合成孔径雷达三维成像技术及特点评述
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摘要
常规合成孔径雷达只能实现二维高分辨率成像,无法得到景物的高度信息。与其他技术结合的合成孔径雷达可以实现三维高分辨成像,逐渐成为研究热点。介绍了干涉SAR(InSAR)、双/多基地SAR、复杂路径SAR以及阵列SAR等几种不同的SAR三维成像模式,对它们的技术特点以及发展的重点问题进行了分析,可为新体制的合成孔径雷达三维成像技术提供参考。
Conventional synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can realize two-dimensional imaging, but can not gain height information of the scene. SAR combined with other technologies can achieve three dimensional imaging of high resolution and becomes a hotspot gradually. Several types of three dimensional SAR including interferometric SAR (InSAR), bistatic/multistatic SAR, complex path SAR and array SAR are introduced. And the technical characteristics and corresponding problems about their development are analyzed, which can provide reference for the new three dimensional imaging technology of SAR.
Conventional synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can realize two-dimensional imaging, but can not gain height information of the scene. SAR combined with other technologies can achieve three dimensional imaging of high resolution and becomes a hotspot gradually. Several types of three dimensional SAR including interferometric SAR (InSAR), bistatic/multistatic SAR, complex path SAR and array SAR are introduced. And the technical characteristics and corresponding problems about their development are analyzed, which can provide reference for the new three dimensional imaging technology of SAR.
引文
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[36] WEUIβ M,PETERS O,ENDER J H G.A Three Dimensional SAR System on an UAV[C]//2007 IEEE International Geoscience & Remote Sensing Symposium,Barcelona,Spain,2007:5315-5318．
[37] KLARE J,CERUTTI-MAORI D,BRENNER A,et al.Image Quality Analysis of the Vibrating Sparse MIMO Antenna Array of the Airborne 3D Imaging Radar ARTINO[C]//IEEE International Geoscience & Remote Sensing Symposium,Barcelona,Spain,2007:5310-5314．
[38] GIRET R,JEULAND H,ENERT P.A Study of a 3DSAR Concept for a Millimeter Wave Imaging Radar onboard an UAV[C]//European Radar Conference,Amsterdam,Netherland,2004:201-204．
[39] DREUILLET P,CANTALLOUBE H,COLIN E,et al.The ONERA RAMSES SAR:Latest Significant Results and Future Developments[C]//2006 IEEE Radar Conference,2006:518-524．
[40] NOUVEL J F,JEULAND H,BONIN G,et al.A Ka Band Imaging Radar:DRIVE on board ONERA Motorglider[C]//IEEE International Geoscience & Remote Sensing Symposium,Denver,Colorado,USA,2006:134-136．
[41] 王强,黄建冲,姜秋喜.合成孔径雷达的主要发展方向[J].现代防御技术,2007,35(2) :81-83．
[42] 张直中.双基地合成孔径雷达[J].现代雷达,2005,27(1) :1-6．
[43] 苏志刚,彭应宁,王秀坛.曲线合成孔径雷达中散射点三维特征提取方法[J].清华大学学报:自然科学版,2005,45(7) :947-950．
[2] KIM H,JOHNSON J T,BAERTLE1N B A.High Resolution Ka-Band Images of a Small Tree:Measurements and Models[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2000,38(2) :899-910．
[3] ASSAD S E,LAKKIS I,SAILLARD J.Holographic SAR Image Formation by Coherent Summation of Impulse Response Derivatives[J].IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,1993,41 (5) :620-624．
[4] FISCHER C,FORTUNY J,WIESBECK W.3-D Imaging for Near-range Ground Penetrating Radar Based on ω-κ Migration[C]//In Proc.of the 3rd European Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (EUSAR),Munich,VGE,2000:841-844．
