泥石流沟谷坊坝群治理效应——以地震极重灾区北川县化石板沟为例
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摘要
谷坊坝是泥石流治理的重要工程措施之一。化石板沟泥石流治理工程共设13座谷坊坝,组成梯级谷坊坝群;坝体主要分布在泥石流形成区和流通区,混凝土结构,轴向两端嵌入沟道两侧基岩0.5～1 m。通过对比化石板沟谷坊工程修建前后沟床纵坡比降、沟道两侧斜坡稳定性及泥石流侵蚀速率等方面的差异,证明谷坊工程能够有效拦蓄松散固体物质、稳固沟床和岸坡、降低沟道纵坡比降、降低泥石流流速和耗散流体能量、抬高沟道上游泥石流侵蚀基准面。研究发现,化石板沟谷坊坝群共拦截固体物质2.76×104 m3,仅占流域物源总量574.9×104 m3的0.5%,占近期可供给泥石流活动的物源量85×104 m3的3.3%;稳固沟床松散物质4.37×104 m3,仅占流域物源总量的0.76%,占近期可供给泥石流活动的物源量的5.2%;稳固沟道两侧坡体松散物质134.07×104 m3,占流域物源总量的23.3%,泥石流物源减少;回淤的沟道比降为原比降的60%～75%,相同频率下泥石流流速、峰值流量降低,沟道侵蚀速率下降,泥石流输沙量减少35%～57%;上游泥石流支沟侵蚀基准面抬升0.3～0.5 m。泥石流呈现从粘性到稀性,再到含沙水流的趋势发展。
Check dam is one of the most effective structures to control debris flows.In Huashiban gully,control measures includes civil engineering works and biological works,where there are 13 check dams which make up cascade check dams,mainly distributing in the debris flow form-circulate region.The type of gravity dams are concrete structure,with both axial ends embedded in the bedrock for about 0.5～1 m.Based on the comparison of the differences on gradient of the ditch,stability of the slope on both sides and erosion rate of debris flow between pre and post construction of the check dams,this paper shows the application of check dams on blocking and storing loss solid mass,stabilizing the ditch bed and bank slope,decreasing gradient of the gully,lowering debris flow velocity and its kinetic energy,and uplifting the base level of debris flow erosion in upstream.According to our research,check dams in Huashiban gully block solid mass 2.76×104 m3,only 0.50% of the total material source(575.1×104 m3),and 3.3% of the short-term activity soil source(85×104 m3),which indicate blocking is not the main function.Check dams stabilize the bed 4.37×104 m3,accounting for 0.76% of the total material source,and 5.2% of the short-term activity content of debris flow.On the other hand,Check dams stabilize the slope 134.07×104 m3,accounting for 23.3% of the total material source,leading to the decreasing of debris flow source.Gradient of the deposition area has declined to 60%～75%.For debris flows at the same frequency,the velocity,peak flux and erosion rate goes down,sediment transportation reduces by 35%～57%,and erosion base level in the upper ditch was uplifted by 0.3～0.5 m.On the whole,debris flows are translating from viscous flows to turbulent flows,and then high sand content flows.
Check dam is one of the most effective structures to control debris flows.In Huashiban gully,control measures includes civil engineering works and biological works,where there are 13 check dams which make up cascade check dams,mainly distributing in the debris flow form-circulate region.The type of gravity dams are concrete structure,with both axial ends embedded in the bedrock for about 0.5～1 m.Based on the comparison of the differences on gradient of the ditch,stability of the slope on both sides and erosion rate of debris flow between pre and post construction of the check dams,this paper shows the application of check dams on blocking and storing loss solid mass,stabilizing the ditch bed and bank slope,decreasing gradient of the gully,lowering debris flow velocity and its kinetic energy,and uplifting the base level of debris flow erosion in upstream.According to our research,check dams in Huashiban gully block solid mass 2.76×104 m3,only 0.50% of the total material source(575.1×104 m3),and 3.3% of the short-term activity soil source(85×104 m3),which indicate blocking is not the main function.Check dams stabilize the bed 4.37×104 m3,accounting for 0.76% of the total material source,and 5.2% of the short-term activity content of debris flow.On the other hand,Check dams stabilize the slope 134.07×104 m3,accounting for 23.3% of the total material source,leading to the decreasing of debris flow source.Gradient of the deposition area has declined to 60%～75%.For debris flows at the same frequency,the velocity,peak flux and erosion rate goes down,sediment transportation reduces by 35%～57%,and erosion base level in the upper ditch was uplifted by 0.3～0.5 m.On the whole,debris flows are translating from viscous flows to turbulent flows,and then high sand content flows.
