利用MERIS水汽数据改正ASAR干涉图中的大气影响
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摘要
大气对流层对雷达信号的传播延迟是制约重复轨道InSAR高精度测量应用的重要因素之一.本文描述了MERIS水汽数据用于ASAR干涉图大气改正的方法;并以美国南加州地区为例,选取4对ENVISAT ASAR数据进行了大气改正的研究.结果显示对这4幅干涉图,经过MERIS水汽数据改正后InSAR与GPS差异的RMS分别降低了41.7%,65.2%,19.3%和39.4%.平均改善程度达41.4%.更重要的是,经过MERIS水汽改正后,从2005～2007年干涉图和2004～2007年干涉图中,能清楚地识别出三处形变最明显的区域:Long Beach-Santa Ana盆地、Pomona-Ontario和San Bernardino,其形变速率从 8 mm/a到-28 mm/a,大部分在-20 mm/a左右,与这些地区2003年以前的历史形变速率基本一致.因此,采用无云条件下的MERIS水蒸汽数据改正同步获取的ASAR干涉图,可以显著地降低大气水汽对干涉图相位的影响,从而更真实地反映地表形变等地球物理信号。
The troposphere delay of radar signals has been one of the major limitations for the application of high precision repeat pass InSAR.In this paper,we present the atmospheric correction methods for ASAR interferograms with MERIS integrated water vapor (IWV) data. Then,using four ASAR interferometric pairs over Southern California as examples,this paper conducts the atmospheric corrections with MERIS IWV data.The results show that after the correction the RMS differences between InSAR and GPS were reduced by 41.7%,65.2%, 19.3%,and 39.4%,respectively for the four selected interferograms,with an average improvement of 41.4%.Most importantly,after the correction,three distinct deformation areas have been identified,i.e.,Long Beach-Santa Ana Basin,Pomona-Ontario and San Bernardino, with the deformation velocities ranging from -8 mm/a to -28 mm/a and on average around -20 mm/a.The deformation is quite consistent with the historical deformation derived by other researchers.Thus,using the cloudless MERIS IWV data for correcting the synchronized ASAR interferogram can significantly reduce the atmospheric effects in the interferograms and further better capture the ground deformation and other geophysical signals.
The troposphere delay of radar signals has been one of the major limitations for the application of high precision repeat pass InSAR.In this paper,we present the atmospheric correction methods for ASAR interferograms with MERIS integrated water vapor (IWV) data. Then,using four ASAR interferometric pairs over Southern California as examples,this paper conducts the atmospheric corrections with MERIS IWV data.The results show that after the correction the RMS differences between InSAR and GPS were reduced by 41.7%,65.2%, 19.3%,and 39.4%,respectively for the four selected interferograms,with an average improvement of 41.4%.Most importantly,after the correction,three distinct deformation areas have been identified,i.e.,Long Beach-Santa Ana Basin,Pomona-Ontario and San Bernardino, with the deformation velocities ranging from -8 mm/a to -28 mm/a and on average around -20 mm/a.The deformation is quite consistent with the historical deformation derived by other researchers.Thus,using the cloudless MERIS IWV data for correcting the synchronized ASAR interferogram can significantly reduce the atmospheric effects in the interferograms and further better capture the ground deformation and other geophysical signals.
