地震对山地生态系统的影响——以5.12汶川大地震为例
|
摘要
地震是人类面临的主要自然灾难之一,其对于自然生态系统也有着巨大的影响。地震往往会导致生态系统发生退化,尤其自身比较脆弱的山地生态系统。以5.12汶川大地震为例,系统总结了山区地震的基本特点,综述了地震对于典型山地生态系统、生物多样性、山地景观以及区域生态安全的影响。地震对于山地生态系统可能会产生直接的影响(损毁动植物、破坏栖息地、改变水文过程),也可能产生间接的影响(污染环境、改变动植物习性、影响生物化学循环)。无论是直接还是间接影响,都是以地震对山地生态系统地形地貌的改变为主导。山区由于地震而引发的次生灾害对于山地生态系统的影响也非常显著。建议应该加强有关地震对山地生态系统影响方面的研究,并指出了围绕此次5.12汶川大地震,应该重点开展的几个研究方向。
Earthquake is among major natural disasters faced by human being and may lead to extensive ecological degradation.Studying its impacts on natural ecosystems constitutes a significant challenge and published results on this respect are quite limited.By reviewing the literatures and using the 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake as an example,we attempt to analyze the main characteristic effects of the earthquake on mountain areas and review the impacts of earthquake on mountain ecosystems,biodiversity,landscape and ecological security.Earthquakes may directly destroy vegetation and wildlife habitats and alter functions and hydrological processes of ecological systems.On the other hand,earthquakes may also result in indirect impacts on environment,i.e.,environmental pollution,behavioral and physiological changes of animals and changes in biogeochemistry cycle.Although damages caused by earthquakes vary among different ecosystems,earthquakes affect mountain ecosystems mainly by reshaping landforms and land physiognomy on which all life rely.The numerous secondary geo-hazards,such as rock avalanches,rock flows,landslides and debris flows,may lead to serious damage to and/or loss of vegetation.However,due to the lack of detailed researches,the changes in the functions and process of the ecosystems following earthquakes are still not clearly understood.Thus,it is necessary to collect the in-situ data,monitor the long-term environmental changes,and probe into theories and approaches about ecological restoration in quake-hit areas.Several potential fields for future researches about the ecological effects of 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake are suggested.
Earthquake is among major natural disasters faced by human being and may lead to extensive ecological degradation.Studying its impacts on natural ecosystems constitutes a significant challenge and published results on this respect are quite limited.By reviewing the literatures and using the 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake as an example,we attempt to analyze the main characteristic effects of the earthquake on mountain areas and review the impacts of earthquake on mountain ecosystems,biodiversity,landscape and ecological security.Earthquakes may directly destroy vegetation and wildlife habitats and alter functions and hydrological processes of ecological systems.On the other hand,earthquakes may also result in indirect impacts on environment,i.e.,environmental pollution,behavioral and physiological changes of animals and changes in biogeochemistry cycle.Although damages caused by earthquakes vary among different ecosystems,earthquakes affect mountain ecosystems mainly by reshaping landforms and land physiognomy on which all life rely.The numerous secondary geo-hazards,such as rock avalanches,rock flows,landslides and debris flows,may lead to serious damage to and/or loss of vegetation.However,due to the lack of detailed researches,the changes in the functions and process of the ecosystems following earthquakes are still not clearly understood.Thus,it is necessary to collect the in-situ data,monitor the long-term environmental changes,and probe into theories and approaches about ecological restoration in quake-hit areas.Several potential fields for future researches about the ecological effects of 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake are suggested.
引文
[1]Yuan Y,Wang L,Bai HL.Seismic disaster and its diversity in China.Journal of Natural Disasters,2001,10(1):59-64.
[2]Liu K,Liao S B,Zhang S.Spatial Distribution of Earthquake Frequency and Seismic Intensity in China.Progress in Geography,2008,27(3):13-18.
[3]Hu A G.The period to combat extraordinarily earthquake calamities.Journal of Tsinghua University(Philosophy and Social Sciences),2008,23(4):5-14.
[4]Halvorson S J,Hamilton J P.Vulnerability and the Erosion of Seismic Culture in Mountainous Central Asia.Mountain Research and Development,2007,27(4):322-330.
[5]Wu N.Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Mountain Ecosystem on the Upper Minjiang River.Chengdu:Sichuan Publishing House of Science&Technology,2007.
[6]Mountain Agenda.An Appeal for the Mountains.University of Bern,1992.
