岩爆实验碎屑分类及其研究方法
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摘要
利用中国矿业大学(北京)岩爆过程模拟实验系统,进行一系列的应变岩爆实验。对岩爆碎屑不同尺度,可以采用不同方法提取其信息,包括对面积约为100mm2的中粒碎屑SEM(扫描电子显微镜)扫描,粗粒碎屑的断口表面形貌三维激光扫描和岩爆碎屑颗粒的尺寸特征测量。测量参数为质量、长度、宽度和厚度。为了便于对不同尺度的岩爆碎屑进行研究的方便,将岩爆碎屑分为粗粒、中粒、细粒和微粒4组,对不同粒组采用不同的研究方法。以花岗岩为例,介绍不同方法计算分形维数的过程及结果。采用倍分长度区间、SEM裂纹图像处理的二值法及小岛法进形分形维数计算时,其线性关系都较好,但不同方法计算获得的分维值不同。根据不同粒组的分形结果,可以分析不同尺度下的岩爆碎屑破碎程度,并为进一步研究岩爆过程的能量变化特征提供基础。
A serial of rockburst samples are tested under rockburst simulating system of China University of Mining and Technology,Beijing. Different methods may be used to obtain information of fragments,including scanning medium fragments with area about 100 mm2 by SEM(scanning electronic microscope) and the large fragments by 3D laser scan technology and measuring fragments size. The measuring parameters include mass, length,width and thickness. In order to analyze fragments of different scales conveniently,fragments are divided into four classes including coarse,medium,fine and micro grains and corresponding research methods are defined. The calculated process and results of fractal dimensions with different methods are introduced with an instance of rockburst granite sample. The linear correlation is obvious when fractal dimensions are calculated by methods of double divided interval for measuring data,image process of binary and small island for 3D laser scan data calculation. The fractal dimensions are different when using different methods. Based on the fractal dimensions of different groups of fragments,the degree of crushing of every group of fragments can be analyzed and base data may be provided to further investigate characteristics of energy changing during rockburst.
A serial of rockburst samples are tested under rockburst simulating system of China University of Mining and Technology,Beijing. Different methods may be used to obtain information of fragments,including scanning medium fragments with area about 100 mm2 by SEM(scanning electronic microscope) and the large fragments by 3D laser scan technology and measuring fragments size. The measuring parameters include mass, length,width and thickness. In order to analyze fragments of different scales conveniently,fragments are divided into four classes including coarse,medium,fine and micro grains and corresponding research methods are defined. The calculated process and results of fractal dimensions with different methods are introduced with an instance of rockburst granite sample. The linear correlation is obvious when fractal dimensions are calculated by methods of double divided interval for measuring data,image process of binary and small island for 3D laser scan data calculation. The fractal dimensions are different when using different methods. Based on the fractal dimensions of different groups of fragments,the degree of crushing of every group of fragments can be analyzed and base data may be provided to further investigate characteristics of energy changing during rockburst.
引文
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[12]XIE H,ZHOU H W.Application of fractal theory to top-coal caving[J].Chaos,Solitons and Fractals,2008,36(4):797–807.
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[14]王金安,谢和平,田晓燕,等.岩石断口表面的分形测量的尺度效应[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2000,19(1):11–17.(WANG Jin′an,XIE Heping,TIAN Xiaoyan,et al.Scale effect on fractal measurement of rock fracture surface[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2000,19(1):11–17.(in Chinese))
[15]周宏伟,谢和平,KWASNIEWSKIM A.粗糙表面分维计算的立方体覆盖法[J].摩擦学报,2000,20(6):455–459.(ZHOU Hongwei,XIE Heping,KWASNIEWSKIM A.Fractal dimension of rough surface estimated by the cubic covering method[J].Tribology,2000,20(6):455–459.(in Chinese))
[16]GAUTIER S,GIBERT D.Scattering from a fractal surface:acoustical experiments and comparison with near-Nadir models[J].Icarus,2004,167(2):453–463.
[17]王兰生,李天斌,徐进,等.二郎山公路隧道岩爆及岩爆烈度分级[J].公路,1999,28(2):41–45.(WANG Lansheng,LI Tianbin,XU Jin,et al.Rockburst and its intensity classification of Erlangshan highway tunnel[J].Highway,1999,28(2):41–45.(in Chinese))
[18]谢和平.分形–岩石力学导论[M].北京:科学出版社,1997:228–234.(XIE Heping.An introduction to fractal-rock mechanics[M].Beijing:Science Press,1997:228–234.(in Chinese))
[19]张亚衡,周宏伟,谢和平.粗糙表面分形维数估算的改进立方体覆盖法[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(17):3193–3195.(ZHANG Yaheng,ZHOU Hongwei,XIE Heping.Improved cubic covering method for fractal dimensions of a fracture surface of rock[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(17):3193–3195.(in Chinese))
[20]BREMER L G B,BIJSTERBOSCH B H,WALSTRA P,et al.Formation,properties and fractal structure of particle gels[J].Advances in Colloid and Interface Science,1993,46(1):117–128.
