精密主动地震监测
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摘要
借助人工震源,主动探测地下介质结构、并监视其动态变化是地震学家的一个梦想,本文提出的精密主动地震监测(PASM:Precisely and Actively Seismic Monitormg)为实现这一梦想提供了一条可能的途径.本文介绍的精密主动地震监测系统以与GPS保持同步的电子系统控制的旋转质量体作为地震信号源,产生精确的、高度可重复的地震信号,这种信号经过地下介质传播到达观测点被数字地震仪器记录,由专门的计算方法提取,可以获得监视地下介质结构的有效信息,从而实现地下介质结构及物性的主动精确动态监测.其中震源是一种连续震源,工作时对地输入能量强度低,对环境不造成任何破坏性影响,可长期运行,是一种适用范围广泛的绿色震源.以此震源为基础构成的精密主动地震监测系统,配合高灵敏度的数字观测系统,再加上数据处理和信噪比增强技术,可以在150 km以上的距离外得到有效纪录,精确地监视固定路径的精度优于1 ms的走时变化,进而监视地下介质的速度变化和介质参数的变化,是一种前景光明的新型地震学研究方法.
It is a dream for seismologists to explore crustal structures and monitor its temporal variation with artificial seismic sources. The Precisely and Actively Seismic Monitoring(PASM) system introduced in this paper may supply an approach to this dream. It is based on Controlled Accurate Seismic Source(CASS) that generates seismic signal by the rotation of two eccentric masses, while their rotation is accurately controlled by GPS synchronized electronic system, the signal radiated by the source is precise and highly repeatable. This kind of signal is suitable for surveying crustal structures, especially for monitoring the temporal variation of crustal media characteristics. The operation of the source has no harms on the surrounding medium as the energy intensity radiated by it is quite small, it may be operated continuously for long time. The useful data may be obtained at the sites more than 150 km away from source by PASM system which is based on the source, includes highly sensitive digital seismic observation system, special data processing method, and signal to noise ratio improvement method. The accurate travel time temporal variation may be calculated by the cross-correlation of phase waveform group at the accuracy of 10~(-4)～10~(-5) with the data. In this way, the accurate temporal velocity variation and media parameters may be dynamically monitored. It is a new and prospective technology for seismology.
It is a dream for seismologists to explore crustal structures and monitor its temporal variation with artificial seismic sources. The Precisely and Actively Seismic Monitoring(PASM) system introduced in this paper may supply an approach to this dream. It is based on Controlled Accurate Seismic Source(CASS) that generates seismic signal by the rotation of two eccentric masses, while their rotation is accurately controlled by GPS synchronized electronic system, the signal radiated by the source is precise and highly repeatable. This kind of signal is suitable for surveying crustal structures, especially for monitoring the temporal variation of crustal media characteristics. The operation of the source has no harms on the surrounding medium as the energy intensity radiated by it is quite small, it may be operated continuously for long time. The useful data may be obtained at the sites more than 150 km away from source by PASM system which is based on the source, includes highly sensitive digital seismic observation system, special data processing method, and signal to noise ratio improvement method. The accurate travel time temporal variation may be calculated by the cross-correlation of phase waveform group at the accuracy of 10~(-4)～10~(-5) with the data. In this way, the accurate temporal velocity variation and media parameters may be dynamically monitored. It is a new and prospective technology for seismology.
引文
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[16] Niu F L,Silver P G,Nadeau R M,et al.Stress-induced migration of seismic scatterers associated with the 1993 Parkfield aseismic transient event.Nature,2003,426(4) :544～548
[17] Niu F L,Silver P G,Daley T M,et al.Preseismic velocity changes observed from active source monitoring at the Parkfield SAFOD drill site.Nature,2008,454(10) :204～208
[18] Pandolfi D,Bean C J,Saccorotti G.Coda wave interferometric detection of seismic velocity changes associated with the 1999 M=3． 6 event at Mr.Vesuvius.Geophysical Research Letters,2006,33,L06306,doi:10． 1029/2005GL025355
[19] 罗桂纯,葛洪魁,王宝善等.利用相关检测进行地震波速变化精确测量研究进展.地球物理学进展,2008,23(1) :56～62 Luo G C,Ge H K,Wang B S,et al.Process in precise measurement of seismic velocity variation by correlated detection.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2008,23(1) :56～62
[20] Schaff D P,Beroza G C.Coseismic and postseismic velocity changes measured by repeating earthquakes.J.Geophys.Res.,2004,109,B10302,doi:10． 1029/2004JB003011