[5] COLESANTI C,WASOWSKI J.Investigating Landslides with Space-borne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Interferometry[J].Engineering Geology,2006,(88) :173-199．
[6] GRAHAM L C.Synthetic lnterferometer Radar for Topographic Mapping[J].Proceeding of the 1EEE,1974,62 (6) :763-768．
[7] ZEBKER H A,GOLDSTEIN R M,ROSEN P A,et al.Topographic Mapping from lnterferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Observations[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1986,91(B5) :4993-5000．
[8] GOLDSTEIN R M,ZEBKER H A.Interferometrie Radar Measurements of Ocean Surface Currents[J].Nature,1987,328:707-709．
[9] ZEBKER H A,WERNER C L,ROSEN P A,et al.Accuracy of Topographic Maps Derived from ERS-1 Interferometric Radar[J].IEEE Transaction on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1994,32(4) :823-836．
[10] MASSONNET D,ROSSI M,CARMONA C,et al.The Displacement Field of the Landers Earthquake Mapped by Radar Interferometry[J].Nature,1993,364:138-142．
[11] 查显杰.InSAR形变测量及其在地震学中应用的研究[D].安徽:中国科学技术大学,2007．
[12] WIMMER C,SIEGMUND R,SCHWABISCH M,et al.Generation of High Precision DEMs of the Wadden Sea with Airborne Interferometric SAR[J].IEEE Transaction on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2000,38 (5) :2234-2245．
[13] 何友,蔡复青,唐小明,等.双/多基地SAR发展评述[J].雷达科学与技术,2008,6(1) :1-8．
[14] RIGLING B D,MOSES R L.Flight Path Strategies for 3-D Scene Reconstruction from Bistatic SAR[J].IEEE Proc-Radar Sonar Navig,2004,151 (3) :149-157．
[15] 王银波,张晓玲.一种新型双站稀疏线阵三维成像SAR系统模型[C]//北京:第十届全国雷达学术年会论文集,2008:1020-1024．
[16] ZENG Tao,ZHANG Xiao-ling,WANG Yin-bo.A Bistatic-based Two Sparse Linear Arrays 3D Imaging SAR Model[C]//International Radar Conference,lET 2009．
[17] LI J,BI Z,LIU Z S,et al.Use of Curvilinear SAR for Three-dimensional Target Feature Extraction[J].IEE Proc,Radar Sonar Navig,1997,144(5) :275-283．
[18] DAVID G F,GEORGE J M.Tomographic Imaging of Radar Data Gathered on a Circular Flight Path about a Three-dimensional Target Zone[C]//In Proc SPIE Aerosp Syrup,Orlando,FL,1995,2487:1-12．
[19] SOUMEKH M.Reconnaissance with Slant Plane Circular SAR Imaging[J].IEEE Transactions on hnage Processing,1996,5(8) :1252-1265．
[20] AXELSSON S R J.Beam Characteristics of Three-Dimensional SAR in Curved or Random Paths[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2004,42(10) :2324-2334．
[21] CHAN T-K,KUGA Y,ISHIMARU A.Experimental Studies on Circular SAR Imaging in Clutter Using Angular Correlation Function Technique[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,1999,37 (5) :2192-2197．
[22] ISHIMARU A,CHAN T-K,KUGA Y.An Imaging Technique Using Confocal Circular Synthetic Aperture Radar[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Re- mote Sensing,1998,36(5) :1524-1530．
[23] ERTIN E,AUSTIN C D,SHARMA S,et al.GOTCHA Experience Report:Three-Dimensional SAR Imaging with Complete Circular Apertures[C]//Algorithms for synthetic aperture radar imagery ⅩⅣ; Proceedings of SPIE,2007,6568:1-12．
[24] KIM J G,MAHAFZA B R,POLGE R J.Focusing Linear Arrays Operating in a Sequential Mode[C]//Energy and Information Technologies in the Southeast.Columbia,South Carolina,IEEE Southeastcon 89 Proceedings,1989:171-174．
