敦煌莫高窟保护工程施工振动对洞窟文物的影响
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摘要
为保护敦煌莫高窟文物,消除不安全隐患,拟对崖体进行加固,对栈道进行修缮改造,同时对风沙危害进行综合防治。崖体加固中的锚孔钻进振动必然对石窟文物产生影响。为弄清施工振动的传播及其对石窟文物的影响程度,在莫高窟进行洞窟岩体动力学参数测试和锚孔钻进振动试验。试验结果表明:(1)莫高窟洞窟围岩的纵波速度为1100～1930m/s;(2)岩体共振频率为75～90Hz;(3)波速受洞窟空间分布的影响很大;(4)距锚孔钻进1,2,3m处所测的振动峰值速度大多为0.1～1.0mm/s;(5)钻头高压冲击最大振动速度达6.01mm/s。如果选取0.1mm/s的洞窟文物防护标准来衡量,锚孔钻进振动有可能对洞窟文物产生不良影响。只有采用0.8～0.9MPa低气压和≤0.4m/min的慢速钻进,并采用适当的防护措施,才能减缓或消除锚孔钻进施工振动带来的不良影响,避免石窟文物遭受损坏。
In order to protect the cultural relics of Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang and to reduce potential safety hazards,the following engineering measures were planned:grotto cliff strengthening,repairing and rebuilding of the plank road on the grotto cliff,and comprehensive prevention of wind-blown sand hazards.Among the above measures,drilling vibration in the process of cliff strengthening will have the strongest impact on the safety of the grottoes.In order to understand the propagation of drilling vibration and its impact on grotto safety,the tests dynamic parameters and drilling vibration behavior of the grotto rock mass were carried out.The results show the following:(1) longitudinal wave velocity in the country rock of the Mogao Grottoes is between 1 100 and 1 930 m/s;(2) the sympathetic vibration frequency of the rock mass is between 75 and 90 Hz;(3) longitudinal wave velocity is greatly affected by the spatial distribution of grottoes;(4) the peak values of vibration speed tested at a distance of 1,2,and 3 m from the borehole are mostly between 0.1 and 1.0 mm/s;and(5) the highest vibration speed recorded during high-pressure impact drilling is 6.01 mm/s.If the strict protection standard of 0.1 mm/s is used to evaluate the effect of drilling vibration on the grottoes,it is clear that drilling vibration will have a harmful impact on the grottoes.Therefore,low-pressure(0.8～0.9 MPa) and low-speed(≤0.4 m/min) drilling and appropriate protective measures must be adopted to reduce or eliminate the harmful effect of drilling vibration on the grottoes.
In order to protect the cultural relics of Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang and to reduce potential safety hazards,the following engineering measures were planned:grotto cliff strengthening,repairing and rebuilding of the plank road on the grotto cliff,and comprehensive prevention of wind-blown sand hazards.Among the above measures,drilling vibration in the process of cliff strengthening will have the strongest impact on the safety of the grottoes.In order to understand the propagation of drilling vibration and its impact on grotto safety,the tests dynamic parameters and drilling vibration behavior of the grotto rock mass were carried out.The results show the following:(1) longitudinal wave velocity in the country rock of the Mogao Grottoes is between 1 100 and 1 930 m/s;(2) the sympathetic vibration frequency of the rock mass is between 75 and 90 Hz;(3) longitudinal wave velocity is greatly affected by the spatial distribution of grottoes;(4) the peak values of vibration speed tested at a distance of 1,2,and 3 m from the borehole are mostly between 0.1 and 1.0 mm/s;and(5) the highest vibration speed recorded during high-pressure impact drilling is 6.01 mm/s.If the strict protection standard of 0.1 mm/s is used to evaluate the effect of drilling vibration on the grottoes,it is clear that drilling vibration will have a harmful impact on the grottoes.Therefore,low-pressure(0.8～0.9 MPa) and low-speed(≤0.4 m/min) drilling and appropriate protective measures must be adopted to reduce or eliminate the harmful effect of drilling vibration on the grottoes.