[7]Fang J Y,Shen Z H,Cui HT.Ecological characteristics of mountains and research issues of mountain ecology.Biodiversity Science,2004,12(1):10-19.
[8]Ren ME.Outline of China′s Physical Geography.Beijing:Business Press,1982.
[9]Editorial Committee for Physical Geography of China,CAS.Physical Geography of China:A General Summary.Beijing:Science Press,1985.
[10]Barazangi M,Dorman J.World seismicity map of ESSAcoast and geodetie survey epicenter data for1961-1967.Bulletin of Seismological Society of America,1969,59:369-380.
[11]Li S B.Earthquakes in China.Beijing:Seismological Press,1981.
[12]Yan J Q,Chen J G,Hao Y Q.Comments on the seismicity in China.Recent Developments in World Seismology,2000,2:1-4.
[13]Bao W K.Ecological Degradation and Restoration and Reconstruction Countermeasures for Severe Calamity Regions in Wenchuan Earthquake in Sichuan.Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,2008,23(4):324-329.
[14]UNEP/WCMC(World Conservation Monitoring Centre).Mountains and Mountain Forests.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2002.
[15]Zhong X H.Study of protection and construction of mountain ecological security barrier in China.Journal of Mountain Science,2008,26(1):2-11.
[16]White I D,Mottershead D N,Harison S J.Environmental system(second edition).London:Champan&Hall,1992.
[17]Zhou J S.Fragility of mountain ecosystem and desertification.Journal of Natural Resources,1997,12(1):10-16.
[18]Han D Y,Wei Y Z.Earthquake disaster of ecosystem and its mechanism.Recent Developments in World Seismology,2007,1:16-24.
[19]Wei L,Shan J S,Zhu X Q.Preliminary analysis of the impact of forest cover on landslide triggered by torrential rainfall.Meteorology and Disaster Reduction Research,2006,29(1):29-33.
[20]Bao W K,Pang X Y.Ecological Degradation in the Wenchuan Earthquake Seriously Affected Region in Sichuan,China.Chinese Journal ofApplied&Environmental Biology,2008,14(4):441-444.
[21]Jongman R HG,Braak C J F,Tongeren O F R.Data analysis in community and landscape ecology.Wangeningen:Pudoc,1987.
[22]Pinder J E,Kroh G C,White J D,Basham A M.The relationships between vegetation types and topography in Lassen Volcanic National Park.Plant Ecology,1997,131:17-29.
[23]Shen Z H,Zhang X S,Jin Y X.An analysis of the topographical patterns of the chief woody species at Dalaoling mountain in the three gorges region.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2000,24(5):581-589.
[24]Guo L,Yu S X,Xia B C,Xu Z R.Analysis of the multi-scale effect of topography on forest landscape pattern of mountains.Journal of Mountain Science,2006,24(2):150-155.
[25]Veblen TT,Ashton D H.Catastrophic influences on the vegetation of the Valdivian Andes,Chile.Vegetatio,1978,36:149-167.
[26]Garwood N C,Janos D P,Brokaw N.Earthquake-caused landslides:a major disturbance to tropical forests.Science,1979,205:997-999.
[27]Johns R J.The instability of the tropical ecosystem in New Guinea.Blumea,1986,31:341-371.
[28]Xu Q H,Feng Y J,Shi J S.Research of paleo-earthquake that caused the subsidence of paleo-forest on the seafloor in Shenhuwan Bay,Fujian Province.Seismology and Geology,2001,23(3):367-380.
[29]Sidle R C,Pearce A J,O′Loughlin C L.Hillslope stability and land use.Washington:American Geophysical Union Water Resources,1985.
[30]Diez A G,Salas L,Teran J R D,Cendrero A.Late quaternary climate changes and mass movement frequency and magnitude in the Cantabrian region,Spain.Geomorphology,1996,15:291-309.
[31]Glade T.Landslide occurrence as a response to land use change:A review of evidence from New Zealand.Catena,2003,51:297-314.
[32]Restrepo C and Alvarez N.Landslides and Their Contribution to Land-cover Change in the Mountains of Mexico and Central America.Biotropica,2006,38(4):446-457.
[33]Allen R B,Bellingham P J,Wiser S K.Immediate damage by an earthquake to a temperate montane forest.Ecology,1999,80(2):708-714.
[34]Kitzberger T,Veblen T T,Villalba R.Tectonic influences on tree growth in northern Patagonia,Argentina:the roles of substrate stability and climatic variation.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,1995,25:1684-1696.
