尾矿坝垮塌机制与溃决模式试验研究
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摘要
基于云南拉拉铜矿小打鹅尾矿库工程设计资料,采用现场排放尾矿砂为试验材料,进行了尾矿堆积坝在洪水情况下发生垮塌破坏的模型试验。通过水流控制系统模拟尾矿坝遭遇洪水情况,采用侧面示踪点、水位测压管、应力传感器以及数码摄像机等设备获得了尾矿坝溃决过程中坝坡的位移矢量演化、浸润线与应力的变化特性以及坝体破坏发展过程,揭示了洪水作用下尾矿坝的垮塌机制和溃决模式。试验结果发现:尾矿堆积坝的浸润线变化存在滞后性;在洪水入库致库区最高设计洪水水位过程中,靠近坝坡中部处水平方向的总应力增量较垂向总应力增量大,增大的水平应力是坝体产生破坏的重要因素之一;洪水导致坝坡尾矿砂所受的渗透力、上浮力、重力以及孔隙水压力增大,削弱了坝体材料的黏聚力,并加大了自身荷载,降低了坝体的稳定性;尾矿坝溃决模式一般为逆流渐进型,破坏先是从坡脚处发生,继而向上游发展,呈现牵引式发展,破坏的滑动面由多个弧形滑移面构成。研究成果加深了对尾矿堆积坝垮塌机制和溃决模式的认识,并在洪水灾害的预防和控制方面作了一些新的探索。
Based on the physical model experiment and the design data of Xiaoda?e tailings impoundment,the course of tailings dam gravitational collapse in flood was modeled with the field tailings.The water system is controlled to model the tailings impoundment to suffer the flood situation,through the technique of side displacement points,water level measurement pipes,stress transducers and digital photography measurement,a series of important test data are obtained;such as displacements,saturation line,stresses and the broken processes,The mechanism and mode of tailings dam failure in flood are explored.The results indicate that:(1) the character of saturation line change has a time lag of the water level of tailings impoundment;(2) in the processes of the flood into tailings impoundment to the maximum water level of tailings impoundment design data in flood,the horizontal stress increment is larger than that of vertical beside dam slope center,and it is one of the important cause of dam failure;(3) the seepage force,buoyant force,gravity and pore pressure are increased by flood;then the cohesion of tailings dam is weakened and the load of dam is augment;then the stability of tailings dam is reduced;(4) the broken mode of tailings dam performs progressive failure;the failure of tailings dam happened in the toe of the dam and evolved from toe to upstream;it is shown pull-typed behavior,the failure slippage faces are composed of multi-arc faces.The model experiment results can provide significant data for deep study the mechanism of collapse and broken mode of such tailings dam in flood,so as to provide useful information for the prevention and control measures in flood disaster.
Based on the physical model experiment and the design data of Xiaoda?e tailings impoundment,the course of tailings dam gravitational collapse in flood was modeled with the field tailings.The water system is controlled to model the tailings impoundment to suffer the flood situation,through the technique of side displacement points,water level measurement pipes,stress transducers and digital photography measurement,a series of important test data are obtained;such as displacements,saturation line,stresses and the broken processes,The mechanism and mode of tailings dam failure in flood are explored.The results indicate that:(1) the character of saturation line change has a time lag of the water level of tailings impoundment;(2) in the processes of the flood into tailings impoundment to the maximum water level of tailings impoundment design data in flood,the horizontal stress increment is larger than that of vertical beside dam slope center,and it is one of the important cause of dam failure;(3) the seepage force,buoyant force,gravity and pore pressure are increased by flood;then the cohesion of tailings dam is weakened and the load of dam is augment;then the stability of tailings dam is reduced;(4) the broken mode of tailings dam performs progressive failure;the failure of tailings dam happened in the toe of the dam and evolved from toe to upstream;it is shown pull-typed behavior,the failure slippage faces are composed of multi-arc faces.The model experiment results can provide significant data for deep study the mechanism of collapse and broken mode of such tailings dam in flood,so as to provide useful information for the prevention and control measures in flood disaster.
引文
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[14]李宏儒,胡再强,陈存礼,等.金堆城尾矿坝加高方案数值模拟及稳定性分析[J].岩土力学,2008,29(4):1138-1142.LI Hong-ru,HU Zai-qiang,CHEN Cun-li,et al.Numerical simulation and slope stability analysis in Jingduicheng tailings dam to be designed to increase the dam height[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2008,29(4):1138-1142.
[15]祝进兵,孙亮,郑小毅.某尾矿坝抗滑稳定性分析[J].中国水运,2007,1(1):62-63.ZHU Jin-bing,SUN Liang,ZHEN Xiao-yi.The stability of tailings dam[J].China Water Transport,2007,1(1):62-63.
[16]尹光志,魏作安,万玲.细粒尾矿堆坝加筋加固模型试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(6):1030-1034.YIN Guang-zhi,WEI Zuo-an,WAN Ling.Test study on stability of fine grained tailings dam in geo-grid reinforcement situation[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(6):1030-1034.