引文
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[14]尤春安.全长黏结式锚杆的受力分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2000,19(3):339-341.(YOU Chun′an.Mechanics analysis of fully-grouted anchor[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2000,19(3):339-341.(in Chinese))
[15]程良奎,韩军,张培文.岩土锚固工程的长期性能与安全评价[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(5):865-872.(CHENG Liangkui,HAN Jun,ZHANG Peiwen.Long-term performance and safety assessment of anchorage in geotechnical engineering[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(5):865-872.(in Chinese))
[16]李义,张昌锁,王成.锚杆锚固质量无损检测几个关键问题的研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(1):108-115.(LI Yi,ZHANG Changsuo,WANG Cheng.Study of several key issues in nondestructive detection of bolt bonding integrity[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(1):108-115.(in Chinese))
[17]汪明武,王鹤龄.锚固质量的无损检测技术[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(1):126-129.(WANG Mingwu,WANG Heling.Nondestructive testing of anchoring quality[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2002,21(1):126-129.(in Chinese))
[18]周仲华,姚增,王旭东.敦煌石窟围岩弹性波测试[C]//敦煌研究文集(上).兰州:甘肃民族出版社,1993:368-372.(ZHOU Zhonghua,YAO Zeng,WANG Xudong.Tests of elastic wave in Mogao Grottoes country rocks[C]//Dunhuang Research Selections(Volume1).Lanzhou:Gansu Nationalities Publishing House,1993:368-372.(in Chinese))
[19]姚增,周仲华,郦伟堂.敦煌石窟围岩弹性波动力学特征[C]//敦煌研究文集(上).兰州:甘肃民族出版社,1993:376-380.(YAO Zeng,ZHOU Zhonghua,LI Weitang.Dynamics characteristics of elastic wave in Mogao Grottoes country rocks[C]//Dunhuang Research Selections(Colume1).Lanzhou:Gansu Nationalities Publishing House,1993:376-380.(in Chinese))
[20]殷楚梅,李树林.建筑施工振动环境影响评价[J].云南环境科学,2001,20(增):128-129.(YIN Chumei,LI Shulin.Construction vibration environmental impact assessment[J].Yunnan Environmental Science,2001,20(Supp.):128-129.(in Chinese))
[21]建筑施工场界噪声限制标准(GB12523-90)[OL].http://www.tianyabook.com/(The limits set on the emission of environmental noise within the boundary of a construction site(GB12523-90)[OL].http://www.tianyabook.com/(in Chinese))
[2]耿光旭,李华平,刘金川.施工振动对环境影响的监测[J].勘察科学技术,2004,(4):54-57.(GENG Guangxu,LI Huaping,LIU Jinchuan.Monitoring of construction vibration to environment[J].Site Investigation Science and Technology,2004,(4):54-57.(in Chinese))
[3]陆伟东,韩晓健,杨放.强夯施工环境振动影响的评价方法[J].南京工业大学学报,2002,24(5):65-68.(LU Weidong,HAN Xiaojian,YANG Fang.Evaluation method of the environmental vibration effects caused by dynamic compaction[J].Journal of Nanjing University of Technology,2002,24(5):65-68.(in Chinese))
[4]杨龙才,王炳龙.强夯施工对环境振动的影响分析[J].华东交通大学学报,2007,24(2):16-20.(YANG Longcai,WANG Binglong.Analysis for environmental vibration effects caused by dynamic compaction[J].Journal of East China Jiaotong University,2007,24(2):16-20.(in Chinese))
[5]左文军,谢立扬.振动压路机引起的环境振动及其危害[J].长安大学学报(自然科学版),2003,23(4):81-84.(ZUO Wenjun,XIE Liyang.Environmental vibration and damage effect caused by vibratory rollers[J].Journal of Chang′an University(Natural Science),2003,23(4):81-84.(in Chinese))
[6]SVINKIN M R.Prediction soil and structure vibrations from impact machines[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,ASCE,2002,128(7):602-612.