[35]Liu C P,Sheu B H.Effects of the921earthquake on the water quality in the upper stream at the Guandaushi experimental forest.Water Air and Soil Pollution,2007,179:19-27.
[36]Binkley D,Stottlemyer R,Suarez F,Cortina J.Soil nitrogen availability in some arctic ecosystems in Northwest Alaska:Responses to temperature and moisture.Ecoscience,1994,1:64-70.
[37]Stottlemyer R,Toczydlowski D.Seasonal relationships between precipitation,forest floor,and streamwater nitrogen,Isle Royale,Michigan.Soil Science Society of America,1999,63:389-398.
[38]Illeris L,Jonasson S.Soil and plant CO2emission in response to variations in soil moisture and temperature and to amendment with nitrogen,phosphorus,and carbon in Northern Scandinavia.Arctic and Alpine Research,1999,31:264-271.
[39]Pearce A J,O′Loughlin C L.Landsliding during a M7.7earthquake:influence of geology and topography.Geology,1985,13:855-858.
[40]Jacoby G C,Sheppard P R,Sieh KE.Irregular recurrence of large earthquakes along the San Andreas fault:evidence from trees.Science,1988,241:196-200.
[41]Nakashizuka T,Iida S,Suzuki W,Tanimoto T.Seed dispersal and vegetation development on a debris avalanche on the Ontake volcano,Central Japan.Journal of Vegetation Science,1993,4:537-542.
[42]Pickett S TA,White P S.The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics.New York:Academic Press,1985.
[43]Merrens E J and Peart D R.Effects of hurricane damage on individual growth and stand structure in a hardwood forest in New Hampshire,USA.Journal of Ecology,1992,80:787-795.
[44]Lin C Y,Lo HM,Chou W C,Lin W T.Vegetation recovery assessment at the Jou-Jou Mountain landslide area caused by the921Earthquake in Central Taiwan.Ecological Modelling,2004,176:75-81.
[45]Lin W T,Chou WC,Lin C Y,Huang P H,Tsai J S.Vegetation recovery monitoring and assessment at landslides caused by earthquake in Central Taiwan.Forest Ecology and Management,2005,210:55-66.
[46]Zhuang P,Gao X M.The concept of the rainy zone of west China and its significance to the biodiversity conservation in China.Biodiversity Science,2002,10(3):339-344.
[47]Xu J X.Historical sediment-related disasters in the lower YellowRiver in relation with drainage basin factors(Ⅱ):influence of human activities,earthquakes and landforms.Journal of Natural Disasters,2001,10(3):7-12.
[48]Tsunogai U,Wakita H.Precursory chemical changes in groundwater:Kobe earthquake,Japan.Science,1995,269:61-63.
[49]Toutain J P,Munoz M,Poitrasson F,Lienard AC.Springwater chloride ion anomaly prior to ML=5.2Pyrenean earthquake.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1997,149:113-119.
[50]Ward J,Stanford J A.Thermal responses in the evolutionary ecology of aquatic insects.Annual Review of Entomology,1982,27:97-117.
[51]White D S,Elzinga C H,Hendricks S P.Temperature patterns within the hypothetic zone of a northern Michigan river.Journal of the North American Benthological Society,1987,6:85-91.
[52]Okay O S,Tolun L,Telli-Karakoe F,Tüfekci V,Tüfekci H,Morkoc E.Izmit Bay ecosystem after Marmara earthquake and subsequent fire:the long-term data.Marine Pollution Bulletin,2001,42:361-369.
[53]Okay O S,Tolun L,Telli-Karakoe F,Tufekci V,Tufekci H,Olgun A,Morkoc E.The changes of T-PAHlevels and health status of mussels in Izmit bay(Turkey)after Marmara earthquake and subsequent refinery fire.Environment International,2003,965:1-5.
[54]Balkιs N.The effect of Marmara(Izmit)Earthquake on the chemical oceanography of Izmit Bay,Turkey.Marine Pollution Bulletin,2003,46:865-878.
[55]Tolun L,Martens D,Okay O S,Schramm K W.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in coastal sediments of the Izmit Bay(Marmara Sea):Case studies before and after the Izmit Earthquake.Environment International,2006,32:758-765.
[56]Cui P,Wei F Q,He S M,You Y,Chen X Q,Li Z L,Dang C,Yang C L.Mountain disasters induced by the earthquake of May12in Wenchuan and the disasters mitigation.Journal of Mountain Science,2008,26(3):280-282.
[57]Messerli B,Ives J D.Mountains of the World:A Global Priority.New York:The Parthenon Publishing Group,1997.