[17]尹光志,张东明,魏作安,等.土工合成材料与细粒尾矿界面作用特性的试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(3):426-429.YING Guang-zhi,ZHANG Dong-ming,WEI Zuo-an,et al.Testing study fine grained tailings and geo-synthetics[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(3):426-429.
[18]敬小非,尹光志,魏作安.模型试验与数值模拟对尾矿坝稳定性综合预测[J].重庆大学学报,2009,32(3):308-313.JING Xiao-fei,YIN Guang-zhi,WEI Zuo-an.Model test and numerical simulation of tailings dam safety forecasting[J].Journal of Chongqing University,2009,32(3):308-313.
[19]HANCOCK G R.The use of landscape evolution models in mining rehabilitation design[J].Environmental Geology,2004,46(5):578-583.
[20]甘祥根.物理模型及其应用[J].广东技术师范学院学报,2004,(6):17-19.GAN Xiang-gen.Physics model and application[J].Journal of Guangdong Technical Normal College,2004,(6):17-19.
[21]胡修文,唐辉明,刘佑荣.三峡库区赵树岭滑坡稳定性物理模拟试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,(6):2089-2094.HU Xiu-wen,TANG Hui-ming,LIU You-rong.Physical model studies on stability of Zhaoshuling landslide in area of Three Gorges reservoir[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,(6):2089-2094.
[22]尾矿设施设计参考资料编写组.尾矿设施设计参考资料[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1980.
[23]《中国有色金属尾矿库概沦》编辑委员会.中国有色金属尾矿库概论[R].北京:中国有色金属工业总公司,1992.
[24]李邵军,KNAPPETT J A,冯夏庭.库水位升降条件下边坡失稳离心模型试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(8):1586-1593.LI Shao-jun,KNAPPETT J A,FENG Xia-ting.Centrifugal test on slope instability influenced by rise and fall of reservoir water level[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(8):1586-1593.
[25]MILTON A,COOKE J A,JOHNSON M S.A comparison of cadmium in ecosystems on metalliferous mine tailings in Wales and Ireland[J].Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,2004,153:157-172.
[26]SCHWARTZ M O,SCHIPPERS A,HAHN L.Hydrochemical models of the sulphidic tailings dumps at Matchless(Namibia)and Selebi-phikwe(Botswana)[J].Environmental Geology,2006,49:504-510.
[27]林玉山,张卫.尾矿库地质灾害与危险性评估[J].桂林工学院学报,2006,26(4):486-490.LIN Yu-shan,ZHANG Wei.Geohazard and risk assessment for tailings reservoir[J].Journal of Guilin University of Technology,2006,26(4):486-490.
[28]匡尚富.天然坝溃决的泥石流形成机制及其数学模型[J].泥沙研究,1993,(4):42-57.KUANG Shang-fu.Formation mechanisms and prediction models of debris flow due to natural dam failures[J].Journal of Sediment Research,1993,(4):42-57.
[2]HARDER L F J,STEWART J P.Failure of Tapo Canyon tailings dam[J].Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities,1996,10(3):109-114.
[3]BLIGHT G E.Destructive mudflows as a consequence of tailing dyke failures[C]//Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers Geotechnical Engineering.[S.l.]:[s.n.],1997.
[4]CHANDLER R J,TOSATTI G.Stava tailings dams failure,Italy,July 1985[C]//Proceedings of the Insti-tution of Civil Engineers Geotechnical Engineering.[S.l.]:[s.n.],1995.
[5]徐宏达.我国尾矿库病害事故统计分析[J].工业建筑,2001,1(31):69-71.XU Hong-da.Statistical analysis of tailings pond accidents in China[J].Industrial Architecture,2001,1(31):69-71.
[6]TYNYBEKOV A K,ALIEV M S.The ecological condition of Kadji-Sai uranium tailings[J].Environ-mental Security and Public Safety,2005,47:187-195.
[7]魏作安.细粒尾矿库及其堆坝稳定性研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2004.
[8]段仲沅,袁兵.某尾矿坝暴雨蓄洪溃塌原因分析与综合治理措施[J].力学与实践,2008,4(2):40-44.DUAN Zhong-yuan,YUAN Bing.Collapse analysis and comprehensive treatment of a mine tailings dam due to rain storm and flood impounding[J].Mechanics and Practice,2008,4(2):40-44.
[9]袁兵.尾矿坝溃坝模型研究及应用[J].中国安全科学学报,2008,4(4):169-172.YUAN Bing.Study on the model for tailing dam breaking and its application[J].China Safety Science Journal,2008,4(4):169-172.
[10]郑欣,秦华礼,许开立.导致尾矿坝溃坝的因素分析[J].中国安全生产科学技术,2008,2(1):51-54.ZHENG Xin,QIN Hua-li,XU Kai-li.Analysis of the factors inducing the tailing dam falling[J].Journal of Safety Science and Technology,2008,2(1):51-54.
