近五百多年来黄河宁蒙河段泥沙沉积量的变化分析
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摘要
宁蒙黄河河段主要穿行于断陷盆地中,近期淤积严重,同流量洪水水位抬升,洪灾和土地盐碱化问题加重。为了弄清该河段泥沙淤积长期变化过程,正确预测河段泥沙淤积变化趋势,以利制定合理的治河措施,本文利用河段来水来沙与河道淤积关系、气候要素与区域产沙关系以及古气候与古径流等相关资料,重建了宁蒙河段近500多年来年沉积量的变化过程。结果显示1989年以前505年间宁蒙河道年均泥沙沉积量达0.55×108 t/a,其中1850年至1989年间为0.52×108 t/a,高于上世纪50至80年代宁蒙河道年均泥沙沉积量。因此黄河宁蒙河段是一个长期泥沙淤积比较强烈的河段。虽然近20多年来宁蒙河段年淤积量已高于近500多年来宁蒙河道年泥沙沉积量,但历史上也出现过连续25年河道年均淤积量接近近20多年的年均淤积量。
The Yellow River flows in a series of subsiding graben basins in its Ning-Meng reach.In recent years,channel aggradation in the Ning-Meng reach aggravated,leading to the rise of water level at the same water discharge and the exacerbation of flood hazards and soil salinization /alkalization.In order to clarify the long-term changes in sediment accumulation in the reach,which is necessary for making better prediction of its tendency and forming rational measures of river management,this study reconstructed the process of changes in annual sediment accumulation in the Ning-Meng reach in the past over 500 years.The estimate of the annual sediment accumulation was based on the relationships between the sediment accumulation and water and sediment inputs to the river reach and between sediment yield in the tributaries in the river reach and climatic factors,data of climate of the surrounding region and runoff of the river in the study period,and others.The results show that the mean annual sediment accumulation in the Ning-Meng reach was about 55 × 106t /a in 505 years before 1989 and 52 × 106t /a in 140 years in the period from 1850 to 1989,which was 5 times of the average in the whole Quaternary period and also higher than that in the period of 1950s to 1980s.This size of sediment accumulation suggests that the Ning-Meng reach has been subjected to intensive aggradation for a long term.Although the mean rate of sediment accumulation in the Ning-Meng reach in recent over 20 years surpassed that in over 500 years before then,some 25-year means close to the average in recent over 20 years did occur in the past over 500 years.
The Yellow River flows in a series of subsiding graben basins in its Ning-Meng reach.In recent years,channel aggradation in the Ning-Meng reach aggravated,leading to the rise of water level at the same water discharge and the exacerbation of flood hazards and soil salinization /alkalization.In order to clarify the long-term changes in sediment accumulation in the reach,which is necessary for making better prediction of its tendency and forming rational measures of river management,this study reconstructed the process of changes in annual sediment accumulation in the Ning-Meng reach in the past over 500 years.The estimate of the annual sediment accumulation was based on the relationships between the sediment accumulation and water and sediment inputs to the river reach and between sediment yield in the tributaries in the river reach and climatic factors,data of climate of the surrounding region and runoff of the river in the study period,and others.The results show that the mean annual sediment accumulation in the Ning-Meng reach was about 55 × 106t /a in 505 years before 1989 and 52 × 106t /a in 140 years in the period from 1850 to 1989,which was 5 times of the average in the whole Quaternary period and also higher than that in the period of 1950s to 1980s.This size of sediment accumulation suggests that the Ning-Meng reach has been subjected to intensive aggradation for a long term.Although the mean rate of sediment accumulation in the Ning-Meng reach in recent over 20 years surpassed that in over 500 years before then,some 25-year means close to the average in recent over 20 years did occur in the past over 500 years.
引文
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[19]左仲国.清水河流域水沙变化及发展趋势预测[A].汪岗,范昭主编,黄河水沙变化研究(第一卷)[C].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2002.439-448.
[20]谢玉亭,许志文.祖厉河流域水利水土保持措施对入黄水沙变化的影响及发展趋势研究[A].汪岗,范昭主编,黄河水沙变化研究(第一卷)[C].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2002.279-326.
[21]水利部黄河水利委员会.黄河流域地图集[M].北京:中国地图出版社,1989.
[22]师长兴,徐加强,郭立鹏,等.近2600年来黄河下游沉积量和上中游产沙量变化过程[J].第四纪研究,2009,29(1):116-125.
[23]邵时雄,王明德主编.中国黄淮海平原第四纪岩相古地理图(1:2,000,000)[M].北京:地质出版社,1991.
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[25]Owens P,Slaymaker O.Post-glacial Temporal Variability of Sediment Accumulation in a Small Alpine Lake.In:Olive L.J.,Loughran R.J.,and Kesby J.A.(eds.),Variability in Stream Erosion and Sediment Transport,1994,IAHS Publ.no.224:187-195.