[58]Kjrnor C.Why are there global gradients in species richness?Mountains Might Hold the Answer.TREE,2000,15:513-514.
[59]Myers N,Mittermeier R A,Mittermeier C G,da Fonseca G AB,Kent J.Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities.Nature,2000,403:853-858.
[60]Ying TS.Species diversity and distribution pattern of seed plants in China.Biodiversity Science,2001,9(4):393-398.
[61]Xiao Y,Ouyang Z Y,Zhu C Q,Zhao J Z,He G J,Wang X K.An assessment of giant panda habitat in Minshan,Sichuan,China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(7):1373-1379.
[62]Noss R F,Copperrider A Y.Saving Nature′s Legacy:Protecting and Restoring Biodiversity.Washington D C:USA Island Press,1994.
[63]Losey R J.Earthquakes and tsunami as elements of environmental disturbance on the Northwest Coast of North America.Journal of Anthropological Archaeology,2005,24:101-116.
[64]Reice S R.The Silver Lining:The Benefits of Natural Disasters.Princeton:Princeton University Press,2001.
[65]Tu W G,Gao X F,Liu S H,Wu N.Floristics of vascular plants on the west slope of Mt.Jiuding in Wenchuan,Sichuan,China.Chinese Journal of Applied&Environmental Biology,2008,14(3):298-302.
[66]Liu S H,Gao X F,Tu W G,Fang Z Q,Hu D M,Li X G.αdiversity of communities and their changes along altitude gradient in the Baishuihe National Nature Reserve on the Longmen Mountains,Sichuan.Chinese Journal of Applied&Environmental Biology,2008,14(3):303-307.
[67]Swanson F J,Kratze TK,Caine N.Landform effects on ecosystem patterns and processes.BioScience,1988,38:92-98.
[68]Forman R TT,Godron M.Landscape Ecology.New York:John Wiley&Sons,1986.
[69]Fu B J,Chen L D,Ma K M,Wang Y L.Principle and application of landscape ecology.Beijing:Science Press,2001.
[70]Zhang J B,Liang D Q,Lin F Q,Huang Y R.Application of ecological quantitative methods to analyze landscape change in forest watershed.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,13(2):81-83.
[71]Li S C,Cui J W,Qiao S,Wang Y L.Impact of seismogeological disaster to the comprehensive development of rivers in Yunnan.Journal of Seismological Research,2001,24(2):140-145.
[1]袁艺,王理,白海玲.中国的地震灾情及其区域分异.自然灾害学报,2001,10(1):59～64.
[2]刘凯,廖顺宝,张赛.中国地震发生频率与烈度的空间分布.地理科学进展,2008,27(3):13～18.
[3]胡鞍钢.特大地震灾害的应对周期.清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2008,23(4):5～14.
[5]吴宁.山地退化生态系统的恢复重建——理论与岷江上游的实践.成都:四川科学技术出版社,2007.
[7]方精云,沈泽昊,崔海亭.试论山地的生态特征及山地生态学的研究内容.生物多样性,2004,12(1):10～19.
[8]任美锷.中国自然地理纲要.北京:商务印书馆,1982.
[9]中国科学院《中国自然地理》编委会.中国自然地理总论.北京:科学出版社,1985.
[11]李善邦.中国地震.北京:地震出版社,1981.
[12]鄢家全,陈家庚,郝玉芹.中国地震活动性述评.国际地震动态,2000,2:1～4.
[13]包维楷.汶川地震重灾区生态退化及其恢复重建对策.中国科学院院刊,2008,23(4):324～329.
[15]钟祥浩.中国山地生态安全屏障保护与建设.山地学报,2008,26(1):2～11.
[17]周劲松.山地生态系统的脆弱性与荒漠化.自然资源学报,1997,12(1):10～16.
[18]韩东银,魏英祖.生态系统地震灾害及其深层机制.国际地震动态,2007,1:16～24.
[19]魏丽,单九生,朱星球.植被覆盖对暴雨型滑坡影响的初步分析.气象与减灾研究,2006,29(1):29～33.
[20]包维楷,庞学勇.四川汶川大地震重灾区灾后生态退化及其基本特点.应用与环境生物学报,2008,14(4):441～444.
[23]沈泽昊,张新时,金义兴.三峡大老岭地区主要木本植物分布的地形格局.植物生态学报,2000,24(5):581～589.
[24]郭泺,余世孝,夏北成,许佐荣.地形对山地森林景观格局多尺度效应.山地学报,2006,24(2):150～155.
