液化地基中桩的破坏机理研究进展
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摘要
地震诱发的地基液化对桩基础的破坏极大,液化地基中桩的破坏机理是岩土地震工程中的一个重要研究课题。目前地基液化时桩—土—结构系统的地震性态尚没有认识充分,已有的研究内容较多局限于桩身材料的强度破坏方面,难以考虑液化土体侧向流动、基桩屈曲失稳、以及土与结构动力相互作用等复杂因素的影响。本文重点加强以下3个方面的深入探讨和研究:(1)液化地基中桩的屈曲失稳;(2)液化地基中桩基破坏的数值模拟新方法;(3)液化地基中桩-土-结构的动力相互作用分析。
The earthquake-induced soil liquefaction can result in serious damages to pile foundations.Therefore,it is an important task to study the failure mechanisms of pile foundations in liquefaction soils in earthquake geotechnical engineering.Until now,the seismic behaviors of pile-soil-structure systems have not been fully understood yet.Most of current researchers are focused on strength failure of pile material,in which it is difficult to consider complex influencing factors such as lateral spreading of liquefying soils,pile buckling,and dynamic interaction between soil and structures.In this paper,firstly,a series of damage cases of pile foundations in liquefied soils are summarized from historical reports in Chian and abroad.Then,the failure mechanisms of pile foundations as well as research advances are introduced and analyzed in detail.Finally,aimed at liquefaction soils,it is pointed out that further investigations on the failure mechanisms of pile foundations should be strengthened on the following issues(1) pile buckling instability in liquefying soils;(2) novel numerical simulation methods for pile failures in liquefaction soils,e.g.continuum elasoplasticity-fluid dynamics coupled method;and(3) dynamic interaction analyses of pile-soil-structure systems in liquefaction soils.
The earthquake-induced soil liquefaction can result in serious damages to pile foundations.Therefore,it is an important task to study the failure mechanisms of pile foundations in liquefaction soils in earthquake geotechnical engineering.Until now,the seismic behaviors of pile-soil-structure systems have not been fully understood yet.Most of current researchers are focused on strength failure of pile material,in which it is difficult to consider complex influencing factors such as lateral spreading of liquefying soils,pile buckling,and dynamic interaction between soil and structures.In this paper,firstly,a series of damage cases of pile foundations in liquefied soils are summarized from historical reports in Chian and abroad.Then,the failure mechanisms of pile foundations as well as research advances are introduced and analyzed in detail.Finally,aimed at liquefaction soils,it is pointed out that further investigations on the failure mechanisms of pile foundations should be strengthened on the following issues(1) pile buckling instability in liquefying soils;(2) novel numerical simulation methods for pile failures in liquefaction soils,e.g.continuum elasoplasticity-fluid dynamics coupled method;and(3) dynamic interaction analyses of pile-soil-structure systems in liquefaction soils.
引文
[1]陈颙,陈运泰,张国民等.“十一.五”期间中国重大地震灾害预测预警和防治对策[J].灾害学,2005,20(3):1~14.Chen Yong,Chen Yuntai,ZhuangG Guomin,et al..Forecastand early-warning and preparedness measures for great earth-quake disasters in China during the period of the 11th Five-yearPlan.Journal of Catastrophology,2005,20(3):1~14.
[2]刘惠珊.桩基抗震设计探讨—日本阪神大地震的启示[J].工程抗震,2000,22(3):27~32.Liu Huishan.A discussion on seismic design of pile foundation.Earthquake Resistant Engineering,2000,22(3):27~32.
[3]Finn WDL,Thavaraj T.Deep foundations in liquefiable soils:case histories,centrifuge tests and methods of analysis[C].Pro-ceedings of Fourth International Conference on Recent Advancesin Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics andSymposium in Honor of Professor W.D.Liam Finn.San Diego,California.March 26~31,2001.Paper No.SOAP-1.