[21] 张贤达.现代信号处理.北京:清华大学出版社,1995 Zhang X D.Contemporary Signal Processing.Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,1995
[22] Silver P G,Daley T M,Niu F L,et al.Active source monitoring of crosswell seismic travel time for stress-induced changes.BSSA,2007,97(1B):281～291
[2] 陈颙,张先康,邱学林等.陆地上人工激发地震波的一种新方法.科学通报,2007,55(11) :1317～1321 ChenY,Zhang X K,Qiu X L,et al.A new method for excitation of seismic signal on continent.Chinese Science Bulletin(in Chinese),2007,55(11) :1317～1321
[3] 罗桂纯,葛洪魁,王宝善等.气枪震源激发模式及应用.中国地震,2007,23(3) :225～232 LuoGC,Ge H K,WangBS,et al.Fired models ofairgun sources.Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),2007,23(3) :225～232
[4] 邱学林,陈颙,朱日祥等.大容量气枪震源在海陆联测中的应用:南海北部试验结果分析.科学通报,2007,52(4) :463～469 Qiu X L,Chen Y,Zhu R X,et al.Application of big capacity airgun in united survey of ocean and continent:Analysis of test result in northern part of south sea.Chinese Science Bulletin(in Chinese),2007,52(4) :463～469
[5] 葛洪魁,林建民,王宝善等.编码震源提高地震探测能力的野外试验研究.地球物理学报,2006,49(3) :864～870 Ge H K,Lin J M,Wang B S,et al.A field experiment study of improving seismic detectablity with coded source.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,49(3) :864～870
[6] 杨光亮,朱元清.可控震源在深部地壳探测中的应用.大地测量与地球动力学,2007,27(5) :72～81 Yang G L,Zhu Y Q.Application of vibrator on deep crust structure exploration.Journal of Geodesy and Geod ynamics(in Chinese),2007,27(5) :72～81
[7] Alekseev A S,Chichinin I S,Korneev V A.Powerful lowfrequency vibrators for active seismology.BSSA,2005,95(1) :1～17
[8] 廖成旺,庄灿涛,梁鸿森.紧密可控常时震源系统(ACROSS)的初步试验.中国地震,2003,19(1) :89～96 Liao C W,Zhuang C T,Liang H S.Initial experimental result of accurately controlled routinely operated signal system(ACROSS).Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),2003,19(1) :89～96
[9] 陈颙,朱日祥.设立“地下明灯研究计划”的建议.地球科学进展,2005,20(5) :485～489 Chen Y,Zhu R X.Proposed project of “underground brightening lamp”.Advances in Earth Science(in Chinese),2005,20(5) :485～489
[10] Saiga A,Yamaoka K,Kkunitomo T,et al.Continuous observation of seismic wave velocity and apparent velocity using a precise seismic array and ACROSS seismic source.Earth Planet Space,2006,58(8) :993～1005
[11] Ikuta R,Yamaoka K.Temporal variation in the shear wave anisotropy detected using Accurately Controlled Routinely Operated Signal System(ACROSS).J.Geophys.Res.,2004,109,B09305,doi:10． 1029/2003JB002901
[12] Ikuta R,Yamaoka K,Miyakawa K,et al.Continuous monitoring of propagation velocity of seismic wave using ACROSS.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2002,29(13) :1627,doi:10． 1029/2001GL013974
[13] Yamaoka K,Kunitomo T,Miyakawa K,etal.A trial for monitoring temporal variation of seismic velocity with ACROSS system.Island Arc,2001,10(3-4) :336～347
[14] Anatoly S,Alekseev,Boris M,et al.Active monitoring of medium with the use of seismic vibrators:Exmerimental systems and the results of works.First International Workshop on Active Monitoring in the Solid Earth Geophysics,2004,S3-01
[15] Seleznev V S,Solviev V M,Enanov A F,et al.Deep seismic researches of seismoactive zones with use of high-power vibrators-technique,outcomes,outlooks.First International Workshop on Active Monitoring in the Solid Earth Geophics,2004,S3-02
[16] Niu F L,Silver P G,Nadeau R M,et al.Stress-induced migration of seismic scatterers associated with the 1993 Parkfield aseismic transient event.Nature,2003,426(4) :544～548
[17] Niu F L,Silver P G,Daley T M,et al.Preseismic velocity changes observed from active source monitoring at the Parkfield SAFOD drill site.Nature,2008,454(10) :204～208
[18] Pandolfi D,Bean C J,Saccorotti G.Coda wave interferometric detection of seismic velocity changes associated with the 1999 M=3． 6 event at Mr.Vesuvius.Geophysical Research Letters,2006,33,L06306,doi:10． 1029/2005GL025355
[19] 罗桂纯,葛洪魁,王宝善等.利用相关检测进行地震波速变化精确测量研究进展.地球物理学进展,2008,23(1) :56～62 Luo G C,Ge H K,Wang B S,et al.Process in precise measurement of seismic velocity variation by correlated detection.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2008,23(1) :56～62
[20] Schaff D P,Beroza G C.Coseismic and postseismic velocity changes measured by repeating earthquakes.J.Geophys.Res.,2004,109,B10302,doi:10． 1029/2004JB003011
[21] 张贤达.现代信号处理.北京:清华大学出版社,1995 Zhang X D.Contemporary Signal Processing.Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,1995
[22] Silver P G,Daley T M,Niu F L,et al.Active source monitoring of crosswell seismic travel time for stress-induced changes.BSSA,2007,97(1B):281～291
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