[28]徐起浩,冯炎基,施建生.导致古森林沉没于海的福建深沪湾古地震研究.地震地质,2001,23(3):367～380.
[46]庄平,高贤明.华西雨屏带及其对我国生物多样性保育的意义.生物多样性,2002,10(3):339～344.
[47]许炯心.黄河下游历史泥沙灾害的宏观特征及其与流域因素和人类活动的关系(Ⅱ)——人类活动、历史地震及地形因子的影响.自然灾害学报,2001,10(3):7～12.
[56]崔鹏,韦方强,何思明,游勇,陈晓清,李战鲁,党超,杨成林.5.12汶川地震诱发的山地灾害及减灾措施.山地学报,2008,26(3):28～282.
[60]应俊生.中国种子植物物种多样性及其分布格局.生物多样性,2001,9(4):393～398.
[61]肖燚,欧阳志云,朱春全,赵景柱,何国金,王效科.岷山地区大熊猫生境评价与保护对策研究.生态学报,2004,24(7):1373～1379
[65]涂卫国,高信芬,刘士华,吴宁.九顶山西坡汶川段维管植物区系研究.应用与环境生物学报,2008,14(3):298～302.
[66]刘士华,高信芬,涂卫国,方志强,胡大明,李兴贵.彭州白水河国家级自然保护区植物群落α多样性的海拔梯度变化.应用与环境生物学报,2008,14(3):303～307.
[69]傅伯杰,陈立顶,马克明,王仰麟.景观生态学原理及应用.北京:科学出版社,2001.
[70]张俊斌,梁大庆,林法勤,黄忆汝.应用生态计量方法分析森林集水区之景观变迁.水土保持研究,2006,13(2):81～83.
[71]李世成,崔建文,乔森,王洋龙.云南山地地震地质灾害对河流综合开发的影响.地震研究,2001,24(2):140～145.
[2]Liu K,Liao S B,Zhang S.Spatial Distribution of Earthquake Frequency and Seismic Intensity in China.Progress in Geography,2008,27(3):13-18.
[3]Hu A G.The period to combat extraordinarily earthquake calamities.Journal of Tsinghua University(Philosophy and Social Sciences),2008,23(4):5-14.
[4]Halvorson S J,Hamilton J P.Vulnerability and the Erosion of Seismic Culture in Mountainous Central Asia.Mountain Research and Development,2007,27(4):322-330.
[5]Wu N.Restoration and Reconstruction of Degraded Mountain Ecosystem on the Upper Minjiang River.Chengdu:Sichuan Publishing House of Science&Technology,2007.
[6]Mountain Agenda.An Appeal for the Mountains.University of Bern,1992.
[7]Fang J Y,Shen Z H,Cui HT.Ecological characteristics of mountains and research issues of mountain ecology.Biodiversity Science,2004,12(1):10-19.
[8]Ren ME.Outline of China′s Physical Geography.Beijing:Business Press,1982.
[9]Editorial Committee for Physical Geography of China,CAS.Physical Geography of China:A General Summary.Beijing:Science Press,1985.
[10]Barazangi M,Dorman J.World seismicity map of ESSAcoast and geodetie survey epicenter data for1961-1967.Bulletin of Seismological Society of America,1969,59:369-380.
[11]Li S B.Earthquakes in China.Beijing:Seismological Press,1981.
[12]Yan J Q,Chen J G,Hao Y Q.Comments on the seismicity in China.Recent Developments in World Seismology,2000,2:1-4.
[13]Bao W K.Ecological Degradation and Restoration and Reconstruction Countermeasures for Severe Calamity Regions in Wenchuan Earthquake in Sichuan.Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,2008,23(4):324-329.
[14]UNEP/WCMC(World Conservation Monitoring Centre).Mountains and Mountain Forests.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2002.
[15]Zhong X H.Study of protection and construction of mountain ecological security barrier in China.Journal of Mountain Science,2008,26(1):2-11.
[16]White I D,Mottershead D N,Harison S J.Environmental system(second edition).London:Champan&Hall,1992.
[17]Zhou J S.Fragility of mountain ecosystem and desertification.Journal of Natural Resources,1997,12(1):10-16.
[18]Han D Y,Wei Y Z.Earthquake disaster of ecosystem and its mechanism.Recent Developments in World Seismology,2007,1:16-24.
[19]Wei L,Shan J S,Zhu X Q.Preliminary analysis of the impact of forest cover on landslide triggered by torrential rainfall.Meteorology and Disaster Reduction Research,2006,29(1):29-33.
