events[J].Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,2001,126:163-177.
[4]Roeloffs E A.Persistent Water Level Changes in a Well near Parkfield,California,Due to Local and Distant Earthquakes[J].J.Geophys.Res.,1998,103:869-889.
[5]Sergei V Zatsepin,Stuart Crampini.Modelling the Compliance of Crustal Rock-I:Response of Shear-Wave Splitting to Differential Stress[J].RAS.,GJI.,1997,129:477-494.
[6]付子忠.地热动态观测与地热前兆[G]//地壳构造与地壳应力文集.北京:地震出版社,1988.FU Zhi-zhong.Dynamic Observation and Geothermal Precursor[G]//Bulletin of the Institute of Crustal Dynamic.Beijing:Seismological Press,1998.(in Chinese)
[7]车用太,鱼金子,刘春国.我国地震地下水温度动态观测与研究[J].水文地质工程地质,1996,23(4):34-37.CHE Yong-tai,YU Jin-zi,LIU Chun-guo.Observation and Study of Dynamic Groundwater Temperature Earthquakes inChina[J].Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,1996,23(4):34-37.(in Chinese)
[8]鱼金子,车用太,刘五洲.井水温度微动态形成的水动力学机制研究[J].地震,1997,17(4):389-396.YU Jin-zi,CHE Yong-tai,LIU Wu-zhou.Preliminary Study on Hydrodynamic Mechanism Microbehavior of Water Temperature in Well[J].Earthquake,1997,17(4):389-396.(in Chinese)
[9]陈大庆,刘耀炜,杨选辉,等.远场大震的水位、水温同震响应及其机理研究[J].地震地质,2007,29(1):122-132.CHEN Da-qing,LIUYao-wei,YANG Xuan-hui et al.Co-seismic Water Level,Temperature Responses of Some Wells to Far-field Strong Earthquake and Their Mechanisms[J].Seismology and Geology,2007,29(1):122-132.(in Chinese)
[10]中国地震局监测预报司编.印度尼西亚苏门答腊8.7级大地震及其对中国大陆地区的影响[M].北京:地震出版社,2005.Monitoring and Prediction Department of CEA(ed).The Indonesia Sumatra Earthquake with Magnitude 8.7and Its Effect in China's Mainland[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,2005.(in Chinese)
[11]邓孝.地下水垂直运动的地温场数值模拟与实例剖析[J].地质科学,1989,(1):131-14l.DENG Xiao.Temperature Field Numerical Simulation and Analysis of Examples of Vertical Ground Water Movement[J].Geological Sciences,1989,(1):131-14l.(in Chinese)
[12]熊亮萍,汪集旸.钻孔地温分布与地下水活动[J].地质科学,1992,A12(增刊):313-321.XIONG Liang-ping,WANG Ji-yang.Geotemperature Distribution in Borehole Groundwater Activity[J].Scientia Geologica Sinica,1992,A12(Supp):313-321.(in Chinese)
[13]罗晓容.断裂开启与地层中温压瞬态变化的数学模拟[J].石油与天然气地质,1999,20(1):1-6.LUO Xiao-rong.Mathematical Modeling of Temperaturepressure Transient Variation in Opening Fractures and Sedimentary Formations[J].Oil&Gas Geology,1999,20(1):1-6.(in Chinese)
[14]鱼金子,车用太,朱清钟,等.北京太平庄井水的超远强震异常(远兆)研究[J].地震研究,1998,21(1):42-49.YU Jin-zi,CHEYong-tai,ZHU Qing-zhou,et al.Study on Groundwater Anomalifes at Taipingzhuang Well,Beijing before Strong Earthquake Occurred in Ultra-far Places[J].Journal of Seismological Research,1998,21(1):42-49.(in Chinese)
[15]陈大庆,刘耀炜.我国在井-含水层系统对地震波同震响应方面的研究进展[J].国际地震动态,2006,(7):27-31.CHEN Da-qing,LIU Yao-wei.Summaries of the Research of the Co-seismic Response of Well-aquifer Systems to Seismic Waves in China[J].Recent Developments in World Seismology,2006,(7):2-31.(in Chinese)
[16]赵刚,何案华,王军,等.地热前兆台网对汶川地震的同震响应及震后调整[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2009,29(2):28-32 .ZHAO Gang,HE An-hua,WANG Jun,et al.Co-seismic Response and Postseismic Effect of Geotherm on Wenchuan MS8 .0Earthquake[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2009,29(2):28-32.(in Chinese)
[17]赵刚,马文娟,王军,等.我国地热前兆观测台网的现状及对汶川地震的响应[J].地震研究,2009,32(3):248-252.ZHAO Gang,MA Wen-juan,WANG Jun,et al.Geothermal Earthquake Precursor Network and Its Response to MS8 .0Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2009,32(3):248-252.(in Chinese)
[18]邱鹏成,王永刚,杨广华,等.汶川8.0级地震前后表层水温的异常变化研究[J].西北地震学报,2010,32(4):367-375.QIU Peng-cheng,WANG Yong-gang,YANG Guang-hua,et al.Research on the Anomalous Changes of Water Surface Temperature before and after Wenchuan MS8 .0Earthquake[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2010,32(4):367-375 .(in Chinese)
[19]贾鹏,张希张晓亮,等.汶川地震前后川滇及其邻区GPS水平运动演化特征[J].西北地震学报,2012,34(3):264-263.JIA Peng,ZHANG Xi,ZHANG Xiao-liang,et al.Evolution Features of Crustal Horizontal Movement from GPS Observation in Sichuan-Yunnan Region and Its Adjacent Area before and after the Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,2012,34(3):264-263.(in Chinese)
[20]孙小龙,刘耀炜.塔院井水位和水温的同震响应特征及其机理探讨[J].中国地震,2008,24(2):105-115.SUN Xiao-long,LIU Yao-wei.Characteristics and Mechanism of Co-seismic Responses in the Tayuan Well[J].Earthquake Research in China,2008,24(2):105-115.(in Chinese)
[21]杨竹转,邓志辉,陶京玲,等.北京塔院井数字化观测水温的同震效应研究[J].地震学报,2007,29(2):203-213.YANG Zhu-zhuan,DENG Zhi-hui,TAO Jing-ling,et al.Co-seismic Effects of Water Temperature Based on Digital Observation from Tayuan Well,Beijing[J].Acta Seismologica Sinic,2007,29(2):203-213.(in Chinese)
[22]刘耀炜.动力加载作用与地下水物理动态过程研究[D].北京:中国地震局地球物理研究所,2009.LIU Yao-wei.Dynamic loading and Physical Dynamics Process of Groundwater[D].Beijing:Institute of Geophysics,CEA,2009.(in Chinese)
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