引文
[1] Rosen P A,Hensley S,Joughin I R,et al.Synthetic aperture radar interferometry.Proceedings of the IEEE,2000,88(3) :333 ～ 382
[2] Massonnet D,Feigl K L.Radar interferometry and its application to changes in the Earth s surface.Review of Geophysics,1998,36(4) .441 ～ 500
[3] 廖明生,林珲.雷达干涉测量学:原理与信号处理基础.北京:测绘出版社,2003 Liao M S,Lin H.Synthetic Aperture Radar InterferometryPrinciple and Signal Processing (in Chinese).Beijing: Publishing House of Surveying and Mapping,2003
[4] 张勤,赵超英,丁晓利等.利用GPS与InSAR研究西安现今地面沉降与地裂缝时空演化特征.地球物理学报,2009,52(5) :1214～122 Zhang Q,Zhao C Y,Ding X L,et al.Research on recent characteristics of spatial-temporal evolution and mechanism of Xi an land subsidence and ground fissure by using GPS and InSAR techniques.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese) ,2009 ,52(5) :1214～1222
[5] 刘国祥,丁晓利,李志林等.使用InSAR建立DEM的试验研究.测绘学报,2001,30(4) :336～342 Liu G X,Ding X L,Li Z L,et al.Experimental investigation on DEM generation through InSAR.Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica (in Chinese) ,2001,30(4) :336 ～ 342
[6] 王超,张红,刘智等.苏州地区地面沉降的星载合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量监测.自然科学进展,2002,12(6) :621～625 Wang C,Zhang H,Liu Z,et al.Monitoring Suzhou ground deformation with D-InSAR.Progress in Natural Science (in Chinese),2002,12(6) :621 ～ 625
[7] 单新建,马瑾,王长林等.利用星载D-INSAR技术获取的地表形变场提取玛尼地震震源断层参数.中国科学(D辑),2002,32(1 0) :837～844 Shan X J,Ma J,Wang C L,et al.Extracting co-seismic deformation of the 1997 Mani earthquake with differential InSAR.Science in China (.Series D) (in Chinese) ,2002,32 (10) :837～844
[8] 蒋弥,李志伟,丁晓利等.InSAR可检测的最大最小变形梯度的函数模型研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(7) :1715～1724 Jiang M,Li Z W,Ding X L,et al.A study on the maximum and minimum detectable deformation gradients resolved by InSAR.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(7) :1715～1724
[9] Bean B R,Dutton E J.Radio Meteorology.New York,Dover,1968
[10] Massonnet D,Feigl K L,Rossi M,et al.Radar interferometry mapping of deformation in the year after the Landers earthquake.Nature,1994,369:227 ～ 230
[11] Zebker H A,Rosen P A,Hensley S.Atmospheric effects in interferometric synthetic aperture radar surface deformation and topographic maps.Journal of Geophysical Research ,1997,102(B4) :7547～7563
[12] Williams S,Bock Y,Fang P.Integrated satellite interferometry:tropospheric noise,GPS estimates and implications for interferometric synthetic aperture radar product.Journal of Geophysical Research,1998,103(B11) :27051～27067
[13] Delacourt C,Briole P,Achache J.Tropospheric corrections of SAR interferograms with strong topography:application to Etna.Geophysical Research Letters ,1998,25,2849 ～ 2852
[14] Webley P W,Wadge G,James I N.Determining radio wave delay by non-hydrostatic atmospheric modeling of water vapour over mountains.Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2004,29 :139 ～ 148
[15] Foster J,Brooks B,Cherubini T,et al.Mitigating atmospheric noise for InSAR using a high resolution weather model.Geophysical Research Letters,2006,33:LI6304,doi:10． 1029/2006GL026781
[16] Li Z W,Ding X L,Huang C,et al.Modeling of atmospheric effects on InSAR measurements by incorporating terrain elevation information.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,2006,68:1189 ～ 1194
[17] Webley P W,Bingley R M,Dodson A H,et al.Atmospheric water vapor correction to InSAR surface motion measurements on mountains:results from a dense GPS network on Mount Etna.Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2002,27:363 ～ 370
[18] Li Z H,Fielding E J,Cross P,et al.Interferometric synthetic aperture radar atmospheric correction:GPS topography-dependent turbulence model.Journal of Geophysical Research,2006,111:B02404,doi:10． 1029/ 2005JB003711
[19] Xu C J,Wang H,Ge L L,et al.InSAR tropospheric delay mitigation by GPS observations:a case study in Tokyo area.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,2006,68(6) :629 ～638
[20] Bonforte A,Ferretti A,Prati C,et al.Calibration of atmospheric effects on SAR interferograms by GPS and local atmosphere models:first results.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,2001,63:1343～1357