[20]Bao W K,Pang X Y.Ecological Degradation in the Wenchuan Earthquake Seriously Affected Region in Sichuan,China.Chinese Journal ofApplied&Environmental Biology,2008,14(4):441-444.
[21]Jongman R HG,Braak C J F,Tongeren O F R.Data analysis in community and landscape ecology.Wangeningen:Pudoc,1987.
[22]Pinder J E,Kroh G C,White J D,Basham A M.The relationships between vegetation types and topography in Lassen Volcanic National Park.Plant Ecology,1997,131:17-29.
[23]Shen Z H,Zhang X S,Jin Y X.An analysis of the topographical patterns of the chief woody species at Dalaoling mountain in the three gorges region.Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2000,24(5):581-589.
[24]Guo L,Yu S X,Xia B C,Xu Z R.Analysis of the multi-scale effect of topography on forest landscape pattern of mountains.Journal of Mountain Science,2006,24(2):150-155.
[25]Veblen TT,Ashton D H.Catastrophic influences on the vegetation of the Valdivian Andes,Chile.Vegetatio,1978,36:149-167.
[26]Garwood N C,Janos D P,Brokaw N.Earthquake-caused landslides:a major disturbance to tropical forests.Science,1979,205:997-999.
[27]Johns R J.The instability of the tropical ecosystem in New Guinea.Blumea,1986,31:341-371.
[28]Xu Q H,Feng Y J,Shi J S.Research of paleo-earthquake that caused the subsidence of paleo-forest on the seafloor in Shenhuwan Bay,Fujian Province.Seismology and Geology,2001,23(3):367-380.
[29]Sidle R C,Pearce A J,O′Loughlin C L.Hillslope stability and land use.Washington:American Geophysical Union Water Resources,1985.
[30]Diez A G,Salas L,Teran J R D,Cendrero A.Late quaternary climate changes and mass movement frequency and magnitude in the Cantabrian region,Spain.Geomorphology,1996,15:291-309.
[31]Glade T.Landslide occurrence as a response to land use change:A review of evidence from New Zealand.Catena,2003,51:297-314.
[32]Restrepo C and Alvarez N.Landslides and Their Contribution to Land-cover Change in the Mountains of Mexico and Central America.Biotropica,2006,38(4):446-457.
[33]Allen R B,Bellingham P J,Wiser S K.Immediate damage by an earthquake to a temperate montane forest.Ecology,1999,80(2):708-714.
[34]Kitzberger T,Veblen T T,Villalba R.Tectonic influences on tree growth in northern Patagonia,Argentina:the roles of substrate stability and climatic variation.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,1995,25:1684-1696.
[35]Liu C P,Sheu B H.Effects of the921earthquake on the water quality in the upper stream at the Guandaushi experimental forest.Water Air and Soil Pollution,2007,179:19-27.
[36]Binkley D,Stottlemyer R,Suarez F,Cortina J.Soil nitrogen availability in some arctic ecosystems in Northwest Alaska:Responses to temperature and moisture.Ecoscience,1994,1:64-70.
[37]Stottlemyer R,Toczydlowski D.Seasonal relationships between precipitation,forest floor,and streamwater nitrogen,Isle Royale,Michigan.Soil Science Society of America,1999,63:389-398.
[38]Illeris L,Jonasson S.Soil and plant CO2emission in response to variations in soil moisture and temperature and to amendment with nitrogen,phosphorus,and carbon in Northern Scandinavia.Arctic and Alpine Research,1999,31:264-271.
[39]Pearce A J,O′Loughlin C L.Landsliding during a M7.7earthquake:influence of geology and topography.Geology,1985,13:855-858.
[40]Jacoby G C,Sheppard P R,Sieh KE.Irregular recurrence of large earthquakes along the San Andreas fault:evidence from trees.Science,1988,241:196-200.
[41]Nakashizuka T,Iida S,Suzuki W,Tanimoto T.Seed dispersal and vegetation development on a debris avalanche on the Ontake volcano,Central Japan.Journal of Vegetation Science,1993,4:537-542.
[42]Pickett S TA,White P S.The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics.New York:Academic Press,1985.
[43]Merrens E J and Peart D R.Effects of hurricane damage on individual growth and stand structure in a hardwood forest in New Hampshire,USA.Journal of Ecology,1992,80:787-795.
[44]Lin C Y,Lo HM,Chou W C,Lin W T.Vegetation recovery assessment at the Jou-Jou Mountain landslide area caused by the921Earthquake in Central Taiwan.Ecological Modelling,2004,176:75-81.