[4]Berrill J,Yasuda S.Liquefaction and piled foundations:some is-sues[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineering.2002.69(Speciallssue1):1~41.
[5]黄雨,舒翔,叶为民等.桩基础抗震研究现状综述[J].工业建筑,2002,32(7):49~53.Huang Yu,et al..Recent studies on seismic resistance of pilefoundation.Industrial Construction,2002,32(7):49~53.
[6]Hamada M.Large ground deformations and their effects on life-lines:1964 Niigata earthquake.Case Studies of liquefaction andlifelines performance during past earthquake[C].Technical ReportNCEER-92-0001,Buffalo,NY,1992(1).
[7]Tokimatsu K,Asaka Y.Effects of liquefaction-induced grounddisplacements on pile performance in the 1995 Hyogeken-Nambuearthquake[J].Soils and Foundations,1998(Special issue):163~177.
[8]Ishihara K.Terzaghi oration:"Geotechnical aspects of the 1995Kobe earthquake"[A].Proceedings of ICSMFE[C].Hamburg,1997,2047~2073.
[9]Moriguchi S.CIP-based numerical analysis for large deformationof geomaterials[D].Gifu Uni.Gifu.,2005.
[10]Meymand P J.Shaking Table Scale Model Tests of Nonlinear Soil-Pile-Superstructure Interaction in Soft Clay[D].UNI.OFCALIFORNIA,BERKELEY,1998.
[11]Bhattacharya S,Madabhushi S P G,Bolton MD.An alternativemechanism of pile failure in liquefiable deposits during earth-quakes[J].Geotechnique,2004,54(3):203~213.
[12]丁剑霆,姜淑珍,包峰.唐山地震桥梁震害回顾[J].世界地震工程,2002,22(1):68~71.Ding Jianting,Jiang Shuzhen,Bao Feng.Reviewof seismic dam-age to bridges in Tangshan earthquak.World Information onEarthquake Engineering,2002,22(1):68~71.
[13]Bhattacharya S,Madabhushi SPG,Bolton M.Pile instabilityduring earthquake liquefaction[A].Proceedings of ASCE Engi-neering Mechanics Conference[C].Seattle,USA.7,16~18th,2003,1~12.
[14]Bhattacharya S,Bolton M.Buckling of Piles during EarthquakeLiquefaction[A].Proceedings of 13th World Conference onEarthquake Engineering[C].Vancouver,B.C.,Canada.8,1~6th,2004.Paper No.95:1~15.
[15]Zeghal M,Elgamal A,Zeng X,Arulmoli K.Mechanism of Liq-uefaction Response in Sand Silt Dynamic Centrifuge Tests[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,1999,18(1):71~85.
[16]Towhata I,Vargas-Monge W,Orense R P,Yao M.Shaking ta-ble tests on subgrade reaction of pipe embedded in sandy lique-fied subsoil[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,1999,18(5):347~361.
[17]Finn WDL,Fujita N.Piles in liquefaction:seismic analysis anddesign issus[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2002,22(9/12):731~742.
[18]Abdoun T,Dobry R.Evaluation of pile foundation response tolateral spreading[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineer-ing,2002,22(9/12):1051~1058.
[19]凌贤长,郭明珠,王东升等.液化场地桩基桥梁震害响应大型振动台模型试验研究[J].岩土力学,2006,27(1):7~10,22.Ling Xianchang,et al..Large-scale shaking table model test ofseismic response of bridge of pile foundation in ground of lique-faction.Rock and Soil Mechanics,2006,27(1):7~10,22.
[20]苏栋,李相菘.可液化土中单桩地震响应的离心机试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2006,28(4):423~427.Su Dong,Li Xiangsong.Centrifuge investigation on seismic re-sponse of single pile in liquefiable soil.Chinese Journal ofGeotechnical Engineering,2006,28(4):423~427.