[21] Li Z W,Ding X L,Liu G X.Modeling atmospheric effects on InSAR with meteorological and continuous GPS observations:algorithms and some test results.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,2004,66:907 ～ 917
[22] Li Z W.Modeling atmospheric effects on repeat-pass InSAR measurements [Ph.D.thesisJ.Hong Kong:The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,2005
[23] 宋小刚,李德仁,单新建等.基于GPS和大气传输模型的InSAR大气改正方法研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(5) :1156～1164 Song X G,Li D R,Shan X J,et al.Correction of atmospheric effect in repeat-pass InSAR measurements based on GPS and atmospheric transport model.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(5) :1156 ～1164
[24] Li Z H,Muller J P,Cross P,et al.Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) atmospheric correction:GPS,Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and InSAR integration.Journal of Geophysical Research ,2005,110:B03410,doi:10． 1029/2004JB003446
[25] 宋小刚,李德仁,单新建等.基于GPS和MODIS的ENVISAT ASAR数据干涉测量中大气改正方法研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(6) :1457～1464 Song X G,Li D R,Shan X J,et al.Correction of atmospheric effect in ASAR interferogram using GPS and MODIS data.ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52 (6) :1457～1464
[26] 谌华,单新建,张云华等.利用NOAA-16/FY-1C和ASAR数据纠正大气水汽对重轨星载D-INSAR的影响.地球物理学报,2007,50(3) :707～713 Chen H,Shan X J,Zhang Y H,et al.Correction of atmospheric water vapour effects on the repeat-pass spaceborne D-INSAR by using NOAA-16/FY-1C and ASAR data.ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese) ,2007 ,50(3) :707 ～713
[27] Sarti F,Vadon H,Massonnet D.A method for the automatic characterization of atmospheric artifacts in SAR interferograms by correlation of multiple interferograms over the same site.Proceedings of IGARRS' 99,Hamburg,Germany,28 June～2 July 1999
[28] Fruneau B,Sarti F.Detection of ground subsidence in the city of Paris using radar interferometry:isolation of deformation from atmospheric artifact using correlation.Geophysical Research Letters,2000,27:3981 ～ 3984
[29] Remy D,Bonvalot S,Briole P,et al.Accurate measurements of tropospheric effects in volcanic areas from SAR interferometry data:application to Sakurajima volcano (Japan).Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2003,213:299～310
[30] Massonnet D,Feigl K.Discrimination of geophysical phenomena in satellite radar interferograms.Geophysical Research Letters ,1995,22(12) :1537 ～1540
[31] Ferretti A,Prati C,Rocca F.Nonlinear subsidence rate estimation using permanent scatters in differential SAR interferometry.IEEE Transactions on Geosciences and Remote Sensing,2000,38(5) :2202 ～2212
[32] Ferretti A,Prati C,Rocca F.Permanent scatters in SAR interferometry.IEEE Transactions on Geosciences and Remote Sensing ,2001,39 :8～20
[33] Li Z W,Ding X L,Huang C,et al.Atmospheric effects on repeat-pass InSAR measurements over Shanghai region.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,2007,69:1344～1356
[34] Ding X L,Li Z W,Zhu J J,et al.Atmospheric effects on InSAR measurements and their mitigation.Sensors,2008,8:5426 ～ 5448
[35] Li Z H,Muller J P,Cross P,et al.Assessment of the potential of MERIS near-infrared water vapour products to correct ASAR interferometric measurements.International journal of Remote Sensing ,2006,27(2) :349～365
[36] Li Z H,Fielding E J,Cross P,et al.Interferometric synthetic aperture radar atmospheric correction:Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer and Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar integration.Geophysical Research Letters ,2006,33:L06816,doi:10． 1029/2005GL025299
[37] Puyssegur B,Michel R,Avouac J P.Tropospheric phase delay in interferometric synthetic aperture radar estimated from meteorological model and multispectral imagery.Journal of Geophysical Research ,2007,112:B05419,doi:10． 1029/2006JB004352
[38] Bawden G W,Thatcher W,Stein R S,et al.Tectonic contraction across Los Angeles after removal of groundwater pumping effects.Nature,2001,412(23) :812～815
[39] Watson K M,Bock Y,Sandwell D T.Satellite interferometric observations of displacements associated with seasonal groundwater in the Los Angeles basin.Journal of Geophysical Research ,2002,107(B4) ,2074 ,doi:10． 1029/2001JB000470