[45]Lin W T,Chou WC,Lin C Y,Huang P H,Tsai J S.Vegetation recovery monitoring and assessment at landslides caused by earthquake in Central Taiwan.Forest Ecology and Management,2005,210:55-66.
[46]Zhuang P,Gao X M.The concept of the rainy zone of west China and its significance to the biodiversity conservation in China.Biodiversity Science,2002,10(3):339-344.
[47]Xu J X.Historical sediment-related disasters in the lower YellowRiver in relation with drainage basin factors(Ⅱ):influence of human activities,earthquakes and landforms.Journal of Natural Disasters,2001,10(3):7-12.
[48]Tsunogai U,Wakita H.Precursory chemical changes in groundwater:Kobe earthquake,Japan.Science,1995,269:61-63.
[49]Toutain J P,Munoz M,Poitrasson F,Lienard AC.Springwater chloride ion anomaly prior to ML=5.2Pyrenean earthquake.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1997,149:113-119.
[50]Ward J,Stanford J A.Thermal responses in the evolutionary ecology of aquatic insects.Annual Review of Entomology,1982,27:97-117.
[51]White D S,Elzinga C H,Hendricks S P.Temperature patterns within the hypothetic zone of a northern Michigan river.Journal of the North American Benthological Society,1987,6:85-91.
[52]Okay O S,Tolun L,Telli-Karakoe F,Tüfekci V,Tüfekci H,Morkoc E.Izmit Bay ecosystem after Marmara earthquake and subsequent fire:the long-term data.Marine Pollution Bulletin,2001,42:361-369.
[53]Okay O S,Tolun L,Telli-Karakoe F,Tufekci V,Tufekci H,Olgun A,Morkoc E.The changes of T-PAHlevels and health status of mussels in Izmit bay(Turkey)after Marmara earthquake and subsequent refinery fire.Environment International,2003,965:1-5.
[54]Balkιs N.The effect of Marmara(Izmit)Earthquake on the chemical oceanography of Izmit Bay,Turkey.Marine Pollution Bulletin,2003,46:865-878.
[55]Tolun L,Martens D,Okay O S,Schramm K W.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in coastal sediments of the Izmit Bay(Marmara Sea):Case studies before and after the Izmit Earthquake.Environment International,2006,32:758-765.
[56]Cui P,Wei F Q,He S M,You Y,Chen X Q,Li Z L,Dang C,Yang C L.Mountain disasters induced by the earthquake of May12in Wenchuan and the disasters mitigation.Journal of Mountain Science,2008,26(3):280-282.
[57]Messerli B,Ives J D.Mountains of the World:A Global Priority.New York:The Parthenon Publishing Group,1997.
[58]Kjrnor C.Why are there global gradients in species richness?Mountains Might Hold the Answer.TREE,2000,15:513-514.
[59]Myers N,Mittermeier R A,Mittermeier C G,da Fonseca G AB,Kent J.Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities.Nature,2000,403:853-858.
[60]Ying TS.Species diversity and distribution pattern of seed plants in China.Biodiversity Science,2001,9(4):393-398.
[61]Xiao Y,Ouyang Z Y,Zhu C Q,Zhao J Z,He G J,Wang X K.An assessment of giant panda habitat in Minshan,Sichuan,China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(7):1373-1379.
[62]Noss R F,Copperrider A Y.Saving Nature′s Legacy:Protecting and Restoring Biodiversity.Washington D C:USA Island Press,1994.
[63]Losey R J.Earthquakes and tsunami as elements of environmental disturbance on the Northwest Coast of North America.Journal of Anthropological Archaeology,2005,24:101-116.
[64]Reice S R.The Silver Lining:The Benefits of Natural Disasters.Princeton:Princeton University Press,2001.
[65]Tu W G,Gao X F,Liu S H,Wu N.Floristics of vascular plants on the west slope of Mt.Jiuding in Wenchuan,Sichuan,China.Chinese Journal of Applied&Environmental Biology,2008,14(3):298-302.
[66]Liu S H,Gao X F,Tu W G,Fang Z Q,Hu D M,Li X G.αdiversity of communities and their changes along altitude gradient in the Baishuihe National Nature Reserve on the Longmen Mountains,Sichuan.Chinese Journal of Applied&Environmental Biology,2008,14(3):303-307.
[67]Swanson F J,Kratze TK,Caine N.Landform effects on ecosystem patterns and processes.BioScience,1988,38:92-98.
[68]Forman R TT,Godron M.Landscape Ecology.New York:John Wiley&Sons,1986.
