大坝安全标准设置水平的差异与对策初探
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摘要
根据近年来水库大坝安全鉴定资料的统计分析结果,对设计规范中关于混凝土重力坝、拱坝、土石坝在抗滑、应力安全、渗流安全及抗震等方面的安全标准设置的差异进行了初步分析,认为在同样满足规范设计要求的前提下,土石坝相对于重力坝、拱坝的安全裕度相对较低,因此更易发生破坏。针对上述安全水平的差异,结合具体工程实例,初步提出对策和建议:对于混凝土面板坝和沥青心墙坝,应严格确保施工质量,设置水库放空设施,以便于出现严重渗漏时的检查和修复加固;随着年限增长,大坝安全状态逐渐降低,应开展大坝在不同时间阶段内的安全评价标准研究及大坝性能劣化规律研究;尽快制定针对大坝加固方面的规范或设计导则。
According to safety evaluation results of different types of dams in recent years,we conduct preliminary analysis on different safety criterions of concrete gravity dam,arch dam,earth-rock dam specified by design codes from aspects of anti-slide,stress condition,seepage safety and anti-seismic capacity.It is found that,under the safety requirements of codes,it is easier for earth-rock dam to fail than for concrete gravity dam and arch dam,i.e.,earth-rock dam has less safety margin compared with concrete gravity dam and arch dam.Aiming at above safety difference and combining with concrete case,we preliminarily propose following countermeasures and suggestions: for concrete face rockfill dam and asphalt concrete core dam,construction quality must be insured strictly,and exhaust facilities must be constructed for convenient to safety check and repair work when severe seepage happens;dam safety condition deteriorates continuously with time,we should focus on safety evaluation criterion in different life cycles and the deterioration laws of dam;standard and design guideline for dam reinforcement works should be put forward quickly.
According to safety evaluation results of different types of dams in recent years,we conduct preliminary analysis on different safety criterions of concrete gravity dam,arch dam,earth-rock dam specified by design codes from aspects of anti-slide,stress condition,seepage safety and anti-seismic capacity.It is found that,under the safety requirements of codes,it is easier for earth-rock dam to fail than for concrete gravity dam and arch dam,i.e.,earth-rock dam has less safety margin compared with concrete gravity dam and arch dam.Aiming at above safety difference and combining with concrete case,we preliminarily propose following countermeasures and suggestions: for concrete face rockfill dam and asphalt concrete core dam,construction quality must be insured strictly,and exhaust facilities must be constructed for convenient to safety check and repair work when severe seepage happens;dam safety condition deteriorates continuously with time,we should focus on safety evaluation criterion in different life cycles and the deterioration laws of dam;standard and design guideline for dam reinforcement works should be put forward quickly.
引文
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[2]谭界雄,等.水库大坝加固技术[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2011.
[3]刘宁,等.国内外大坝失事分析研究[M].武汉:湖北科技技术出版社,2002.
[4]陈厚群.混凝土高坝强震震例分析和启迪[J].水利学报,2009,(1).
[5]刘志明.四川震损水库的特点及震害处理[J].中国水利,2008,(14).
[6]代思波.汶川地震震损水库情况调研及震害分析[J].四川水力发电,2009,(5).
[7]李茂华,朱爱琳.水库震害险情与震损特点分析[J].人民长江,2008,(12).
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