[40] Samsonov S V,Tiampo K F,Rundle J B,et al.Application of DInSAR-GPS optimization for derivation of fine-scale surface motion maps of southern California.IEEE Transactions on Geosciences and Remote Sensing,2007,45(2) :512～521
[41] Lanari R,Lundgren P,Manzo M,et al.Satellite radar interferometry time series analysis of surface deformation for Los Angeles,California.Geophysical Research Letters,2004,31:L23613,doi:10． 1029/2004GL021294
[42] Bennartz R,Fischer J.Retrieval of columnar water vapour over land from backscattered solar radiation using the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer.Remote Sensing of Environment,2001,78:274 ～ 283
[43] Baltink H K,H van der Marel,A G A van der Hoeven.Integrated atmospheric water vapor estimates from a regional GPS network.Journal of Geophysical Research ,2002,107 (D3) :4025
[44] Li Z W,Ding X L,Huang C,et al.Improved filtering parameter determination for the Goldstein radar interferogram filter.ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry &.Remote Sensing,2008,63(6) :621 ～ 634
[45] Farr T G,Kobrick M.Shuttle radar topography mission produces a wealth of data.EOS Transactions,2000,81 (48) :583～585
[46] Hanssen R H.Radar Interferometry-Data Interpretation and Error Analysis.Netherlands:Kluwer Academic Publishers,2001
[47] Ng A H,Chang H S,Zhang K,et al.Deformation mapping in three dimensions for underground mining using InSAR- Southern highland coal field in New South Wales,Australia.International Journal of Remote Sensing ,in press
[48] Delwart S,Preusker R,Bourg L,et al.MERIS in-flight spectral calibration.International Journal of Remote Sensing,2007,28(3 ～ 4) :479～496
[49] Li Z H,Fielding E J,Cross P,et al.Advanced InSAR atmospheric correction:MERIS/MODIS combination and stacked water vapour models.International Journal of Remote Sensing,2009,30(13) ,3343～3363
[50] Lu Z,Danskin W R.InSAR analysis of natural recharge to define structure of a ground-water basin,San Bernardino,California.Geophysical Research Letters,2001,28(13) :2661 ～ 2664
[2] Massonnet D,Feigl K L.Radar interferometry and its application to changes in the Earth s surface.Review of Geophysics,1998,36(4) .441 ～ 500
[3] 廖明生,林珲.雷达干涉测量学:原理与信号处理基础.北京:测绘出版社,2003 Liao M S,Lin H.Synthetic Aperture Radar InterferometryPrinciple and Signal Processing (in Chinese).Beijing: Publishing House of Surveying and Mapping,2003
[4] 张勤,赵超英,丁晓利等.利用GPS与InSAR研究西安现今地面沉降与地裂缝时空演化特征.地球物理学报,2009,52(5) :1214～122 Zhang Q,Zhao C Y,Ding X L,et al.Research on recent characteristics of spatial-temporal evolution and mechanism of Xi an land subsidence and ground fissure by using GPS and InSAR techniques.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese) ,2009 ,52(5) :1214～1222
[5] 刘国祥,丁晓利,李志林等.使用InSAR建立DEM的试验研究.测绘学报,2001,30(4) :336～342 Liu G X,Ding X L,Li Z L,et al.Experimental investigation on DEM generation through InSAR.Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica (in Chinese) ,2001,30(4) :336 ～ 342
[6] 王超,张红,刘智等.苏州地区地面沉降的星载合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量监测.自然科学进展,2002,12(6) :621～625 Wang C,Zhang H,Liu Z,et al.Monitoring Suzhou ground deformation with D-InSAR.Progress in Natural Science (in Chinese),2002,12(6) :621 ～ 625
[7] 单新建,马瑾,王长林等.利用星载D-INSAR技术获取的地表形变场提取玛尼地震震源断层参数.中国科学(D辑),2002,32(1 0) :837～844 Shan X J,Ma J,Wang C L,et al.Extracting co-seismic deformation of the 1997 Mani earthquake with differential InSAR.Science in China (.Series D) (in Chinese) ,2002,32 (10) :837～844
[8] 蒋弥,李志伟,丁晓利等.InSAR可检测的最大最小变形梯度的函数模型研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(7) :1715～1724 Jiang M,Li Z W,Ding X L,et al.A study on the maximum and minimum detectable deformation gradients resolved by InSAR.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(7) :1715～1724
[9] Bean B R,Dutton E J.Radio Meteorology.New York,Dover,1968
[10] Massonnet D,Feigl K L,Rossi M,et al.Radar interferometry mapping of deformation in the year after the Landers earthquake.Nature,1994,369:227 ～ 230