[7]黄有兴,胡伟,李晓梅,等.打桩施工振动传播的预测方法[J].杭州大学学报,1997,24(1):31-35.(HUANG Youxing,HU Wei,LI Xiaomei,et al.The prediction method of piling construction vibration propagation[J].Journal of Hangzhou University,1997,24(1):31-35.(in Chinese))
[8]张庆松,李术才,李利平.分岔隧道大拱段围岩稳定性监控与爆破振动效应分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(7):1462-1468.(ZHANG Qingsong,LI Shucai,LI Liping.Study of blasting dynamic effect and site monitoring of large-span shallow part of bifurcated tunnel[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(7):1462-1468.(in Chinese))
[9]赵锦桥,李廷春,崔积弘.隧道掘进爆破地震频谱特性分析[J].爆破,2005,22(2):110-115.(ZHAO Jinqiao,LI Tingchun,CUI Jihong.Seismic spectra characterstics of tunnel excavation blasting[J].Blasting,2005,22(2):110-115.(in Chinese))
[10]谢全敏,夏元友,李新平.龙滩水电站蠕变边坡的爆破振动控制研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(11):1929-1930.(XIE Quanmin,XIA Yuanyou,LI Xinping.Study of blasting vibration control of creep mass slope of Longtan Hydropower Station[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2003,22(11):1929-1930.(in Chinese))
[11]陈庆,王宏图,胡国忠,等.隧道开挖施工的爆破振动监测与控制技术[J].岩土力学,2005,26(6):964-967.(CHEN Qing,WANG Hongtu,HU Guozhong,et al.Monitoring and controlling technology for blasting vibration induced by tunnel excavation[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2005,26(6):964-967.(in Chinese))
[12]严鹏,卢文波,陈明,等.初始地应力场对钻爆开挖过程中围岩振动的影响研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(5):1036-1045.(YAN Peng,LU Wenbo,CHEN Ming,et al.Study of impaction of initial geostress field on vibration of surrounding rock during excavation with drilling and blasting method[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(5):1036-1045.(in Chinese))
[13]谭忠盛,喻渝,王明年,等.大断面浅埋黄土隧道锚杆作用效果的试验研究[J].岩土力学,2008,29(2):491-495.(TAN Zhongsheng,YU Yu,WANG Mingnian,et al.Experimental study of bolt effect on large section shallow-buried loess tunnels[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2008,29(2):491-495.(in Chinese))
[14]尤春安.全长黏结式锚杆的受力分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2000,19(3):339-341.(YOU Chun′an.Mechanics analysis of fully-grouted anchor[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2000,19(3):339-341.(in Chinese))
[15]程良奎,韩军,张培文.岩土锚固工程的长期性能与安全评价[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(5):865-872.(CHENG Liangkui,HAN Jun,ZHANG Peiwen.Long-term performance and safety assessment of anchorage in geotechnical engineering[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(5):865-872.(in Chinese))
[16]李义,张昌锁,王成.锚杆锚固质量无损检测几个关键问题的研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(1):108-115.(LI Yi,ZHANG Changsuo,WANG Cheng.Study of several key issues in nondestructive detection of bolt bonding integrity[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(1):108-115.(in Chinese))
[17]汪明武,王鹤龄.锚固质量的无损检测技术[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(1):126-129.(WANG Mingwu,WANG Heling.Nondestructive testing of anchoring quality[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2002,21(1):126-129.(in Chinese))
[18]周仲华,姚增,王旭东.敦煌石窟围岩弹性波测试[C]//敦煌研究文集(上).兰州:甘肃民族出版社,1993:368-372.(ZHOU Zhonghua,YAO Zeng,WANG Xudong.Tests of elastic wave in Mogao Grottoes country rocks[C]//Dunhuang Research Selections(Volume1).Lanzhou:Gansu Nationalities Publishing House,1993:368-372.(in Chinese))
[19]姚增,周仲华,郦伟堂.敦煌石窟围岩弹性波动力学特征[C]//敦煌研究文集(上).兰州:甘肃民族出版社,1993:376-380.(YAO Zeng,ZHOU Zhonghua,LI Weitang.Dynamics characteristics of elastic wave in Mogao Grottoes country rocks[C]//Dunhuang Research Selections(Colume1).Lanzhou:Gansu Nationalities Publishing House,1993:376-380.(in Chinese))
[20]殷楚梅,李树林.建筑施工振动环境影响评价[J].云南环境科学,2001,20(增):128-129.(YIN Chumei,LI Shulin.Construction vibration environmental impact assessment[J].Yunnan Environmental Science,2001,20(Supp.):128-129.(in Chinese))
[21]建筑施工场界噪声限制标准(GB12523-90)[OL].http://www.tianyabook.com/(The limits set on the emission of environmental noise within the boundary of a construction site(GB12523-90)[OL].http://www.tianyabook.com/(in Chinese))
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