[11]陈国芳,胡波.尾矿库溃坝风险分析及对策[J].科技情报开发与经济,2008(3):227-228.CHEN Guo-fang,HU Bo.Analysis on and counter-measures for the dam-failure risk of tailings fill dam[J].Sci-Tech Information Development&Economy,2008,(3):227-228.
[12]张电吉,张兴唐,雷向进.某尾矿库土坝塌溃原因与机制分析[J].岩土工程技术,2009,6:322-325.ZHANG Dian-ji,ZHANG Xing-tang,LEI Xiang-jin.Analysis of landslide reason and mechanism for an impounding soil dam[J].Geotechnical Engineering Technique,2009,6:322-325.
[13]潘建平.地震作用下尾矿坝稳定及加筋效果分析[J].金属矿山,2009,393(3):19-23.PAN Jian-ping.Analysis of the seismic stability and geotextile reinforcement effect of tailing dam[J].Metal Mine,2009,393(3):19-23.
[14]李宏儒,胡再强,陈存礼,等.金堆城尾矿坝加高方案数值模拟及稳定性分析[J].岩土力学,2008,29(4):1138-1142.LI Hong-ru,HU Zai-qiang,CHEN Cun-li,et al.Numerical simulation and slope stability analysis in Jingduicheng tailings dam to be designed to increase the dam height[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2008,29(4):1138-1142.
[15]祝进兵,孙亮,郑小毅.某尾矿坝抗滑稳定性分析[J].中国水运,2007,1(1):62-63.ZHU Jin-bing,SUN Liang,ZHEN Xiao-yi.The stability of tailings dam[J].China Water Transport,2007,1(1):62-63.
[16]尹光志,魏作安,万玲.细粒尾矿堆坝加筋加固模型试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(6):1030-1034.YIN Guang-zhi,WEI Zuo-an,WAN Ling.Test study on stability of fine grained tailings dam in geo-grid reinforcement situation[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(6):1030-1034.
[17]尹光志,张东明,魏作安,等.土工合成材料与细粒尾矿界面作用特性的试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(3):426-429.YING Guang-zhi,ZHANG Dong-ming,WEI Zuo-an,et al.Testing study fine grained tailings and geo-synthetics[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(3):426-429.
[18]敬小非,尹光志,魏作安.模型试验与数值模拟对尾矿坝稳定性综合预测[J].重庆大学学报,2009,32(3):308-313.JING Xiao-fei,YIN Guang-zhi,WEI Zuo-an.Model test and numerical simulation of tailings dam safety forecasting[J].Journal of Chongqing University,2009,32(3):308-313.
[19]HANCOCK G R.The use of landscape evolution models in mining rehabilitation design[J].Environmental Geology,2004,46(5):578-583.
[20]甘祥根.物理模型及其应用[J].广东技术师范学院学报,2004,(6):17-19.GAN Xiang-gen.Physics model and application[J].Journal of Guangdong Technical Normal College,2004,(6):17-19.
[21]胡修文,唐辉明,刘佑荣.三峡库区赵树岭滑坡稳定性物理模拟试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,(6):2089-2094.HU Xiu-wen,TANG Hui-ming,LIU You-rong.Physical model studies on stability of Zhaoshuling landslide in area of Three Gorges reservoir[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,(6):2089-2094.
[22]尾矿设施设计参考资料编写组.尾矿设施设计参考资料[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1980.
[23]《中国有色金属尾矿库概沦》编辑委员会.中国有色金属尾矿库概论[R].北京:中国有色金属工业总公司,1992.
[24]李邵军,KNAPPETT J A,冯夏庭.库水位升降条件下边坡失稳离心模型试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(8):1586-1593.LI Shao-jun,KNAPPETT J A,FENG Xia-ting.Centrifugal test on slope instability influenced by rise and fall of reservoir water level[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(8):1586-1593.
[25]MILTON A,COOKE J A,JOHNSON M S.A comparison of cadmium in ecosystems on metalliferous mine tailings in Wales and Ireland[J].Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,2004,153:157-172.
[26]SCHWARTZ M O,SCHIPPERS A,HAHN L.Hydrochemical models of the sulphidic tailings dumps at Matchless(Namibia)and Selebi-phikwe(Botswana)[J].Environmental Geology,2006,49:504-510.
[27]林玉山,张卫.尾矿库地质灾害与危险性评估[J].桂林工学院学报,2006,26(4):486-490.LIN Yu-shan,ZHANG Wei.Geohazard and risk assessment for tailings reservoir[J].Journal of Guilin University of Technology,2006,26(4):486-490.
[28]匡尚富.天然坝溃决的泥石流形成机制及其数学模型[J].泥沙研究,1993,(4):42-57.KUANG Shang-fu.Formation mechanisms and prediction models of debris flow due to natural dam failures[J].Journal of Sediment Research,1993,(4):42-57.
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