[11] Zebker H A,Rosen P A,Hensley S.Atmospheric effects in interferometric synthetic aperture radar surface deformation and topographic maps.Journal of Geophysical Research ,1997,102(B4) :7547～7563
[12] Williams S,Bock Y,Fang P.Integrated satellite interferometry:tropospheric noise,GPS estimates and implications for interferometric synthetic aperture radar product.Journal of Geophysical Research,1998,103(B11) :27051～27067
[13] Delacourt C,Briole P,Achache J.Tropospheric corrections of SAR interferograms with strong topography:application to Etna.Geophysical Research Letters ,1998,25,2849 ～ 2852
[14] Webley P W,Wadge G,James I N.Determining radio wave delay by non-hydrostatic atmospheric modeling of water vapour over mountains.Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2004,29 :139 ～ 148
[15] Foster J,Brooks B,Cherubini T,et al.Mitigating atmospheric noise for InSAR using a high resolution weather model.Geophysical Research Letters,2006,33:LI6304,doi:10． 1029/2006GL026781
[16] Li Z W,Ding X L,Huang C,et al.Modeling of atmospheric effects on InSAR measurements by incorporating terrain elevation information.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,2006,68:1189 ～ 1194
[17] Webley P W,Bingley R M,Dodson A H,et al.Atmospheric water vapor correction to InSAR surface motion measurements on mountains:results from a dense GPS network on Mount Etna.Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2002,27:363 ～ 370
[18] Li Z H,Fielding E J,Cross P,et al.Interferometric synthetic aperture radar atmospheric correction:GPS topography-dependent turbulence model.Journal of Geophysical Research,2006,111:B02404,doi:10． 1029/ 2005JB003711
[19] Xu C J,Wang H,Ge L L,et al.InSAR tropospheric delay mitigation by GPS observations:a case study in Tokyo area.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,2006,68(6) :629 ～638
[20] Bonforte A,Ferretti A,Prati C,et al.Calibration of atmospheric effects on SAR interferograms by GPS and local atmosphere models:first results.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,2001,63:1343～1357
[21] Li Z W,Ding X L,Liu G X.Modeling atmospheric effects on InSAR with meteorological and continuous GPS observations:algorithms and some test results.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,2004,66:907 ～ 917
[22] Li Z W.Modeling atmospheric effects on repeat-pass InSAR measurements [Ph.D.thesisJ.Hong Kong:The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,2005
[23] 宋小刚,李德仁,单新建等.基于GPS和大气传输模型的InSAR大气改正方法研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(5) :1156～1164 Song X G,Li D R,Shan X J,et al.Correction of atmospheric effect in repeat-pass InSAR measurements based on GPS and atmospheric transport model.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(5) :1156 ～1164
[24] Li Z H,Muller J P,Cross P,et al.Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) atmospheric correction:GPS,Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and InSAR integration.Journal of Geophysical Research ,2005,110:B03410,doi:10． 1029/2004JB003446
[25] 宋小刚,李德仁,单新建等.基于GPS和MODIS的ENVISAT ASAR数据干涉测量中大气改正方法研究.地球物理学报,2009,52(6) :1457～1464 Song X G,Li D R,Shan X J,et al.Correction of atmospheric effect in ASAR interferogram using GPS and MODIS data.ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52 (6) :1457～1464
[26] 谌华,单新建,张云华等.利用NOAA-16/FY-1C和ASAR数据纠正大气水汽对重轨星载D-INSAR的影响.地球物理学报,2007,50(3) :707～713 Chen H,Shan X J,Zhang Y H,et al.Correction of atmospheric water vapour effects on the repeat-pass spaceborne D-INSAR by using NOAA-16/FY-1C and ASAR data.ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese) ,2007 ,50(3) :707 ～713
[27] Sarti F,Vadon H,Massonnet D.A method for the automatic characterization of atmospheric artifacts in SAR interferograms by correlation of multiple interferograms over the same site.Proceedings of IGARRS' 99,Hamburg,Germany,28 June～2 July 1999
[28] Fruneau B,Sarti F.Detection of ground subsidence in the city of Paris using radar interferometry:isolation of deformation from atmospheric artifact using correlation.Geophysical Research Letters,2000,27:3981 ～ 3984
[29] Remy D,Bonvalot S,Briole P,et al.Accurate measurements of tropospheric effects in volcanic areas from SAR interferometry data:application to Sakurajima volcano (Japan).Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2003,213:299～310