[69]Fu B J,Chen L D,Ma K M,Wang Y L.Principle and application of landscape ecology.Beijing:Science Press,2001.
[70]Zhang J B,Liang D Q,Lin F Q,Huang Y R.Application of ecological quantitative methods to analyze landscape change in forest watershed.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,13(2):81-83.
[71]Li S C,Cui J W,Qiao S,Wang Y L.Impact of seismogeological disaster to the comprehensive development of rivers in Yunnan.Journal of Seismological Research,2001,24(2):140-145.
[1]袁艺,王理,白海玲.中国的地震灾情及其区域分异.自然灾害学报,2001,10(1):59～64.
[2]刘凯,廖顺宝,张赛.中国地震发生频率与烈度的空间分布.地理科学进展,2008,27(3):13～18.
[3]胡鞍钢.特大地震灾害的应对周期.清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2008,23(4):5～14.
[5]吴宁.山地退化生态系统的恢复重建——理论与岷江上游的实践.成都:四川科学技术出版社,2007.
[7]方精云,沈泽昊,崔海亭.试论山地的生态特征及山地生态学的研究内容.生物多样性,2004,12(1):10～19.
[8]任美锷.中国自然地理纲要.北京:商务印书馆,1982.
[9]中国科学院《中国自然地理》编委会.中国自然地理总论.北京:科学出版社,1985.
[11]李善邦.中国地震.北京:地震出版社,1981.
[12]鄢家全,陈家庚,郝玉芹.中国地震活动性述评.国际地震动态,2000,2:1～4.
[13]包维楷.汶川地震重灾区生态退化及其恢复重建对策.中国科学院院刊,2008,23(4):324～329.
[15]钟祥浩.中国山地生态安全屏障保护与建设.山地学报,2008,26(1):2～11.
[17]周劲松.山地生态系统的脆弱性与荒漠化.自然资源学报,1997,12(1):10～16.
[18]韩东银,魏英祖.生态系统地震灾害及其深层机制.国际地震动态,2007,1:16～24.
[19]魏丽,单九生,朱星球.植被覆盖对暴雨型滑坡影响的初步分析.气象与减灾研究,2006,29(1):29～33.
[20]包维楷,庞学勇.四川汶川大地震重灾区灾后生态退化及其基本特点.应用与环境生物学报,2008,14(4):441～444.
[23]沈泽昊,张新时,金义兴.三峡大老岭地区主要木本植物分布的地形格局.植物生态学报,2000,24(5):581～589.
[24]郭泺,余世孝,夏北成,许佐荣.地形对山地森林景观格局多尺度效应.山地学报,2006,24(2):150～155.
[28]徐起浩,冯炎基,施建生.导致古森林沉没于海的福建深沪湾古地震研究.地震地质,2001,23(3):367～380.
[46]庄平,高贤明.华西雨屏带及其对我国生物多样性保育的意义.生物多样性,2002,10(3):339～344.
[47]许炯心.黄河下游历史泥沙灾害的宏观特征及其与流域因素和人类活动的关系(Ⅱ)——人类活动、历史地震及地形因子的影响.自然灾害学报,2001,10(3):7～12.
[56]崔鹏,韦方强,何思明,游勇,陈晓清,李战鲁,党超,杨成林.5.12汶川地震诱发的山地灾害及减灾措施.山地学报,2008,26(3):28～282.
[60]应俊生.中国种子植物物种多样性及其分布格局.生物多样性,2001,9(4):393～398.
[61]肖燚,欧阳志云,朱春全,赵景柱,何国金,王效科.岷山地区大熊猫生境评价与保护对策研究.生态学报,2004,24(7):1373～1379
[65]涂卫国,高信芬,刘士华,吴宁.九顶山西坡汶川段维管植物区系研究.应用与环境生物学报,2008,14(3):298～302.
[66]刘士华,高信芬,涂卫国,方志强,胡大明,李兴贵.彭州白水河国家级自然保护区植物群落α多样性的海拔梯度变化.应用与环境生物学报,2008,14(3):303～307.
[69]傅伯杰,陈立顶,马克明,王仰麟.景观生态学原理及应用.北京:科学出版社,2001.
[70]张俊斌,梁大庆,林法勤,黄忆汝.应用生态计量方法分析森林集水区之景观变迁.水土保持研究,2006,13(2):81～83.
[71]李世成,崔建文,乔森,王洋龙.云南山地地震地质灾害对河流综合开发的影响.地震研究,2001,24(2):140～145.
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心