[26]Shi C X,Zhang D D,You L Y.Changes in Sediment Yield of the Yellow River Basin of China during the Holocene.Geomorphology,2002,46:267-283.
[27]焦恩泽,姜乃迁,黄伯鑫.青铜峡水库泥沙运动规律分析[J].人民黄河,1983,(5):22-25.
[2]童国榜,石英,郑宏瑞,等.银川盆地第四纪地层学研究[J].地层学杂志,1998,22(1):42-51.
[3]杨根生.河道淤积泥沙来源分析及治理对策[M].北京:海洋出版社,2002.
[4]朱士光.论内蒙古河套地区历史时期河湖水系的变迁与土壤盐渍化问题[J].人民黄河,1989,(1):58-63.
[5]李炳元,葛全胜,郑景云.近2000年来内蒙后套平原黄河河道演变[J].地理学报,2003,58(2):239-246.
[6]杨根生,拓万全,等.风沙对黄河内蒙古河段河道泥沙淤积的影响[J].中国沙漠,2003,23(2):152-159.
[7]王彦成,王文生,等,1994.黄河内蒙平原段1954年～1991年河床的冲淤演变[J].内蒙古水利,(2):24-27.
[8]侯素珍,常温花,王平,等.黄河内蒙古段河道萎缩特征及成因[J].人民黄河,2007,29(1):25-27.
[9]支俊峰.兰州-河口镇未计算区及内蒙古十大孔兑区水沙变化[A].汪岗,范昭主编,黄河水沙变化研究(第一卷)[C].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2002.453-459.
[10]张建,周丽艳,陶冶.黄河宁蒙河段冲淤演变特性分析[J].人民黄河,2008,30(8):43-44.
[11]周丽艳,鲁俊,张建.黄河宁蒙河段沙量平衡法冲淤量的计算及修正[J].人民黄河,2008,30(7):30-31.
[12]申冠卿,张原锋,侯素珍,等.黄河上游干流水库调节水沙对宁蒙河道的影响[J].泥沙研究,2007,(1):67-75.
[13]王彦成,王伦平,冯学武,等.黄河上游干流水库调节水沙对宁蒙河道的影响[J].人民黄河,1996,(1):5-10.
[14]贾恩红.青铜峡水库泥沙冲淤分析[D].西安:西安理工大学硕士论文,2002.53.
[15]张毅.盐锅峡水库泥沙淤积测验基本情况分析[J].大坝与安全,1999,(1):14-21.
[16]赵卫兵.黄河三盛公水利枢纽入库泥沙处理的认识与分析[J].内蒙古水利,2004,(2):56-58.
[17]张自强.青铜峡水库2004年汛末冲库排沙调度[J].人民黄河,2005,20(10):29-30.
[18]康玲玲,牛越先,等.黄河上游兰州站近500年天然径流量序列重建[J].水资源与水工程学报,2007,18(4):5-8.
[19]左仲国.清水河流域水沙变化及发展趋势预测[A].汪岗,范昭主编,黄河水沙变化研究(第一卷)[C].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2002.439-448.
[20]谢玉亭,许志文.祖厉河流域水利水土保持措施对入黄水沙变化的影响及发展趋势研究[A].汪岗,范昭主编,黄河水沙变化研究(第一卷)[C].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2002.279-326.
[21]水利部黄河水利委员会.黄河流域地图集[M].北京:中国地图出版社,1989.
[22]师长兴,徐加强,郭立鹏,等.近2600年来黄河下游沉积量和上中游产沙量变化过程[J].第四纪研究,2009,29(1):116-125.
[23]邵时雄,王明德主编.中国黄淮海平原第四纪岩相古地理图(1:2,000,000)[M].北京:地质出版社,1991.
[24]Degens E T,Kempe S,Richey J E.Summary:Biogeochemistry of Major World Rivers.In:Degens E.T.,Kempe S.,and Richey J.E.(eds.),Biogeochemistry of Major World Rivers,SCOPE 42.John Wiley&Sons,Chichester,1991.323-347.
[25]Owens P,Slaymaker O.Post-glacial Temporal Variability of Sediment Accumulation in a Small Alpine Lake.In:Olive L.J.,Loughran R.J.,and Kesby J.A.(eds.),Variability in Stream Erosion and Sediment Transport,1994,IAHS Publ.no.224:187-195.
[26]Shi C X,Zhang D D,You L Y.Changes in Sediment Yield of the Yellow River Basin of China during the Holocene.Geomorphology,2002,46:267-283.
[27]焦恩泽,姜乃迁,黄伯鑫.青铜峡水库泥沙运动规律分析[J].人民黄河,1983,(5):22-25.
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