[21]刘汉龙,余湘娟.土动力学与岩土地震工程研究进展[J].河海大学学报,1999,27(1):6~15.Liu Hanlong,Yu Xiangjuan.Advance in soil dynamics andgeotechnical earthquake engineering.Journal of Hohai University(Natural Sciences),1999,27(1):6~15.
[22]沈珠江.理论土力学[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2000.Shen Zhujiang.Theoretical soil mechanics.Beijing:China WaterPower Press,2000.
[23]谢定义,张建民.饱和砂土瞬态动力学特性与机理分析[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,1995.Xie Dingyi,Zhang Jianming.Transient dynamics properties andmechanisms of saturated sand.Xi’an:Shanxi Science&Tech-nology Press,1995.
[24]黄茂松,周健,吴世明.饱和多孔介质土动力学理论与分析方法[A].见:刘汉龙主编,土动力学与岩土工程抗震,第六届全国土动力学学术会议论文集[C].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002,68~83.Huang Maosong,et al..Soil dynamics theory and analysis meth-ods of saturated porous media.Liu hanlong ed.Soil Dynamicsand Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering,the proceedings of the6th National Soil Dynamics Academic Conference.Beijing:Chi-na Architecture&Building Press,2002,68~83.
[25]何开胜,等.两种Lagrangian大变形比奥固结有限元法及其与小变形法的比较[J].岩土工程学报,2000,22(1):30~34.He Kaisheng,et al..The comparison of large strain method usingtotal and updated Lagrangian finite element formulation and smallstrain method.Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2000,22(1):30~34.
[26]Oka F,Higo Yosuke,Kimoto S.Effect of dilatancy on the strainlocalization of water-saturated elasto-viscoplastic soil[J].In-ternational Journal of Solids and Structures,2002,39(13/14):3625~3647.
[27]Huang MS,Wu S M,Zienkiewicz OC.Incompressible or nearlyincompressible soil dynamic behavior—Anewstaggered algorithmto circumvent restrictions of mixed formulation.Soil Dynamicsand Earthquake Engineering,2001,(21):169~179.
[28]黄雨,八嶋厚,张锋.液化场地桩-土-结构动力相互作用的有限元分析[J].岩土工程学报,2005,27(6):646~651.Huang Yu,et al..Finite element analysis of pile-soil-struc-ture dynamic interaction in liquefiable site.Chinese Journal ofGeotechnical Engineering,2005,27(6):646~651.
[29]卢之伟,等.地震时地下连续墙围束效应与围束土壤超孔隙水压力之探讨[J].岩土工程学报,2007,29(6):861~865.Lu Chihwei,et al..Anumerical study on seismic interaction be-tween wall-type underground structures and excess pore waterpressure of the confined soils[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechni-cal Engineering,2007,29(6):861~865.
[30]Huang Y.,Zhang,F.,Yashima,A.,Ye W M.Numericalsimulation of mitigation for liquefaction-induced soil deforma-tions in a sandy ground improved by cement grouting[J].Envi-ronmental Geology.(in press).
[31]Huang Y.,Yashima,A.,Sawada,K.,Zhang,F.Numericalassessment of the seismic response of an earth embankment onliquefiable soils[J].Bulletin of Engineering Geology and theEnvironment.(in press).
[32]刘升传,王连俊.胶新铁路砂土液化区路基沉降规律研究[J].工程地质学报,2006,14(4):454~461.Liu Shengchuan,et al..Subgrade settlement behavior in sandliquefaction area along Jiaoxin railway.Journal of EengineeringGeology,2006,14(4):454~461.
[2]刘惠珊.桩基抗震设计探讨—日本阪神大地震的启示[J].工程抗震,2000,22(3):27~32.Liu Huishan.A discussion on seismic design of pile foundation.Earthquake Resistant Engineering,2000,22(3):27~32.