[2]徐林生,王兰生,李天斌.卸荷状态下岩爆岩石变形破裂机制的实验岩石力学研究[J].山地学报,2000,18(增):102–107.(XU Linsheng,WANG Lansheng,LI Tianbin.Experimental rock mechanics study on the rockburst deformation-failure mechanism under unloading condition[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2000,18(Supp.):102–107.(in Chinese))
[3]汪新红,王明洋.岩爆与峰后岩石力学特性[J].岩土力学,2006,27(6):913–919.(WANG Xinhong,WANG Mingyang.Relation between rockburst and rock-peak behavior[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2006,27(6):913–919.(in Chinese))
[4]尹光志,鲜学福,代高飞.岩石非线性动力学理论及其应用[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2004.(YIN Guangzhi,XIAN Xuefu,DAI Gaofei.Nonlinear dynamic theory and its application to rock[M].Chongqing:Chongqing University Press,2004.(in Chinese))
[5]DLOUHY I,STRNADEL B.The effect of crack propagation mechanism on the fractal dimension of fracture surface in steels[J].Engineering Fracture Mechanics,2008,75(3/4):726–738.
[6]高安秀树.分数维[M].沈步明,常子文译.北京:地震出版社,1989.(TAKAYASU H.Fractal dimension[M].Translated by SHEN Buming,CHANG Ziwen.Beijing:Earthquake Press,1989.(in Chinese))
[7]KENNETH F.分形几何数学基础及其应用[M].曾文曲译.北京:人民邮电出版社,2007.(KENNETH F.Fractal geometry mathematical foundations and applications[M].Translated by ZENG Wenqu.Beijing:People′s Posts and Telecom Press,2007.(in Chinese))
[8]胡柳青,李夕兵,赵伏军.冲击荷载作用下岩石破裂损伤的耗能规律[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(增2),2304–2308.(HU Liuqing,LI Xibing,ZHAO Fujun.Study on energy consumption in fracture and damage of rock induced by impact loadings[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2002,21(Supp.2):2304–2308.(in Chinese))
[9]BADGE M N,RAINA A K,CHAKRABORTY A K,et al.Rock mass characterization by fractal dimension[J].Engineering Geology,2002,63(1):141–155.
[10]王利,高谦.基于损伤能量耗散的岩体块度分布预测[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(6):1202–1211.(WANG Li,GAO Qian.Fragmentation distribution prediction of rock based on damage energy dissipation[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(6):1202–1211.(in Chinese))
[11]邓涛,杨林德,韩文峰.加载方式对大理岩碎块分布影响的试验研究[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2007,35(1):10–14.(DENG Tao,YANG Linde,HAN Wenfeng.Influence of loading form on distribution of marble fragments[J].Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science),2007,35(1):10–14.(in Chinese))
[12]XIE H,ZHOU H W.Application of fractal theory to top-coal caving[J].Chaos,Solitons and Fractals,2008,36(4):797–807.
[13]李廷芥,王耀辉,张梅英,等.岩石裂纹的分形特征及岩爆机制研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2000,19(1):6–10.(LI Tingjie,WANG Yaohui,ZHANG Meiying,et al.Fractal properties of cracks in rock and mechanism of rockburst[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2000,19(1):6–10.(in Chinese))
[14]王金安,谢和平,田晓燕,等.岩石断口表面的分形测量的尺度效应[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2000,19(1):11–17.(WANG Jin′an,XIE Heping,TIAN Xiaoyan,et al.Scale effect on fractal measurement of rock fracture surface[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2000,19(1):11–17.(in Chinese))
[15]周宏伟,谢和平,KWASNIEWSKIM A.粗糙表面分维计算的立方体覆盖法[J].摩擦学报,2000,20(6):455–459.(ZHOU Hongwei,XIE Heping,KWASNIEWSKIM A.Fractal dimension of rough surface estimated by the cubic covering method[J].Tribology,2000,20(6):455–459.(in Chinese))
[16]GAUTIER S,GIBERT D.Scattering from a fractal surface:acoustical experiments and comparison with near-Nadir models[J].Icarus,2004,167(2):453–463.
[17]王兰生,李天斌,徐进,等.二郎山公路隧道岩爆及岩爆烈度分级[J].公路,1999,28(2):41–45.(WANG Lansheng,LI Tianbin,XU Jin,et al.Rockburst and its intensity classification of Erlangshan highway tunnel[J].Highway,1999,28(2):41–45.(in Chinese))
[18]谢和平.分形–岩石力学导论[M].北京:科学出版社,1997:228–234.(XIE Heping.An introduction to fractal-rock mechanics[M].Beijing:Science Press,1997:228–234.(in Chinese))
[19]张亚衡,周宏伟,谢和平.粗糙表面分形维数估算的改进立方体覆盖法[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(17):3193–3195.(ZHANG Yaheng,ZHOU Hongwei,XIE Heping.Improved cubic covering method for fractal dimensions of a fracture surface of rock[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(17):3193–3195.(in Chinese))
[20]BREMER L G B,BIJSTERBOSCH B H,WALSTRA P,et al.Formation,properties and fractal structure of particle gels[J].Advances in Colloid and Interface Science,1993,46(1):117–128.
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