引文
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[10]Zhong Dengleng.The role of earthquake influence on debris flowoccurrence[G]//Article collection of debris flow(1).Chongqing:Chongqing Branch of Publishing House for scientific Reference,1981:30-35[钟敦伦.论地震在泥石流活动中的作用[G]//泥石流论文集(1).重庆:科技文献出版社重庆分社,1981:30-35]
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[12]Zeng Qingli,Yue Zhongqi,Yang Zhifa al et.Functions of checkdam against debris flow:comparison of two watersheds of Jiangjiagully,Yunnan,China[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics andEngineering,2005,24(17):3137-3145[曾庆利,岳中琪,杨志法,等.谷坊在泥石流防治中的作用——以云南蒋家沟2条支沟对比为例[J].岩土力学与工程学报,2005,24(17):3137-3145]
[13]Wang Yuyi,Zhang Jun,Yan Biyu.Stress analysis of debris flow inerosion process:an example of Jiang jia gou gully[J].The ChineseJournal of Geological Hazard and Control,1996,7(2):12-20[王裕宜,张军,严壁玉.泥石流侵蚀过程中应力特征的分析研究——以云南蒋家沟为例[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1996,7(2):12-20]
[14]Emmanuel,J Gabet,Sim.The mobilization of debris flows from shal-low landslides[J].Geomorphology,2006,74:207-218
[15]Gao Shouyi,Shi Zhengtao,Cui Bingtian.An approach on control-ling works and their benefits of debris flow in Macaogou gully,Wudu[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,1998,9(1):134-140][高守义,史正涛,崔炳田.马槽沟泥石流工程治理及效益分析[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1998,9(1):134-140]
[16]Chen Ningsheng,Hu Guisheng.Impact of earthquake of debrisflows—a case study on the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal ofEarthquake and Tsunami,2011,5(5):493-508
[17]Hu Kaiheng,Wei Fangqiang,Hong Yong.Field measurement ofimpact force of debris flow[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanicsand Engineering,2006,25(Suppl.):2813-2819[胡凯衡,韦方强,洪勇.泥石流冲击力的野外测量[J].岩土力学与工程学报,2006,25(Suppl.):2813-2819]
[2]Tang Chuan,Liang Jingtao.Characteristics of debris flows in Bei-chuan epicenter of the Wechuan earthquake triggered by rainstormon September 24,2008[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(6):751-758[唐川,梁京涛.汶川震区北川9.24暴雨泥石流特征研究[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):751-758]
[3]Tang Chuan,Tie Yongbo.Reconnaissance and analysis on the rain-storm induced debris flow in Weijiagou Valley of Beichuan after theWenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2009,27(5):625-630[唐川,铁永波.汶川震区北川县城魏家沟暴雨泥石流灾害调查分析[J].山地学报,2009,27(5):625-630]
[4]Hu Kaiheng,Ge Yonggang,Cui Peng,et al.Preliminary analysis ofextra-large-scale debris flow disaster in Zhouqu County of GansuProvince[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2010,28(5):628-634[胡凯衡,葛永刚,崔鹏,等.对甘肃舟曲特大泥石流灾害的初步认识[J].山地学报,2010,28(5):628-634]
[5]Xu Qiang.The 13 August 2010 catastrophic debris flow in SichuanProvince:characteristics,genetic mechanism and suggestions[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,18(5):596-608[许强.四川省8.13特大泥石流灾害特点、成因与启示[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(5):596-608]