[3]Finn WDL,Thavaraj T.Deep foundations in liquefiable soils:case histories,centrifuge tests and methods of analysis[C].Pro-ceedings of Fourth International Conference on Recent Advancesin Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics andSymposium in Honor of Professor W.D.Liam Finn.San Diego,California.March 26~31,2001.Paper No.SOAP-1.
[4]Berrill J,Yasuda S.Liquefaction and piled foundations:some is-sues[J].Journal of Earthquake Engineering.2002.69(Speciallssue1):1~41.
[5]黄雨,舒翔,叶为民等.桩基础抗震研究现状综述[J].工业建筑,2002,32(7):49~53.Huang Yu,et al..Recent studies on seismic resistance of pilefoundation.Industrial Construction,2002,32(7):49~53.
[6]Hamada M.Large ground deformations and their effects on life-lines:1964 Niigata earthquake.Case Studies of liquefaction andlifelines performance during past earthquake[C].Technical ReportNCEER-92-0001,Buffalo,NY,1992(1).
[7]Tokimatsu K,Asaka Y.Effects of liquefaction-induced grounddisplacements on pile performance in the 1995 Hyogeken-Nambuearthquake[J].Soils and Foundations,1998(Special issue):163~177.
[8]Ishihara K.Terzaghi oration:"Geotechnical aspects of the 1995Kobe earthquake"[A].Proceedings of ICSMFE[C].Hamburg,1997,2047~2073.
[9]Moriguchi S.CIP-based numerical analysis for large deformationof geomaterials[D].Gifu Uni.Gifu.,2005.
[10]Meymand P J.Shaking Table Scale Model Tests of Nonlinear Soil-Pile-Superstructure Interaction in Soft Clay[D].UNI.OFCALIFORNIA,BERKELEY,1998.
[11]Bhattacharya S,Madabhushi S P G,Bolton MD.An alternativemechanism of pile failure in liquefiable deposits during earth-quakes[J].Geotechnique,2004,54(3):203~213.
[12]丁剑霆,姜淑珍,包峰.唐山地震桥梁震害回顾[J].世界地震工程,2002,22(1):68~71.Ding Jianting,Jiang Shuzhen,Bao Feng.Reviewof seismic dam-age to bridges in Tangshan earthquak.World Information onEarthquake Engineering,2002,22(1):68~71.
[13]Bhattacharya S,Madabhushi SPG,Bolton M.Pile instabilityduring earthquake liquefaction[A].Proceedings of ASCE Engi-neering Mechanics Conference[C].Seattle,USA.7,16~18th,2003,1~12.
[14]Bhattacharya S,Bolton M.Buckling of Piles during EarthquakeLiquefaction[A].Proceedings of 13th World Conference onEarthquake Engineering[C].Vancouver,B.C.,Canada.8,1~6th,2004.Paper No.95:1~15.
[15]Zeghal M,Elgamal A,Zeng X,Arulmoli K.Mechanism of Liq-uefaction Response in Sand Silt Dynamic Centrifuge Tests[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,1999,18(1):71~85.
[16]Towhata I,Vargas-Monge W,Orense R P,Yao M.Shaking ta-ble tests on subgrade reaction of pipe embedded in sandy lique-fied subsoil[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,1999,18(5):347~361.
[17]Finn WDL,Fujita N.Piles in liquefaction:seismic analysis anddesign issus[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,2002,22(9/12):731~742.
[18]Abdoun T,Dobry R.Evaluation of pile foundation response tolateral spreading[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineer-ing,2002,22(9/12):1051~1058.
[19]凌贤长,郭明珠,王东升等.液化场地桩基桥梁震害响应大型振动台模型试验研究[J].岩土力学,2006,27(1):7~10,22.Ling Xianchang,et al..Large-scale shaking table model test ofseismic response of bridge of pile foundation in ground of lique-faction.Rock and Soil Mechanics,2006,27(1):7~10,22.