[25] POLGE R J,MAHAFZA B R,KIM J G.Multiple Target Detection Through DFT Processing in a Sequential Mode Operation of Real or Synthetic Arrays[C]//IEEE 21th Southeastern Symposium on System Theory,Tallahassee,Florida,1989:264-267．
[26] MAHAFZA B R.Two and Three-Dimensional SAR Imaging Using a Linear Array in Transverse Motion[D].USA:University of Alabama at Huntsville,1989．
[27] MAHAFZA B R,SAJJADI M.Three-Dimensional SAR Imaging Using Linear Arrays in Transverse Motion[J].IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,1996,32(1) :499-510．
[28] MAHAFZA B R,BLACK T.The Effect of Target Height on SAR Performance Side-looking and Forward-looking Modes[C]//In Proceedings of the National Telesystem Conference '92,Ashburn,VA,1992．
[29] FIENUP J R.Phase Error Correction for Synthetic-Aperture Phased-Array Imaging Systems[C].Proceedings of SPIE.2000,4123:47-55．
[30] GIERULL C H.On a Concept for an Airborne Downward-Looking Imaging Radar[C]//International Journal of Electronics and Communications (AEU),1999,53 (6) :295-304．
[31] LOPEZ-SANCHEZ J M,GIMENO E,BARA M.Nearfield Wide-band 2-D and 3-D Radar Imaging Using an Extended Chirp Scaling Algorithm[C]//SAR Image Analysis,Modeling,and Techniques Ⅳ,Proceedings of SPIE,Francesco Posa,2002,4543:198-209．
[32] WEIβ M,ENDER J H G.A 3D Imaging Radar for Small Unmanned Airplanes-ARTINO[C]//Radar Conference EURAD,2005:209-212．
[33] WEIβ M,ENDER J H G,PETERS O,et al.An Airborne Radar for Three Dimensional Imaging and Observation-technical Realisation and Status of ARTINO[C]//EUSAR,Dresden,Germany,2006．
[34] KLARE J,BRENNER A R,ENDER J H G.A New Airborne Radar for 3D Imaging-Image Formation Using the ARTINO Principle[C]//EUSAR,Dresden,Germany,2006．
[35] KLARE J,WEIβ M,PETERS O,et al.ARTINO:A New High Resolution 3D Imaging Radar System on an Autonomous Airborne Platform[C]//IEEE International Geoscience & Remote Sensing Symposium,Denver,Colorado,USA,2006．
[36] WEUIβ M,PETERS O,ENDER J H G.A Three Dimensional SAR System on an UAV[C]//2007 IEEE International Geoscience & Remote Sensing Symposium,Barcelona,Spain,2007:5315-5318．
[37] KLARE J,CERUTTI-MAORI D,BRENNER A,et al.Image Quality Analysis of the Vibrating Sparse MIMO Antenna Array of the Airborne 3D Imaging Radar ARTINO[C]//IEEE International Geoscience & Remote Sensing Symposium,Barcelona,Spain,2007:5310-5314．
[38] GIRET R,JEULAND H,ENERT P.A Study of a 3DSAR Concept for a Millimeter Wave Imaging Radar onboard an UAV[C]//European Radar Conference,Amsterdam,Netherland,2004:201-204．
[39] DREUILLET P,CANTALLOUBE H,COLIN E,et al.The ONERA RAMSES SAR:Latest Significant Results and Future Developments[C]//2006 IEEE Radar Conference,2006:518-524．
[40] NOUVEL J F,JEULAND H,BONIN G,et al.A Ka Band Imaging Radar:DRIVE on board ONERA Motorglider[C]//IEEE International Geoscience & Remote Sensing Symposium,Denver,Colorado,USA,2006:134-136．
[41] 王强,黄建冲,姜秋喜.合成孔径雷达的主要发展方向[J].现代防御技术,2007,35(2) :81-83．
[42] 张直中.双基地合成孔径雷达[J].现代雷达,2005,27(1) :1-6．
[43] 苏志刚,彭应宁,王秀坛.曲线合成孔径雷达中散射点三维特征提取方法[J].清华大学学报:自然科学版,2005,45(7) :947-950．
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