[6]Lan Zhaosheng,Cao Guangrao,Yao Deji.Foreign project of debrisflow block dam[G]//Article collection of debris flow.Chongqing:Chongqing Branch of Publishing House for scientific Reference,1983,76-84[兰肇声,曹光尧,姚德基.国外泥石流挡坝工程[G]//中国科学院成都地理研究所编.泥石流论文集.重庆:科学技术文献出版社重庆分社,1983:76-84]
[7]Shun O,Hiroshi I,Yoshiharu I,et al.Development of new methodsfor countermeasures against debris flows[G]//Armanini A,MichiueM ed.Recent Development on Debris Flows,Lecture Notes in EarthSciences.Berlin:Springer-Verlag,1997:166-185
[8]Chen Xiaoqing,Wang Shige,Li Deji,et al.A comparison of two maintypes of debris flow drainage grooves[J].Journal of catastropholo-gy,2001,15(1):12-15[陈晓清,王士革,李德基,等.两种主要泥石流排导槽的比较[J].灾害学,2001,15(1):12-15]
[9]Li Shude,Ren Xiusheng,Yue Shengyang,al et.Earthquake anddebris flow activities[J].Research of Soil and water conservation,2001,8(2):26-27[李树德,任秀生,岳升阳,等.地震与泥石流活动[J].水土保持研究,2001,8(2):26-27]
[10]Zhong Dengleng.The role of earthquake influence on debris flowoccurrence[G]//Article collection of debris flow(1).Chongqing:Chongqing Branch of Publishing House for scientific Reference,1981:30-35[钟敦伦.论地震在泥石流活动中的作用[G]//泥石流论文集(1).重庆:科技文献出版社重庆分社,1981:30-35]
[11]Ma Dongtao,Shi Yucheng.An approach on effects of earthquakeson formation of debris flow[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,1996,18(4):38-42[马东涛,石玉成.试论地震在泥石流形成中的作用[J].西北地震学报,1996,18(4):38-42]
[12]Zeng Qingli,Yue Zhongqi,Yang Zhifa al et.Functions of checkdam against debris flow:comparison of two watersheds of Jiangjiagully,Yunnan,China[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics andEngineering,2005,24(17):3137-3145[曾庆利,岳中琪,杨志法,等.谷坊在泥石流防治中的作用——以云南蒋家沟2条支沟对比为例[J].岩土力学与工程学报,2005,24(17):3137-3145]
[13]Wang Yuyi,Zhang Jun,Yan Biyu.Stress analysis of debris flow inerosion process:an example of Jiang jia gou gully[J].The ChineseJournal of Geological Hazard and Control,1996,7(2):12-20[王裕宜,张军,严壁玉.泥石流侵蚀过程中应力特征的分析研究——以云南蒋家沟为例[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1996,7(2):12-20]
[14]Emmanuel,J Gabet,Sim.The mobilization of debris flows from shal-low landslides[J].Geomorphology,2006,74:207-218
[15]Gao Shouyi,Shi Zhengtao,Cui Bingtian.An approach on control-ling works and their benefits of debris flow in Macaogou gully,Wudu[J].The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,1998,9(1):134-140][高守义,史正涛,崔炳田.马槽沟泥石流工程治理及效益分析[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,1998,9(1):134-140]
[16]Chen Ningsheng,Hu Guisheng.Impact of earthquake of debrisflows—a case study on the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal ofEarthquake and Tsunami,2011,5(5):493-508
[17]Hu Kaiheng,Wei Fangqiang,Hong Yong.Field measurement ofimpact force of debris flow[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanicsand Engineering,2006,25(Suppl.):2813-2819[胡凯衡,韦方强,洪勇.泥石流冲击力的野外测量[J].岩土力学与工程学报,2006,25(Suppl.):2813-2819]
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