[20]苏栋,李相菘.可液化土中单桩地震响应的离心机试验研究[J].岩土工程学报,2006,28(4):423~427.Su Dong,Li Xiangsong.Centrifuge investigation on seismic re-sponse of single pile in liquefiable soil.Chinese Journal ofGeotechnical Engineering,2006,28(4):423~427.
[21]刘汉龙,余湘娟.土动力学与岩土地震工程研究进展[J].河海大学学报,1999,27(1):6~15.Liu Hanlong,Yu Xiangjuan.Advance in soil dynamics andgeotechnical earthquake engineering.Journal of Hohai University(Natural Sciences),1999,27(1):6~15.
[22]沈珠江.理论土力学[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2000.Shen Zhujiang.Theoretical soil mechanics.Beijing:China WaterPower Press,2000.
[23]谢定义,张建民.饱和砂土瞬态动力学特性与机理分析[M].西安:陕西科学技术出版社,1995.Xie Dingyi,Zhang Jianming.Transient dynamics properties andmechanisms of saturated sand.Xi’an:Shanxi Science&Tech-nology Press,1995.
[24]黄茂松,周健,吴世明.饱和多孔介质土动力学理论与分析方法[A].见:刘汉龙主编,土动力学与岩土工程抗震,第六届全国土动力学学术会议论文集[C].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002,68~83.Huang Maosong,et al..Soil dynamics theory and analysis meth-ods of saturated porous media.Liu hanlong ed.Soil Dynamicsand Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering,the proceedings of the6th National Soil Dynamics Academic Conference.Beijing:Chi-na Architecture&Building Press,2002,68~83.
[25]何开胜,等.两种Lagrangian大变形比奥固结有限元法及其与小变形法的比较[J].岩土工程学报,2000,22(1):30~34.He Kaisheng,et al..The comparison of large strain method usingtotal and updated Lagrangian finite element formulation and smallstrain method.Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2000,22(1):30~34.
[26]Oka F,Higo Yosuke,Kimoto S.Effect of dilatancy on the strainlocalization of water-saturated elasto-viscoplastic soil[J].In-ternational Journal of Solids and Structures,2002,39(13/14):3625~3647.
[27]Huang MS,Wu S M,Zienkiewicz OC.Incompressible or nearlyincompressible soil dynamic behavior—Anewstaggered algorithmto circumvent restrictions of mixed formulation.Soil Dynamicsand Earthquake Engineering,2001,(21):169~179.
[28]黄雨,八嶋厚,张锋.液化场地桩-土-结构动力相互作用的有限元分析[J].岩土工程学报,2005,27(6):646~651.Huang Yu,et al..Finite element analysis of pile-soil-struc-ture dynamic interaction in liquefiable site.Chinese Journal ofGeotechnical Engineering,2005,27(6):646~651.
[29]卢之伟,等.地震时地下连续墙围束效应与围束土壤超孔隙水压力之探讨[J].岩土工程学报,2007,29(6):861~865.Lu Chihwei,et al..Anumerical study on seismic interaction be-tween wall-type underground structures and excess pore waterpressure of the confined soils[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechni-cal Engineering,2007,29(6):861~865.
[30]Huang Y.,Zhang,F.,Yashima,A.,Ye W M.Numericalsimulation of mitigation for liquefaction-induced soil deforma-tions in a sandy ground improved by cement grouting[J].Envi-ronmental Geology.(in press).
[31]Huang Y.,Yashima,A.,Sawada,K.,Zhang,F.Numericalassessment of the seismic response of an earth embankment onliquefiable soils[J].Bulletin of Engineering Geology and theEnvironment.(in press).
[32]刘升传,王连俊.胶新铁路砂土液化区路基沉降规律研究[J].工程地质学报,2006,14(4):454~461.Liu Shengchuan,et al..Subgrade settlement behavior in sandliquefaction area along Jiaoxin railway.Journal of EengineeringGeology,2006,14(4):454~461.
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