[30] Massonnet D,Feigl K.Discrimination of geophysical phenomena in satellite radar interferograms.Geophysical Research Letters ,1995,22(12) :1537 ～1540
[31] Ferretti A,Prati C,Rocca F.Nonlinear subsidence rate estimation using permanent scatters in differential SAR interferometry.IEEE Transactions on Geosciences and Remote Sensing,2000,38(5) :2202 ～2212
[32] Ferretti A,Prati C,Rocca F.Permanent scatters in SAR interferometry.IEEE Transactions on Geosciences and Remote Sensing ,2001,39 :8～20
[33] Li Z W,Ding X L,Huang C,et al.Atmospheric effects on repeat-pass InSAR measurements over Shanghai region.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,2007,69:1344～1356
[34] Ding X L,Li Z W,Zhu J J,et al.Atmospheric effects on InSAR measurements and their mitigation.Sensors,2008,8:5426 ～ 5448
[35] Li Z H,Muller J P,Cross P,et al.Assessment of the potential of MERIS near-infrared water vapour products to correct ASAR interferometric measurements.International journal of Remote Sensing ,2006,27(2) :349～365
[36] Li Z H,Fielding E J,Cross P,et al.Interferometric synthetic aperture radar atmospheric correction:Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer and Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar integration.Geophysical Research Letters ,2006,33:L06816,doi:10． 1029/2005GL025299
[37] Puyssegur B,Michel R,Avouac J P.Tropospheric phase delay in interferometric synthetic aperture radar estimated from meteorological model and multispectral imagery.Journal of Geophysical Research ,2007,112:B05419,doi:10． 1029/2006JB004352
[38] Bawden G W,Thatcher W,Stein R S,et al.Tectonic contraction across Los Angeles after removal of groundwater pumping effects.Nature,2001,412(23) :812～815
[39] Watson K M,Bock Y,Sandwell D T.Satellite interferometric observations of displacements associated with seasonal groundwater in the Los Angeles basin.Journal of Geophysical Research ,2002,107(B4) ,2074 ,doi:10． 1029/2001JB000470
[40] Samsonov S V,Tiampo K F,Rundle J B,et al.Application of DInSAR-GPS optimization for derivation of fine-scale surface motion maps of southern California.IEEE Transactions on Geosciences and Remote Sensing,2007,45(2) :512～521
[41] Lanari R,Lundgren P,Manzo M,et al.Satellite radar interferometry time series analysis of surface deformation for Los Angeles,California.Geophysical Research Letters,2004,31:L23613,doi:10． 1029/2004GL021294
[42] Bennartz R,Fischer J.Retrieval of columnar water vapour over land from backscattered solar radiation using the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer.Remote Sensing of Environment,2001,78:274 ～ 283
[43] Baltink H K,H van der Marel,A G A van der Hoeven.Integrated atmospheric water vapor estimates from a regional GPS network.Journal of Geophysical Research ,2002,107 (D3) :4025
[44] Li Z W,Ding X L,Huang C,et al.Improved filtering parameter determination for the Goldstein radar interferogram filter.ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry &.Remote Sensing,2008,63(6) :621 ～ 634
[45] Farr T G,Kobrick M.Shuttle radar topography mission produces a wealth of data.EOS Transactions,2000,81 (48) :583～585
[46] Hanssen R H.Radar Interferometry-Data Interpretation and Error Analysis.Netherlands:Kluwer Academic Publishers,2001
[47] Ng A H,Chang H S,Zhang K,et al.Deformation mapping in three dimensions for underground mining using InSAR- Southern highland coal field in New South Wales,Australia.International Journal of Remote Sensing ,in press
[48] Delwart S,Preusker R,Bourg L,et al.MERIS in-flight spectral calibration.International Journal of Remote Sensing,2007,28(3 ～ 4) :479～496
[49] Li Z H,Fielding E J,Cross P,et al.Advanced InSAR atmospheric correction:MERIS/MODIS combination and stacked water vapour models.International Journal of Remote Sensing,2009,30(13) ,3343～3363
[50] Lu Z,Danskin W R.InSAR analysis of natural recharge to define structure of a ground-water basin,San Bernardino,California.Geophysical Research Letters,2001,28(13) :2661 ～ 2664
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